Basic Structures of Matter -

Supergravitation Unified Theory

(BSM-SG) based on an alternative

space-time concept

(Talk at North York Physics group, 10 Dec 2010, Toronto, Canada)

Stoyan Sarg, PhD

York University, Toronto, Canada

www.helical-structures.org

Some of main unanswered questions in contemporary Physics

• How Nature might keep records of the laws of Physics?

• Rene Decartes, Newton, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, N. Tesla: a different vision about space

• Einstein in “Sidelights on Relativity” (1920)

“General relativity without ether is unthinkable”

• Feynman: There’s plenty of room at the bottom

(1959)

• Copenhagen Formalism and Quantum Mechanics

• Replacement of human logic by mathematical logic; Assumptions in Physics; Rules and violation of rules.

• It is very difficult to change some earlier adopted assumptions even if they are wrong

• The present view about microcosmos and Universe is formed through the prism of the concept of space

• Unsolved problems in Physics - mysteries and speculations

Search for a new idea about space – some kind of unique

underlying structure

• Why the Newton’s law of gravity has a similar dependence on distance like the low of radiation? – an indication that might involve some kind of surface pressure (interaction) on a closed volume

• The unique structure must have some oscillation properties that defines the constant speed of light and also the ZPE envisioned by QM

• Must exhibit modulation properties defining the electrical and magnetic field

• Must have unified origin with the elementary particle – they must contain the same building blocks as the underlying space structure

• Must be built by indestructible subelementary blocks

• Cosmic Lattice (CL): two types of alternative CL nodes made of 4 rods with opposite internal twisting, held by Supergravitational (SG) forces (inverse proportional to the cube of distance in pure empty space)

• Casimir forces: attractive and repulsive – detectable signatures of the SG forces

• Neutonian Gravity: SG forces propagated through the CL space

Mockup for illustration of CL nodes arrangement in CL space

109.5

109.5

left handed prism 60 o

prism

Fig. 2.6

right handed60

o

d 109.5

A - A

abcd

109.5

A

o

o

A

200.5 10 ( )abcdd m

−≈ ×

Note: The prisms are not externally

twisted but having internal twisted

structure

Cosmic Lattice (CL) - alternatively arranged right and left-handed

flexible CL nodes formed by 4 prisms of same type

• Gaps between the CL nodes: permits spatial oscillations under SG law

• Return forces: - symmetrical along xyz axes (weak forces) and asymmetrical along abcd axes

(strong forces).

• Result: Complex CL node oscillations (NRM and SPM vectors)

- two identified frequencies : fR

= 1.09x1029 Hz – defines light velocity and fc

= 1.236x1020 Hz –

SPM vector (Compton) frequency – involved in QM interactions and constancy of light velocity

• MQ SPM (Magnetic Quasisphere – a hodograph of SPM vector in absence of electrical charge)

• EQ SPM ( Electrical Quasisphere – a hodograph of SPM vector in electrical field or charge)

• Synchronized MQ SPM: define a magnetic line (it is also left or right-handed curled)

• Synchronized EQ SPM: defines an electrical line (a different synchronized frequency)

CL space structure and properties

• The central geometrical position of the CL node apex is not

stable: The flexible CL node exhibits can oscillate and have an

energy well.

• Two types of CL space energy: Static (enormous) and Dynamic

(small). Quantum Mechanics envisions the second one. It is

involved in the definition of permeability and permittivity of the

physical vacuum.

• Quantum and space-time properties of the CL space.

• The SG field propagated by the abcd set of the CL nodes axes

(stronger interactions) manifests as Newtonian gravitation.

• The Magnetic and Electrical fields are defined by two types of

CL node oscillations (MQ and EQ SPM) involving the weaker

force interactions between the CL nodes along the xyz axes.

Helical Structures crystallized from the two types of twisted prisms (rods with

internal twisting)

Second order LH structureRight-Hand

Left-Hand

Combined

Second order Second order RH combined structure

• Electron –- an oscillating 3-body system with two proper frequencies. The first one is the Compton frequency equal to the SPM frequency of the CL node.

• Confined motion: A screw-like motion of rotating and oscillating electron interacting with the oscillating CL nodes. Preferred velocities, corresponding to (13.6/n) eV, where n matches the principal quantum number of the Bohr atomic model. Quantum orbit: a closed loop containing a hole number of both frequencies cycles.

• The denser internal RL lattice modulates the CL node dynamics: electrical and magnetic lines

Main CL space parameters expressed by the BSM electron model

• Static CL pressure, PS: defines the Newtonian mass of elementary particle as a

pressure exercised on its denser internal lattice

26

32

24

2 103735.1)1(

×=−

==c

hvgc

V

mP ce

e

e

S παα

(N/m2) (4)

HS VcPm )( 2= (kg) - Newtonian mass equation of elementary particle (5)

• Partial CL pressure, PP: - Inertial properties of a particles at confined motion

cPP SP /αυ= (N/m2) where: υ - is a confined motion velocity (6)

• Dynamical CL pressure, PD: - Pressure exercised on FOHSs of atoms and

molecules by ZPE waves that equalize the CL space background energy.

3

3

23

100258.2)1( ×=−==

c

hvg

cS

hvP ce

e

cD πα

α)(

2Hzm

N (7)

Signature of PD - the observed Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Therefore,

the estimated temperature of 2.72K (by fitting of CMB to a blackbody curve) in

fact is a CL space background parameter. The derived theoretical expression is:

KRrcR

LrRhv

S

NT

n

e

igeC

PCpCc

W

A 6758.22

)( 232

=+

=µµ

(8)

• Other estimated CL space parameters

CL node distance (at xyz axes) ~ 1.0975x10-20

(m),

NRM (resonance) frequency: 1.0926x1029

(Hz)

SPM frequency = Compton’s frequency (known): 1.2356x1020

(Hz)

Particle Physics data for revealing the particles substructure

Standard Model BSM-SG model

Internal structure of proton and neutron

Important features from particle physics experiments analyzed by BSM-SG:

The masses of stable elementary particles and the unstable particles - pions,

kaons and muons are measured with very high accuracy. The mass accuracy

of other unstable particles is very poor. This is a signature that the proton and

neutron have not spherical but a loop shapes enclosing other loop shape

structures.

Elementary particlesBSM-SG Model vs Standard Model

Standard Model

All stable and unstable particles

are assumed to have a

spherical (or oval) shape. No

3D material structure is

envisioned. They are grouped

in tables of lepton, fermions,

bosons, quarks with properties

denoted by metaphoric

atributes: strangeness, color

charge, color force, flavor, up,

down, bottom, charm, strange.

BSM-SG Model

The elementary particles posses

superdense 3D material structures

The electron and positron possesses a one

coil helical structure

Proton, neutron, pions and kaon are made

of 3D helical structures of higher order.

They are stable only in a loop

configuration. If the loop is broken (in

particle colliding experiments) they

decay. Pion decays into muon and then

to electron (positron). Intermediate

decay products have a short lifetime that

depends on the velocity through the CL

space.

The unstable particles in the Standard Model are in fact fractions and

combination of fractions of the helical structure from which the stable

elementary particles are composed.

Proton and neutron and their internal structure

Using BSM-SG models and the data from particle experiments the

overall shape and internal structure of the proton and neutron are

identified. They are composed by helical structures built by the same

prisms that are embedded in the Cosmic Lattice.

Simplest atoms and nuclear chains

The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structure is one of the major derivatives

from the BSM-SG theory. It explains the raw and column pattern of

the Periodic table, the valences, the Pauli exclusion principle, the

Hund’s rule, the oxygen number, the nuclear spin (NMR), the p-type

of electronic orbits, the radioactivity and other properties.

Argon nucleus mockup

Elevated side view Top view

Clickable Periodic Table of the element showing the Atomic

Nuclear Structures using symbols for the protons and neutrons

http://www.helical-structures.org/Heliconstruct/table.html

Radioactivity. Alpha decay example

Conclusion: The alpha decay is a cold fusion at room

temperature. The fusion barrier is much lower than in the case of

hot fusion due to the properly oriented protons in the Gd nucleus.

The simplest molecules

4 2

2 2 2 33

0 0

2 31

2 2

[[ (1)](1 )] 0.6455

(2 )( (1) 0.6455 ) 5.2651 10

2.82 10

qSG kV

q p

SG c c q p

SG p

EC EE

q L L q q

C G m h h L L

C Gm

α π

ν ν α −

= − −− ∆ +

= = + + = ×

= ×

- Vibrational energy levels

- Density ratio between the superdense SG matter and the

atomic matter

Fine structure of the molecules using the BSM atomic models

(Chapter 9 of BSM-SG)

Identification of C4H4 molecule conformations

rn

- internuclear distance estimated (approximately) by BSM-SG Model

A - the valence protons lie in the drawing plane

B - the valence protons are perpendicular to the drawing plane

C - the valence protons are at 45o in respect to the drawing plane

Organic Molecules

Ozone problem

CH4

CB CB

O3

CB

CBCB

CB

CB

CB

Cl

CB

The chlorine molecule (or atom) attracted by the SG forces breaks the

bonds CB of the ozone molecule. When the protruded section of the

methane molecule is inserted into the ozone molecule hole it stabilizes it.

Brown gas – unknown state of the water molecule

The two quantum orbits of the protons in H2O molecule are with a size 2

(corresponding to a maximum quantum energy of 3.41 eV), so they can hold

a total quantum energy of 2 x 3.4 = 6.8 eV. In Brown gas state of the water

molecule the two electrons occupy a common orbit with a size 1

corresponding to 13.6 eV. Then the maximum total quantum energy is: 2 x

13.6 = 27.2 eV. Consequently the Brown gas molecule can hold an excessive

energy of 20.4 eV at quantum mechanical level.

Water chain molecule with an option of a closed loop

The long chain obtains a helical shape because of the interaction between

the SG forces (known as Van del Waal) and the electrical repulsions

between the valence protons at close proximity. If the chain forms a closed

loop such molecule can store an energy at quantum mechanical level

because one or more energy states could be synchronously rotated in a

closed loop.

Energy storage mechanism of biomolecules

High resolution images from a tunneling microscope and synthetic

images obtained by BSM-SG models of atoms

Application of BSM-SG atomic models in nanotechnology

3-D view of synthetic model of graphene sheet

P1 and P2 protons

are perpendicular to

the drawing plane

Signature of BSM-SG model of carbon atom from high resolution

electron microscopy

Single wall carbon

nanotube (Courtesy of

A. Javey et al. Nano

Lett., 4, 1319, (2004)

a. Single wall Carbon

sheet from TEAM

microscope

b. Processed image

showing a signature of

2 parallel planes

BSM-SG publications

• First publication in: www.helical-structures.org (2001 regularly updated)

• First and second electronic editions archived in National Library of

Canada, (2002 and 2005)

• Article about the electron in Physics Essays (2003) and other articles in

the on-line Journal of Theoretics.

• A poster report in Physics of the IIIrd Millennium Conference,

3-5 Apr 2005, Huntsville, AL, USA

• Report in IX International conference Space, Time, Gravitation

7-11 Aug 2006, Proceedings, St. Petersburg, Russia

• Presentations in four other conferences and seminars

• Book Beyond the Visible Universe, 2005 (popular presentation)

• Book Basic Structures of Matter–Supergravitation Unified Theory, 2006

Trafford Publishing, – full theory (paper back Amazon.com & electronic book)

• Books review in Physics in

Canada, v. 62, No 4, 206-207,

(2006)