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Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (I) 100/04/24

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Page 1: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (I)

100/04/24

Page 2: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Evaluation of breathing function

• Chart review– History 

– Chest X‐ray

– Blood test

• Observation/palpation– Chest mobility

– Shape of chest wall

– Accessory muscle firing

– Respiratory rate

– Posture 

• Physical examination– Breathe sound

– Dyspnea index

– Cough ability

– Functional capacity

Page 3: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Evaluation of breathing pattern

• Breathing pattern (I)– 2C2D– 3C1D

• Breathing pattern (II)– Upper chest paradox– Abdominal paradox– Excessive accessory muscle use

• Breathing pattern (III)– Paradoxical– Rapid and shallow– Prolong expiration, and etc.

Page 4: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Breathing retraining

• Active expiration• Pursed lips breathing• Specific body positions• Diaphragmatic breathing• Accessory muscle stretch • Breathing control• Relaxation breathing• Incentive spirometry (IS)

Page 5: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Active expiration

• Contraction of the abdominal muscles during expiration

• Lengthens the diaphragm – Improve the length‐tension relationship or geometry of the respiratory muscle (diaphragm)

– Assist the next inspiration• ↑transdiaphragmatic pressure• The efficacy of the contraction in moving the rib cage improves

• ↑strength and endurance of inspiratorymuscle

Page 6: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Length‐tension relationship

In same neural input, ↑length, ↑output of muscle

Page 7: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Pursed lips breathing

• Effects – Improves ventilation 

– Releases trapped air in the lungs 

– Keeps the airways open longer and decreases the work of breathing 

– Prolongs exhalation to slow the breathing rate 

– Improves breathing patterns by moving old air out of the lungs and allowing for new air to enter the lungs 

– Relieves shortness of breath 

– Causes general relaxation 

Page 8: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

• Active and prolonged expiration through half‐opened lips

Pursed lips breathing

Page 9: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Body position

• Upright position– Oxygen transport is optimized to the greatest degree (ventilation vs perfusion)

–Maximize lung volume and capacities (Fig)

– Anteroposterior dimension of chest wall is the greatest, and compression of the heart and lung is minimized

–Maximal expiratory pressure is greatest (cough, huffing, etc.)

Page 10: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic
Page 11: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic
Page 12: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic
Page 13: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

To optimize thoraco‐abdominal movements

• Segmental breathing

Page 14: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Segmental breathing

Page 15: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Diaphragm breathing

• Move the abdominal wall predominantly during inspiration and to reduce upper rib cage motion– Improve chest wall motion– Improve distribution of ventilation–↓ the energy cost of breathing–↓ the contribution of rib cage muscle–↓ dyspnoea–↑ exercise performance

Page 16: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Diaphragm breathing

Page 17: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Accessory muscle stretch

• Accessory muscle– sternocleidomastoid (elevated sternum) 

– scalene muscles (anterior, middle and posterior scalene) 

– serratus anterior, pectoralis major & minor, upper trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae (thoracic), iliocostalislumborum, quadratus lumborum, serratus posterior superior and inferior, levatores costarum, transversus thoracis, subclavius

Page 18: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Accessory muscle stretch

Page 19: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Accessory muscle stretch

Page 20: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

• Sidelying, with the upper arm elevated to stretch the intercostal muscles or in sitting, using active shoulder abduction combined with lateral flexion

• Active or passive bilateral arm flexion and spine extension may be combined with deep inspiration

Manual therapy techniques

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Page 22: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Breathing control

• Respiratory ratio– Inhalation: exhalation= 1:2

Page 23: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Relaxation breathing

• When hyperinflation caused by an ↑ activity of the inspiratory muscles during expiration

• Hyperinflation is due to altered lung mechanics (COPD)– Loss of elastic recoil pressure

– air trapping• Forward leaning→ COPD– Relief hyperinflation and paradoxical abdominal movement

– ↓EMG activity of the scalene and sternomastoidmuscles

– ↑transdiaphragmatic pressure, ↑thoraco‐abdominal movements

Page 24: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Relaxation breathing 

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• Mechanical devices introduced in surgical patients

• Attempt to reduce postoperative complications by increasing inspiratorycapacity

• Activated by the patient’s inspiratoryeffort– Slow, deep inspiration– Mouthpiece– Visual feedback– Preset volume and hold at full inspiration for 2‐3 secs

Incentive spirometry

Page 28: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

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Incentive spirometry

Page 29: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Manual therapy techniques

• Subjective assessment– Musculoskeletal dysfunction 

• Postural and skeletal changes over time– Overuse of upper chest breathing patterns– Lack of lower rib expansion – Chronic hyperinflation typically leads to the 

development of a barrel‐shaped chest • Physical assessment: posture

– The relaxed posture of the pelvis, lumbar, thoracic and cervical spines

– The position of the scapulae and the location of the humeral head within the glenoid

– The posture of the neck and head and alignment with the trunk and pelvis

– The point of maximal curve of each of these segments– Whether the spinal posture is fixed or able to be 

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Page 31: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Manual therapy techniques

• Physiotherapy management– Postural correction and motor control training• Educating awareness• Use visual, auditory and sensory feedback• Motor learning with training the holding ability of the postural stabilizers‐ frequent gentle repetitions of the corrected movement or position

• Initial focus: correct any posterior pelvic rotation in sitting and on reducing the lumbar and thoracic kyphosis

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Page 32: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

Manual therapy techniques

–Mobilization techniques• Focus: – improving the range and quality of thoracic extension and rotation

– Increasing the mobility of the ribs

–Muscle‐lengthening techniques– Taping–Muscle retraining

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Page 33: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic
Page 34: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

• Intercostal stretch– Stretch on expiration phase maintained

• Observation– Increased movement of area being stretched

• Suggested mechanism– Intercostal stretch receptors

Neurophysiological facilitation of respiration

Page 35: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic
Page 36: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic

• Anterior stretch‐lifting posterior basal area– Patient supine– Hands under lower ribs– Ribs lifted upward

• Observation– Expansion of posterior basal area– ↑epigastric movements

• Suggested mechanism– Dorsal root‐mediated intersegmental reflex– Stretch receptors in intercostals, back muscles

Neurophysiological facilitation of respiration

Page 37: Basic techniques of pulmonary physical therapy (II)data.tptas.org.tw/DOC/pulmonary physical therapy (I)_1000424.3.pdf · – Dyspnea index – Cough ability ... lumbar and thoracic