basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration...

Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustrationin Japan: Controlling for the Big Five Personality Traits

TAKUMA NISHIMURA* University of Tokyo

TAKASHI SUZUKI Kochi University of Technology

Abstract: The present study investigated the function of satisfaction and frustrationof the basic psychological needs – autonomy, competence, and relatedness – thatcontribute to subjective well-being (life-satisfaction, vitality, and depression) througha back-translation procedure of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frus-tration Scale (BPNSFS). A total of 564 Japanese undergraduates (356 males,205 females, three unknown; Mage = 18.61 years, SD = 1.48) participated in a ques-tionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the BPNSFS had thesame six-factor structure as that found in the original version. Structural equationmodeling showed that satisfaction of each of the three needs contributed to the pre-diction of subjective well-being (life satisfaction and vitality), whereas frustration ofeach need uniquely contributed to the prediction of ill-being (depressed affect).These results support previous findings found in Belgium, China, the USA, and Peru,confirming that satisfaction of basic psychological needs represents a critical elementfor healthy functioning across cultures. However, controlling for the effects of theBig Five personality traits indicates the possible over-estimation for the functions ofthe needs while clarifying these roles.

Key words: basic psychological needs, scale development, self-determinationtheory, subjective well-being, Big Five personality traits.

Maintaining and enhancing subjective well-being is one of the universal agendas for everyindividual. Subjective well-being providesfuture desired outcomes, such as positivesocial development, healthy functioning, andhuman growth. The quest for understandingthe mechanisms for enhancing subjective well-being still continues even though subjectivewell-being has been studied for over threedecades.

The present study was based on the basicpsychological needs theory (BPNT), which isone of the mini-theories of self-determination

theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and mostlyrelated to the topic of the current study. Thethree main purposes of this study were (a) totranslate the Basic Psychological Need Satis-faction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) origi-nally developed by Chen et al. (2015) fromEnglish into Japanese, (b) to investigate thefunction of the basic psychological needs ofsatisfaction and frustration by examining theirrelationship with indicators of subjective well-being in Japanese samples, and (c) to evaluatetheir function while controlling for the BigFive personality traits.

*Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Takuma Nishimura, Graduate School of Educa-tion, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. (E-mail: [email protected])

© 2016 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Japanese Psychological Research doi: 10.1111/jpr.121312016, Volume 58, No. 4, 320–331

Well-Being and Two Approaches

There are two approaches for conceptualizingwell-being. The first approach, advocated byDiener’s group, interprets well-being as a stateof high life satisfaction, happiness, positivemood, and a low negative mood (Diener, 1984;Oishi, Diener, & Lucas, 2007). Empiricalresearch has revealed the national level of sub-jective well-being and the relationship betweensubjective well-being and economic status atthe country and individual level. Presently,much of the research regarding subjective well-being is based on the premise of Diener’sgroup. The second, more recent approach isthe self-determination theory perspective thatrecognizes well-being as multiple functions thatfoster human growth and healthy functioning.BPNT posits three basic psychological needs asadaptive human functions: autonomy, compe-tence, and relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000).This theory claims that if these three needs arefulfilled, the person becomes more functioning,thus achieving well-being. However, as thenumber of studies using this second approachis smaller than that for the first approach, addi-tional testing and demonstration of the univer-sal role of basic psychological needs should beperformed in additional countries and acrossdifferent cultures.

NeedSatisfaction and Frustration in BPNT

The beginning of BPNT study was to developa scale to measure the basic psychologicalneed of satisfaction. The scale was adapted sothat it could be used in the work environment(Baard, Deci, & Ryan, 2004; Deci et al., 2001;Ilardi, Leone, Kasser, & Ryan, 1993; Van denBroeck, Vansteenkiste, De Witte, & Lens,2008; Vansteenkiste et al., 2007), specific rela-tionships (La Guardia, Ryan, Couchman, &Deci, 2000), daily life in general (Gagné, 2003;Sheldon & Bettencourt, 2002), and sportssituations (Gagné, Ryan, & Bargmann, 2003;Jõesaar, Hein, & Hagger, 2011; Reinboth &Duda, 2006; Reinboth, Duda, & Ntoumanis,2004; Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006).Dozens of studies have indicated that satisfac-tion of the basic psychological needs is relatedto indicators of well-being, such as vitality

(Gagné et al., 2003), positive mood(Sheldon & Bettencourt, 2002), self-esteem(Deci et al., 2001), and low anxiety (Baardet al., 2004). In addition, this relationship hasbeen confirmed across cultures (Churchet al., 2013).Although BPNT posits both need satisfac-

tion and frustration, the earlier stage of theresearch regarding BPNT only focused onneed satisfaction. Since 2010, empiricalresearch has begun to measure both satisfac-tion and frustration of basic psychologicalneeds instead of a paradigm that measuresneed satisfaction versus its lack. UpdatedBPNT proposed a distinction between the lackof fulfillment of the needs and the experienceof need frustration, and insisted on their asym-metrical relationship (Bartholomew, Ntouma-nis, Ryan, Bosch, & Thøgersen-Ntoumani,2011). Whereas low need satisfaction simplymeans failing to enhance human growth, thefrustration of these needs could educe ill-beingand maladjustment (Ryan, Deci, Grolnick, &La Guardia, 2006). According to this recentparadigm regarding need satisfaction versusfrustration, autonomy satisfaction refers to thefeeling of being the perceived origin or sourceof one’s behavior and the experience of fullself-determination when committing to anactivity; whereas autonomy frustrationinvolves feeling controlled through externallyenforced or self-imposed, coercive pressures.Relatedness satisfaction refers to the experi-ence of intimacy and genuine connection withothers, whereas relatedness frustrationinvolves the experience of relational exclusionand feeling of loneliness. Finally, competencesatisfaction involves feeling effective in one’songoing interactions with the social environ-ment and being capable of expressing one’scapacities and achieving positive outcomes,whereas competence frustration involves thefeelings of incompetence and doubts aboutone’s efficacy and failing to show one’s ability(Chen et al., 2015; Deci & Ryan, 2000).Chen et al. (2015) developed the BPNSFS

and examined the distinctive roles of need sat-isfaction and frustration, in that psychologicalneed satisfaction predicted life satisfaction and

321Need satisfaction and frustration in Japan

© Japanese Psychological Association 2016.

vitality, whereas psychological need frustrationpredicted depressive symptoms in countriessuch as China, Belgium, the United States,and Peru. Chen et al. (2015) reported the needfor additional evidence of cross-cultural varia-tion regarding the functions of need satisfac-tion and frustration. However, additionalevidence for the universal claim of BPNT wasrequired, in that all persons could benefit fromneed satisfactions regardless of race or culturalvalues (Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013).

The Role of Personality Traits

One of the more considerable factors whenevaluating the relationship satisfaction andfrustration of basic psychological needs andsubjective well-being was personality traits. AsDiener, Oishi, and Lucas (2003) introduced,personality traits are known to be one of themost consistent predictors of subjective well-being. This finding implies that the personalitytraits distorted the relationship and required acontrol for the influence of personality traitson subjective well-being for a more accurateinvestigation. Some previous research alreadyused the personality traits as a control variablewhen examining the relationship between onlyneed satisfaction and subjective well-being(e.g., Philippe, Koestner, Beaulieu-Pelletier, &Lecours, 2011; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006).However, there is no research examining thehypothesis of the updated BPNT while usingpersonality traits as a controlled variable.

The Present Study

The present study translated the BPNSFS,which was originally developed by Chenet al. (2015), from English into Japanesethrough a back-translation procedure. To con-firm the reliability of the scale, a test-retestmethod with a 3-week interval was conducted.To evaluate evidence of the scale’s validity,we investigated the relationship between satis-faction and frustration of basic psychologicalneeds and indicators of subjective well-being.This study measured subjective well-being bythree indicators: life satisfaction, vitality, anddepression (in reverse direction) by referringto Chen et al. (2015). Thus, according to the

premise of BPNT, the following hypothesesregarding validity of the scale were proposed:(a) basic psychological need satisfaction(autonomy, relatedness, and competence) ispositively correlated with life satisfaction andvitality, and negatively correlated with depres-sion; and (b) conversely, basic psychologicalneed frustration is negatively correlated withlife satisfaction and vitality, and positively cor-related with depression. Chen et al. (2015)revealed the unique function of the basic psy-chological need satisfaction and frustration bypath analysis, and the present study employedthe same path model. This path model contri-butes to reveal whether the Japanese samplesupport the premise of BPNT that satisfactionand frustration of the basic psychologicalneeds uniquely contribute to subjective well-being. After that, this study used not onlydemographic data (i.e., sex, age, living status,family income, and financial satisfaction), asconducted in Chen et al. (2015), but also per-sonality traits as control variables when evalu-ating the basic path model in BPNT. We usedthe Big Five personality traits: extraversion,conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, andagreeableness (McCrae & John, 1992).

Method

Participants and Procedure

A total of 564 Japanese undergraduates(356 males, 205 females, three unknown;Mage = 18.61 years, SD = 1.48) from four uni-versities in Japan participated in a question-naire survey. Three universities provide thehumanities programs in the Kanto region inJapan where the students’ academic levels arerated as being between medium and relativelyhigh. The other university is a science univer-sity in the western part of Japan where thestudents’ academic levels are relatively high.For the analysis, we used data of participantswho had Japanese nationality. One university,87 participants, was sampled only for test-retest of the BPNSFS within a 3-week intervalto confirm the reliability of the scale. Theseparticipants were exempt from responding to

322 T. Nishimura and T. Suzuki


other measures due to equality of cost aspectscompared to other samples.

The survey was conducted during a psychol-ogy lecture and took approximately 20 min tocomplete. All participants provided a standardconsent after being informed about the pur-pose of the survey: the absence of a relationwith academic grade, participant’s basic rights,and that they could refuse participation andquit at any time.

Measures

All measures and instructions in this surveywere in Japanese. Original English instru-ments were translated into Japanese by theauthors under supervision of an English-translation company if the original version inJapanese had not been published.

BPNSFS. Participants completed theBPNSFS, which consists of 12 need satisfac-tion items: four items for each basic psycholog-ical need (autonomy, relatedness, andcompetence); and 12 need frustration items:four items for each of the basic psychologicalneeds. After obtaining permission for thetranslation into Japanese, the back translationwas conducted under the supervision of thefirst and second author of the original version(i.e., Dr. Chen and Prof. Vansteenkiste). Theentire process of back-translation was com-pleted through five exchanges. In the firstround, 12 items from the original version metthe required conditions of the supervisors. Theremaining 12 items were requested by thesupervisors with modified points to be revised.Eight items were completed in the secondround, one in the third, one in the fourth, andthe final two items met the requirements inthe fifth round; all 24 items were successfullytranslated from English into Japanese.

Respondents rated each item on a 5-pointrating, indicating the extent to which their psy-chological needs of autonomy, relatedness,and competence are satisfied or unsatisfied intheir lives rated from 1 (completely disagree)to 5 (completely agree). The internal consist-ency of each need satisfaction was .77 forautonomy, .74 for relatedness, and .72 for

competence. The internal consistency of eachneed frustration was .75 for autonomy, .78 forrelatedness, and .71 for competence. In addi-tion, the internal consistency was .82 for totalneed satisfaction and .83 for total needfrustration.

Life satisfaction. The Satisfaction withLife Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Grif-fin, 1985) has five items and measures life sat-isfaction with ratings from 1 (stronglydisagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The Japaneseversion of the rating was released on Diener’shomepage (http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/SWLS.html). The internal con-sistency of the scale was .84.

Vitality. The Subjective Vitality Scale(Ryan & Frederick, 1997) has seven itemsrated on a 7-point rating from 1 (strongly disa-gree) to 7 (strongly agree). The internal con-sistency of the scale was .84.

Depression. The Center for Epidemiologi-cal Studies-Depression Inventory (Radloff,1977; Shima, Shikano, Kitamura, & Asai,1985) consists of 20-items that are rated usinga 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (rarelyor none of the time within a week) to 4 (mostor all of the time within a week). The internalconsistency of the scale was .85. The Centerfor Epidemiological Studies-Depression Inven-tory has four subcategories: Depressed Affect(seven items), Positive Affect (four items),Somatic and Retarded Activity (seven items),and Interpersonal (two items).

The Big Five personality traits. The shortform of the Japanese Big Five Scale(Namikawa et al., 2012) consists of 29 itemsand has an adequate reliability and validity.Items are rated on a 7-point rating, rangingfrom 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).The internal consistency of each personalitytrait was .87 for extraversion, .80 for conscien-tiousness, .84 for neuroticism, .76 for open-ness, and .76 for agreeableness.



http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/SWLS.html

http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/SWLS.html

Background characteristics. Age, sex,and living status (i.e., living alone or in par-ents’ home) were assessed in the survey.In addition, subjective family income andfinancial satisfaction were assessed relativeto the within-country level with a 5-pointrating. Table 1 shows the correspondinginformation.

Statistics and Analysis Plan

All analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0and Mplus Version 7.1.1. The arithmetic meanwas used as scale score for each of theobserved variables. Among the 564 partici-pants, 23 participants had missing data. Theaverage number of missing responses was19.52 (SD = 21.73; range = 1–64). The missingdata were addressed by using the full informa-tion maximum likelihood method. To evaluateand compare for model with structure

equation modeling, we used the followingindices: χ2, the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), thecomparative fit index (CFI), the root meansquare error of approximation (RMSEA), thestandardized root mean square residual(SRMR), and the Bayesian information crite-rion (BIC).

Results

Factor Structure of the BPNSFS and

Preliminary Analyses

Confirmatory factor analysis was adapted forthe following four models: (a) two-factormodel (need satisfaction and frustration),(b) three-factor model (autonomy, related-ness, and competence, including both needsatisfaction and frustration as reverse con-cept), (c) six-factor model (need satisfactionand frustration for autonomy, relatedness,and competence), and (d) higher-order fac-tor model. Table 2 shows the results of theconfirmatory factor analysis using maximum-likelihood extraction with promax rotationfor the four hypothetical models. Via com-parison of the fit indices, the six-factormodel and higher-order factor modeldeserved adaptation compared to the othermodels. Table 3 shows the factor loading ofthe six-factor model. Table 4 shows themeans, standard deviations, and correlationcoefficients among the variables of the basicpsychological need satisfaction and frustra-tion. As hypothesized within BPNT, thethree need satisfactions were positively cor-related to each other. Similarly, the threeneed frustrations were positively correlatedto each other as well. Furthermore, satisfac-tion of each need was negatively correlated(albeit slightly weaker) with frustration ofthe corresponding need.

Test-retest of the BPNSFS

The result of the test-retest indicated a highreliability of the BPNSFS. Correlation of timestability was r = .76 (p < .001) for autonomysatisfaction, r = .66 (p < .001) for autonomyfrustration, r = .70 (p < .001) for relatedness

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of thesample

Category n %

University yearFirst year 412 86.4Second year 20 4.2Third year 20 4.2Fourth year 7 1.5Missing data 18 3.8

Living statusAlone 292 61.2Parents’ home 175 36.7Missing data 10 2.1

Family incomeLow 102 21.4Relatively low 139 29.1Average 134 28.1Relatively high 65 13.6High 23 4.8Missing data 14 2.9

Subjective economic statusBad 42 8.8Relatively bad 74 15.5Average 142 29.8Relatively good 122 25.6Good 83 17.4Missing data 14 2.9

Note. n = 477. This table does not include 87 stu-dents for the test-retest sample.



satisfaction, r = .73 (p < .001) for relatednessfrustration, r = .58 (p < .001) for competencesatisfaction, and r = .68 (p < .001) for compe-tence frustration. In addition, r = .73

(p < .001) for total need satisfaction, andr = .79 (p < .001) for total need frustration.These results indicated the high reliability ofthe scale.

Table 2 Model fit indices of four hypothetical models

Modelχ2 df p CFI TLI RMSEA

90% CI forRMSEA SRMR BIC

Two-factor model 1,715.92 251 <.001 .654 .620 .102 .098–.011 .090 37,237.39Three-factor model 1,504.45 249 <.001 .704 .672 .095 .090–.100 .089 37,038.57Six-factor model 645.03 237 <.001 .904 .888 .055 .050–.061 .054 36,255.09Higher-order factor model 821.50 245 <.001 .864 .847 .065 .060–.070 .069 36,380.94

Note. CI = confidence interval.

Table 3 Factor loadings of confirmatory factor analysis for six-factor model

Factor loading 95% CI

F1 Autonomy satisfaction1. I feel a sense of choice and freedom in the things I undertake .69 [.64, .75]7. I feel that my decisions reflect what I really want .71 [.66, .77]

13. I feel my choices express who I really am .61 [.54, .67]19. I feel I have been doing what really interests me .70 [.65, .76]

F2 Autonomy frustration2. Most of the things I do feel like “I have to” .75 [.69, .79]8. I feel forced to do many things I wouldn’t choose to do .72 [.67, .77]

14. I feel pressured to do too many things .52 [.45, .59]20. My daily activities feel like a chain of obligations .66 [.60, .72]

F3 Relatedness satisfaction3. I feel that the people I care about also care about me .54 [.47, .61]9. I feel connected with people who care for me, and for whom I care .76 [.71, .82]

15. I feel close and connected with other people who are important to me .71 [.66, .77]21. I experience a warm feeling with the people I spend time with .59 [.52, .66]

F4 Relatedness frustration4. I feel excluded from the group I want to belong to .76 [.72, .81]

10. I feel that people who are important to me are cold and distanttowards me

.74 [.69, .79]

16. I have the impression that people I spend time with dislike me .78 [.73, .82]22. I feel the relationships I have are just superficial .53 [.46, .60]

F5 Competence satisfaction5. I feel confident that I can do things well .67 [.61, .74]

11. I feel capable at what I do .53 [.46, .60]17. I feel competent to achieve my goals .67 [.61, .73]23. I feel I can successfully complete difficult tasks .64 [.58, .70]

F6 Competence frustration5. I have serious doubts about whether I can do things well .54 [.47, .61]

12. I feel disappointed with many of my performances .55 [.48, .62]18. I feel insecure about my abilities .69 [.63, .75]24. I feel like a failure because of the mistakes I make .67 [.61, .74]

Note. CI = confidence interval. The Japanese version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frus-tration Scale is shown in Appendix.



Correlations between Need Satisfaction,

Frustration, Well-being, and the Big Five

Personality Traits

Table 5 shows means, standard deviations,and correlation coefficients among the indica-tors of subjective well-being (life satisfaction,vitality, and depression) and the Big Fivepersonality traits. Table 6 shows the correla-tion matrix of satisfaction and frustration ofbasic psychological needs and the indicatorsof well-being and the Big Five personalitytraits. As expected within BPNT, correlationsbetween satisfaction of the basic psychologi-cal needs and the three indicators (life satis-faction, vitality, and depression) weresignificant in the expected direction. Correla-tions between frustration of the basic psycho-logical needs and the three indicators werealso significant in the expected direction.In addition, the result of the correlation anal-ysis revealed positive relationships betweensatisfaction of the three basic needs andextraversion (r = .35 to .41; total = .44), con-scientiousness (r = .07 to .23; total = .18),openness (r = .20 to .58; total = .48), andagreeableness (r = .17 to .29; total = .30); anda negative relationship with neuroticism(r = −.20 to −.24; total = −.35). The correla-tion analysis also revealed negative relation-ships between frustration of the three basicneeds and extraversion (r = −.20 to −.28;total = −.30), conscientiousness (r = −.14 to.28), openness (r = .07 to −.26; total = −.15),and agreeableness (r = −.13 to .22; total =−.24); and a positive relationship with neu-roticism (r = .29 to .43; total = .41).

Structural Equation Modeling for Function

of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction

and Frustration

We performed structural equation modelingwith the maximum-likelihood method to inves-tigate the function of satisfaction and frustra-tion of basic psychological needs. Beforeperforming this analysis, there was a possibil-ity that the number of observed variables ofdepression (i.e., 20 items) could undermine the fitindex of the model. To avoid this problem, weused the parceling method and seven items repre-senting depressed affect. The upper values inFigure 1 present the result of the hypotheticalmodel, χ2 (267) = 919.367, p < .001, TLI = .854,CFI = .870, RMSEA = .072 (90% CI = [.067,.077]), SRMR = .066, BIC = 31345.605, whichwas provided in Chen et al. (2015). As expectedwithin BPNT, need satisfaction was positivelycorrelated with life satisfaction and vitality butwas not correlated with depressed affect. Mean-while, need frustration was positively correlatedwith depressed affect and negatively correlatedwith life satisfaction but was not correlated withvitality. These findings emerged after controllingfor sex, age, living status, family income, andfinancial satisfaction.

Next, we evaluated the original model(without demographic data) by controlling forthe influence of the Big Five personality traits.The influence from the personality traits washypothesized for each of the observed variables.The lower values in Figure 1 present the resultsof the hypothetical model under the control ofthe personality traits, χ2 (267) = 811.759,p < .001, TLI = .850, CFI = .906, RMSEA = .066

Table 4 Means and standard deviations among the variables of BPNSFS

n M SD 2 3 4 5 6

1. Autonomy satisfaction 557 3.40 0.78 −.42*** .38*** −.21*** .48*** −.34***2. Autonomy frustration 558 2.63 0.82 −.19*** .42*** −.19*** .40***3. Relatedness satisfaction 558 3.47 0.79 −.37*** .30*** −.25***4. Relatedness frustration 557 2.17 0.83 −.10* .45***5. Competence satisfaction 557 2.84 0.74 −.48***6. Competence frustration 558 2.99 0.83

***p < .001. *p < .05.



(90% CI = [.061, .071]), SRMR = .043, andBIC = 30,911.831. These fit indices wereimproved compared to the original model (seeBIC = 31,345.605 in the original model). Thecontrolled model showed that need satisfactionwas positively correlated with life satisfaction andvitality, and need frustration was positively corre-lated with depressed affect and negatively corre-lated with life satisfaction.

Discussion

The present study examined the hypothesis ofthe BPNT. For achieving this, we first devel-oped the Japanese version of the BPNSFS

through a back-translation procedure fromEnglish into Japanese. Confirmatory factoranalysis showed that the BPNSFS had thesame factor structure as that found in the orig-inal version, and it was possible to use boththe original six-factor model and the higher-order factor model. In addition, the test-retest(within 3 weeks) demonstrated a high reliabil-ity of the scale. The results of the correlationanalysis, that is, the relationship between(a) need satisfaction and indicators of well-being and (b) need frustration and indicators ofwell-being, supported the validity of the scale.Finally, structural equation modeling showedthat satisfaction of each of the three needs con-tributed to the prediction of subjective well-

Table 6 Correlations between satisfaction and frustration in basic psychological needs and theother variables

Need satisfaction Need frustration

Aut. Rel. Com. Total Aut. Rel. Com. Total

Subjective well-beingLife satisfaction .50*** .37*** .35*** .53*** −.25*** −.24*** −.41*** −.39***Vitality .48*** .45*** .51*** .63*** −.27*** −.21*** −.38*** −.37***Depression −.32*** −.29*** −.31*** −.41*** .40*** .52*** .52*** .63***

Big Five personality traitsExtraversion .30*** .41*** .30*** .44*** −.20*** −.23*** −.28*** −.30***Conscientiousness .07 .13** .23*** .18*** −.14** −.18*** −.28*** −.25***Neuroticism −.28*** −.20*** −.33*** −.35*** .29*** .24*** .43*** .41***Openness .32*** .20*** .58*** .48*** −.09 .07 −.26*** −.15***Agreeableness .23*** .17*** .29*** .30*** −.13** −.22*** −.21*** −.24***

Note. Aut. = Autonomy; Rel. = Relatedness; Com. = Competence.***p < .001. **p < .01.

Table 5 Means, standard deviations, and correlations among the variables

n M SD 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Subjective well-being1. Life satisfaction 463 3.95 1.25 .73*** −.23*** .46*** .15** −.43*** .33*** .19***2. Vitality 461 4.02 1.06 −.22*** .75*** .19*** −.42*** .50*** .23***3. Depression 458 1.85 0.46 −.15*** −.11** .26*** −.10*** −.11**

Big Five personality traits4. Extraversion 468 4.40 1.23 −.01 −.31*** .44*** .105. Conscientiousness 470 3.49 1.00 −.22*** .08 .19***6. Neuroticism 470 4.91 1.21 −.19*** −.17***7. Openness 470 3.94 0.98 .20***8. Agreeableness 471 4.39 0.98

***p < .001. **p < .01.



being (life satisfaction and vitality), whereasfrustration of each of the three needs uniquelycontributed to the prediction of subjective ill-being (depressed affect). These results wereconfirmed after controlling for demographic fac-tors as well as the Big Five personality traits,and support the premise of BPNT.

One of the significant contributions of thisstudy is to demonstrate the robustness of thefunction of satisfaction and frustration of basicpsychological needs. Satisfaction of the basicpsychological needs contributed to subjectivewell-being and frustration of the basic psycho-logical needs yielded ill-being; that is, the basicpremise of BPNT is uniquely demonstratednot only by Chen et al. (2015) in samples fromChina, Belgium, the United States, and Peru,but also by the present study in Japan. Thisfinding endorses the universal role of basicpsychological need satisfaction and frustrationacross nations.

Controlling for the Big Five personality traitsprovides deep consideration of the theoreticalhypothesis in BPNT. Although the robustnessof the path structure of the model was demon-strated after controlling for the Big Five person-ality traits, a decrease in the coefficient of

determination (R2) of subjective well-being wasfound after the control (see Figure 1). The find-ing indicates that the Big Five personality traitsdistort the relationship between satisfaction andfrustration of basic psychological needs and sub-jective well-being. Specifically, approximatelyhalf the drop rate in the coefficient of determi-nation (i.e., 65% to 31%) was found in vitalitywhen controlling for the Big Five personalitytraits. This result is reasonable when consider-ing the finding that extraversion and openness,which were positively correlated with need satis-faction (.44 and .48, respectively), were stronglyand positively correlated with vitality (.75 and.50, respectively), as shown in Tables 5 and 6.The finding of the present study upholds theneed for control of the Big Five personalitytraits for the accurate evaluation of subjectivewell-being in order to avoid obtaining a con-taminated result and an overestimation.

Limitations

There are several limitations in this study thatrequire consideration. Chen et al. (2015)obtained data regarding background charac-teristics that this study did not, such as paren-tal and maternal education level and health

Figure 1. The hypothetical model of basic psychological need theory. The 95% confidence intervals are presentedwithin brackets. Upper values correspond to the original model hypothesized by Chen et al. (2015). Lower values repre-sents the model controlling for the Big Five personality traits. *p < .05. ***p < .001.



satisfaction. Thus, the results regarding therelationship between basic psychological needsatisfaction and frustration and subjectivewell-being cannot be completely comparedto the results of Chen et al. (2015).Moreover, the cross-sectional design limits theconclusions.

Conclusion

The present study succeeded in developingthe Japanese version of the BPNSFS througha back-translation procedure. The Japanesesample of the present study supported thepremise of BPNT previously provided in Bel-gium, China, the United States, and Peru,which states that satisfaction of basic psycho-logical needs represents essential require-ments for optimal functioning. However, thisstudy confirmed the need to control for theBig Five personality traits when assessing therelationship between satisfaction and frustra-tion of basic psychological needs and subjec-tive well-being to clarify these roles and toavoid overestimation. Although the hypothe-sis of BPNT was basically supported in thepresent study, self-determination theoristsshould pay attention to the possible overesti-mation of functions of basic psychologicalneeds on subjective well-being. In futureresearch, the Japanese version of theBPNSFS will be desired to be used in otherdomains, such as education, interpersonalrelationships, sports, work environments, andmedical care.

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(Received December 2, 2015; accepted July 5, 2016)



Appendix

The Japanese Version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale(BPNSFS).



basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration...

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