BASIC PROTECTION ANDRELAYING SCHEMES

Submitted by-

Somali ajal Das

0901106068

Guided by- Dr. Abhimanyu

Mohapatra Dr. Ranjan Ku. Jena

Agenda

Why protection is needed Principles and elements of the protection

system Basic protection schemes Digital relay advantages and enhancements

Disturbances: Light or Severe The power system must maintain acceptable

operation 24 hours a day Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits

Small disturbancesThe control system can handle theseExample: variation in transformer or generator load

Severe disturbances require a protection systemThey can jeopardize the entire power systemThey cannot be overcome by a control system

Power System ProtectionOperation during severe disturbances:

System element protectionSystem protectionAutomatic reclosingAutomatic transfer to alternate power suppliesAutomatic synchronization

Electric Power System Exposure to External Agents

Damage to Main Equipment

Protection System

A series of devices whose main purpose is to protect persons and primary electric

power equipment from the effects of faults

The “Sentinels”

Blackouts

Loss of service in a large area or population region

Hazard to human life May result in

enormous economic losses

Overreaction of the protection system

Bad design of the protection system

Characteristics Main Causes

Short Circuits Produce High Currents

FaultSubstation

abc

I

IWire

Three-Phase Line

Thousands of Amps

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :

Severe damage to the faulted equipment : Excessive current may flow; Causes burning of conductors or equipment

windings; Arcing - energy dissipation; Risk of explosions for oil - filled switchgear, or

when in hazardous environments.

Damage to adjacent plant : As the fault evolves, if not cleared quickly; Due to the voltage depression / loss of supply.

Mechanical Damage DuringShort Circuits Very destructive in busbars, isolators,

supports, transformers, and machines Damage is instantaneous

i1

i2

f1 f2

Rigid Conductors f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

Mechanical Forces

The Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Essential qualities of protection:

Reliability Selectivity-

Absolute or relative Fastness Discrimination

Protection System Elements Protective relays Circuit breakers Current and voltage transducers Communications channels DC supply system Control cables

Protective relays:

A device which detect intolerable or unwanted conditions within the assigned area.

* A watchman or watchdog for the equipment/area

* Silent sentinels to power system.

How relays are differentiated? Can be differentiated based on: * Functional categories * Input quantities *Operating Principles * Performance Characteristics.

What are various design criteria? * Dependability/Reliability * Security * Selectivity *Speed * Simplicity/flexibility *Stability *Performance Vs. Economy

What are various technique used? * Electromechanical *Solid state/Static * Microprocessor/Numerical

Non-Unit, or Unrestricted Protection :

No specific point downstream up to which protection will protect

Will operate for faults on the protected equipment;

May also operate for faults on downstream equipment, which has its own protection;

Need for discrimination with downstream protection, usually by means of time grading.

Unit, or Restricted Protection :

Has an accurately defined zone of protection

An item of power system plant is protected as a unit;

Will not operate for out of zone faults, thus no back-up protection for downstream faults.

Types of relays

As per function: Main Auxiliary Signal

As per actuating quantity Overrelays Underrelays

Types…

As per connection Primary Secondary(common)

As per action on CB Direct acting Indirect acting

As per construction Electromagnetic

Types..

Static Numerical

As per comparator types Single input comparator Two input comparator Multiple input comparator

Methods of disciminations: To locate fault

by time

by current grading

by time and direction

by distance

by time, current and distance

by current balance

by power direction comparison Type of fault

Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection Team

CTs

VTs

Relay

CB

Control

Protected Equipment

DC Tripping Circuit

SI

52TC

DC StationBattery

SIRelay

Contact

Relay

CircuitBreaker

52a

+

–

RedLamp

Circuit Breakers

Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CTMedium-Voltage CT

Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

High Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers are also known as potential transformers

Protective Relays

Examples of Relay Panels

Old Electromechanical

Microprocessor-Based Relay

How Do Relays Detect Faults? When a fault takes place, the current,

voltage, frequency, and other electrical variables behave in a peculiar way. For example:Current suddenly increasesVoltage suddenly decreases

Relays can measure the currents and the voltages and detect that there is an overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a combination of both

Many other detection principles determine the design of protective relays

Primary Protection

Primary Protection Zone Overlapping

ProtectionZone B

ProtectionZone A

To Zone BRelays

To Zone ARelays

52 ProtectionZone B

ProtectionZone A

To Zone BRelays

To Zone ARelays

52

Backup Protection

AC D

E

Breaker 5Fails

1 2 5 6 11 12

T

3 4 7 8 9 10

B F

Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution

Single-Phase-Ground: 70–80%

Phase-Phase-Ground: 17–10%

Phase-Phase: 10–8%

Three-Phase: 3–2%

Balanced vs. Unbalanced Conditions

Balanced System Unbalanced System

cI

aI

bI

aI

cI

bI

Decomposition of an Unbalanced System

Positive-Sequence

Balanced BalancedNegative-Sequence

1bI

1cI1aI

2bI

2aI

2cI

0aI

0bI

0cI

aI

cI

bI

Zero-Sequence

Single-Phase

Power Line Protection Principles

Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N) Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N) Distance (21, 21N) Differential (87)

Characteristics of overcurrent relays: Definite time IDMT- inverse definite minimum time Very inverse Extremely inverse

Application of Inverse-Type Relays

tRelay Operation Time

I

Fault Load

Radial Line

Distance

Distance

t

I

T

Inverse-Time Relay Coordination

T T

50/51 Relay Coordination

Distance

Distance

t

I

T T T

Directional Overcurrent ProtectionBasic Applications

K

L

Distance Relay Principle

Three-Phase Solid Fault

d

L

RadialLine21

Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate When:

||||)8.0(|| 1 aLa IZV

cba III ,,

cba VVV ,,

The Impedance Relay Characteristic

21

22rZXR

R

X Plain Impedance RelayOperation Zone

Zr1

Radius Zr11rZZ

Need for Directionality

1 2 3 4 5 6

F1F2

R

XRELAY 3Operation Zone

F1

F2Nonselective Relay Operation

Three-Zone Distance Protection

1 2 3 4 5 6

Zone 1

Zone 2Zone 3

Time

TimeZone 1 Is Instantaneous

Circular Distance Relay Characteristics

MHO

OFFSETMHO (1)

PLAIN IMPEDANCE

R

X

R

X

R

X

OFFSETMHO (2)

R

X

LENS(RESTRICTED MHO 1)

TOMATO(RESTRICTED MHO 2)

R

X

R

X

Differential Protection Principle

No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal

ExternalFault

IDIF = 0

CT CT

50

Balanced CT Ratio

ProtectedEquipment

Differential Protection Principle

InternalFault

IDIF > ISETTING

CTR CTR

50

Relay Operates

ProtectedEquipment

Problem of Unequal CT Performance

False differential current can occur if a CT saturates during a through-fault

Use some measure of through-current to desensitize the relay when high currents are present

ExternalFault

ProtectedEquipment

IDIF 0

CT CT

50

Possible Scheme – Percentage Differential Protection Principle

ProtectedEquipment

ĪRĪS

CTR CTR

Compares:

Relay(87)

OP S RI I I

| | | |

2S R

RT

I Ik I k

ĪRPĪSP

Differential Protection Applications Bus protection Transformer protection Generator protection Line protection Large motor protection Reactor protection Capacitor bank protection Compound equipment protection

Differential ProtectionSummary The overcurrent differential scheme is simple

and economical, but it does not respond well to unequal current transformer performance

The percentage differential scheme responds better to CT saturation

Percentage differential protection can be analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane

Differential protection is the best alternative selectivity/speed with present technology

Advantages of Digital Relays

MultifunctionalCompatibility withdigital integrated

systems

Low maintenance(self-supervision)

Highly sensitive,secure, and

selectiveAdaptive

Highly reliable(self-supervision)

Reduced burden on

CTs and VTs

ProgrammableVersatile

Low Cost

Why study this protection scheme?? Protection scheme plays a vital & important role

for the normal operation or the steady state operation of different components of power system network, which must be reliable, fast and efficient.

In order to achieve all these features, it is essential that these should be proper care in designing and choosing an appropriate and efficient protection scheme.

The protective relays functions as the brain behind the whole schemes…

THANK YOU