basic rules of engineering design safe simple clear
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Rules of Engineering Design
• Safe
• Simple
• Clear
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Interrelationship Between the Safety Levels
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Definition: Safety
Safety• is a state in which the risk is smaller than the risk limit
Risk limit• is the largest still acceptable system-specific risk relating to
a particular technical process or situation
Protection• is the reduction of risk by suitable means to reduce the
frequency of the occurrence or the extent of damage or both
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Safety Aspects of a System
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Aspects of Safety Technology
• Self-protection: product liability
• EC machinery directive : DIN EN 292; VDE 100; VDI 2244
• CE-Certification: declaration of conformity
• ISO 9001: document management; modification management; version management
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Aspects of Safety Technology
Market acceptance:
• safe and environment-friendly products are received better by the market
• customers are prepared to pay more for safer products
• safety leads to a positive brand image: Mercedes, Volvo, Saab….
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Safe Embodiment Design
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Direct Safety Principles
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Safe-Life
Important Measures:• Over-dimensioning of parts• Clear and simple embodiment design• Field-tests for determining the actual loads• Employ experienced interdisciplinary teams for
the development• Documented quality assurance over the
complete life-cycle• Inspection/maintenance
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Example: Fail-Safe
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Redundancy Principle
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Indirect Safety Principles
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Control of a Safety Fence
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Aspects of Warning Safety Technology
• Lowest level of safety technology supplementary to other measures
• minimum measure when no other safety principle is applicable
• consider aspects of noticability and ergonomics
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Warnings
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Aspects Concerning Safety Data Sheets
• safety data sheets describe the danger potential of materials and substances
• the danger potential of materials and substances must be considered over the complete life cycle of a product:
• - production• - commissioning• - operation
• safety data sheets are a part of the product documentation
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Material Aspect of Safety Technology
• The safety of a product can be increased by choosing a material that suits the operating conditions of the product
• Determining the operating conditions is crucial for the choice of materials:
• - corrosion resistant materials• - fatigue resistant materials• - materials that have a good adhesion to lubricants
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Selecting Material Designed for Safety
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The Nature of Principles of Embodiment Design
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Aim of Principles of Embodiment Design
• The application of principles of embodi-ment design leads to products that are optimally designed – regarding the requirements taken into account!
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Direct and Short Force Transmission Path
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Direct and Short Force Transmission
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Direct and short force transmission
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Direct and Short Force Transmission
• Flowlines of force must always be closed
• Force transmission must be as short as possible
Avoid:
• deflection of forces
• discontinuous change of cross-section
• change of density of force flowlines
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Direct and short force transmission
Idea of force transmission
Definition:The basic idea and illustration of force and moment transmission is taken from the field of fluid mechanicsSource:
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Direct and short force transmission
Fundamentals:
• The flowlines of force should always be closed. (Inertial forces are not taken in to consideration)
• The stresses and strains change with in circular flowlinesof force.
• The flowlinesof force searches the shortest path
• The flowlinesof force come closer in narrow cross sectional areas.-On the other hand, they expand in broad cross sectional areas
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Direct, Short Force Transmission: Welding
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Direct Force Transmission: Bearing Pedestal
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Direct Force Transmission: Relief Notches
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Matched Deformation:Shaft-Hub Connection
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• Principle of Balanced Forces
• Target:
• Reached by: system is free of forces to the outside
• symmetric structure of the system regarding the flow of forces