basic pipe fitter problem

102
7/17/2019 Basic Pipe Fitter Problem http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-pipe-fitter-problem-568c9a7591aea 1/102 ED 374 313 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION SPCNS AGENCY PUB DATE CONTRACT NOTE PUB TYPE EDRS PRICE DESCRIPTORS DOCUMENT RESUME CE 067 251 Atkinson, Rhonda; And Others [Pipefitting Workbooks.] Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc., Baton Rouge, LA. Pelican Chapter.; East Baton Rouge Parish School Board, La.; Greater Baton Rouge Chamber of Commerce, LA. Office of Vocational and Adult Education (ED), Washington, DC. National Workplace Literacy Progr.m. 31 Dec 93 V198A10155 102p.; For documents related to this project, see CE 067 219-250. Some exercises are in color. Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) Tests/Evaluation Instruments (160) MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. Adult Basic Education; Basic Skills; Building Trades; Definitions; Mathematics Instruction; *Mathematics Skills; *Plumbing; *Problem Solving; Reading Instruction; 'Reading Skills; Semantics; *Trade and Industrial Education; Trigonometry; *Vocabulary Development; Vocabulary Skills; Word Study Skills IDENTIFIERS *ABCs of Construction Project; *Pipe Fitters; Workplace Literacy ABSTRACT Developed by the ABCs of Construction National Workplace Literacy Project, these seven workbooks are designed to enhance the basic skills of pipefitters. Reading and Solving Basic Pipefitting Problems #1 defines and uses eight basic terms pipefitters need to know, reviews steps a pipefitter must take to identify and solve a simple pipefitting problem, and includes simple problems to find "take out" and welder's gaps. Reading and Solving Basic Pipefitting Problems #2 reviews seven basic terms pipefitters need to know, uses each term while solving 45 pipefitting problems, introduces a five-step method to solve pipefitting problems, and provides practice exercises. Practicing Problem Solving for Pipefitters uses pipes velcroed onto a wall to practice real pipefitter problems, using the five-step method. Exercises are designed to help the worker transfer the method to handling a real-world pipefitting problem. Basic Vocabulary for Pipefitters depicts and explains 11 terms and has a fill-in-the-blanks exercise. Basic Trig for Pipefitters explains right angles, teaches the worker how to "see" one in pipe elbows, reviews what the sides of a triangle are called, practices how to see them in a pipe elbow, shows the worker how to use a trigonometry chart to find tangents, and includes practice exercises. Reading and Solving Pipefitter Take Out Problems shows what a "take out" is, provides exercises on finding one, shows how to read "The Pipefitters Blue Book" to find tangents, and provides practice exercises. Reading and Solving Basic Pipefitting Problems # 3 introduces four steps to solve simple offset problems when the elbows are not 45 or 90 degrees and provides simple offset examples and problems. (YLB)

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Page 1: Basic Pipe Fitter Problem

7/17/2019 Basic Pipe Fitter Problem

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-pipe-fitter-problem-568c9a7591aea 1/102

E D 3 7 4 3 1 3

A U T H O R

T I T L E

I N S T I T U T I O N

S P C N S A G E N C Y

P U B D A T E

C O N T R A C T

N O T E

P U B T Y P E

E D R S P R I C E

D E S C R I P T O R S

D O C U M E N T R E S U M E

C E 0 6 7 2 5 1

A t k i n s o n , R h o n d a ; A n d O t h e r s

[ P i p e f i t t i n g W o r k b o o k s . ]

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s a n d C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c . , B a t o n

R o u g e , L A . P e l i c a n C h a p t e r . ; E a s t B a t o n R o u g e

P a r i s h

S c h o o l B o a r d , L a . ; G r e a t e r B a t o n R o u g e C h a m b e r o f

C o m m e r c e , L A .

O f f i c e o f V o c a t i o n a l a n d A d u l t E d u c a t i o n

( E D ) ,

W a s h i n g t o n , D C . N a t i o n a l W o r k p l a c e L i t e r a c y

P r o g r . m .

3 1 D e c 9 3

V 1 9 8 A 1 0 1 5 5

1 0 2 p . ; F o r d o c u m e n t s r e l a t e d t o t h i s p r o j e c t , s e e

C E

0 6 7 2 1 9 - 2 5 0 . S o m e e x e r c i s e s a r e i n c o l o r .

G u i d e s

C l a s s r o o m U s e

I n s t r u c t i o n a l M a t e r i a l s ( F o r

L e a r n e r )

( 0 5 1 )

T e s t s / E v a l u a t i o n I n s t r u m e n t s ( 1 6 0 )

M F 0 1 / P C 0 5 P l u s P o s t a g e .

A d u l t B a s i c E d u c a t i o n ; B a s i c S k i l l s ; B u i l d i n g T r a d e s ;

D e f i n i t i o n s ; M a t h e m a t i c s I n s t r u c t i o n ; * M a t h e m a t i c s

S k i l l s ; * P l u m b i n g ; * P r o b l e m S o l v i n g ; R e a d i n g

I n s t r u c t i o n ; ' R e a d i n g S k i l l s ; S e m a n t i c s ; * T r a d e a n d

I n d u s t r i a l E d u c a t i o n ; T r i g o n o m e t r y ; * V o c a b u l a r y

D e v e l o p m e n t ; V o c a b u l a r y S k i l l s ; W o r d S t u d y S k i l l s

I D E N T I F I E R S

* A B C s o f C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t ; * P i p e F i t t e r s ;

W o r k p l a c e L i t e r a c y

A B S T R A C T

D e v e l o p e d b y t h e A B C s o f C o n s t r u c t i o n N a t i o n a l

W o r k p l a c e L i t e r a c y P r o j e c t , t h e s e s e v e n w o r k b o o k s a r e

d e s i g n e d t o

e n h a n c e t h e b a s i c s k i l l s o f p i p e f i t t e r s . R e a d i n g a n d

S o l v i n g B a s i c

P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 1 d e f i n e s a n d u s e s e i g h t b a s i c t e r m s

p i p e f i t t e r s n e e d t o k n o w , r e v i e w s s t e p s a p i p e f i t t e r m u s t t a k e t o

i d e n t i f y a n d s o l v e a s i m p l e p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m , a n d i n c l u d e s

s i m p l e

p r o b l e m s t o f i n d " t a k e o u t " a n d w e l d e r ' s g a p s . R e a d i n g a n d

S o l v i n g

B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 2 r e v i e w s s e v e n b a s i c t e r m s

p i p e f i t t e r s

n e e d t o k n o w , u s e s e a c h t e r m w h i l e s o l v i n g 4 5

p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m s ,

i n t r o d u c e s a f i v e - s t e p m e t h o d t o s o l v e p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m s , a n d

p r o v i d e s p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e s . P r a c t i c i n g P r o b l e m S o l v i n g f o r

P i p e f i t t e r s u s e s p i p e s v e l c r o e d o n t o a w a l l t o p r a c t i c e r e a l

p i p e f i t t e r p r o b l e m s , u s i n g t h e f i v e - s t e p m e t h o d . E x e r c i s e s a r e

d e s i g n e d t o h e l p t h e w o r k e r t r a n s f e r t h e m e t h o d t o h a n d l i n g a

r e a l - w o r l d p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m . B a s i c V o c a b u l a r y f o r

P i p e f i t t e r s

d e p i c t s a n d e x p l a i n s 1 1 t e r m s a n d h a s a f i l l - i n - t h e - b l a n k s e x e r c i s e .

B a s i c T r i g f o r P i p e f i t t e r s e x p l a i n s r i g h t a n g l e s , t e a c h e s t h e w o r k e r

h o w t o " s e e " o n e i n p i p e e l b o w s , r e v i e w s w h a t t h e s i d e s o f a

t r i a n g l e

a r e c a l l e d , p r a c t i c e s h o w t o s e e t h e m

i n a p i p e e l b o w , s h o w s t h e

w o r k e r h o w t o u s e a t r i g o n o m e t r y c h a r t t o f i n d t a n g e n t s , a n d

i n c l u d e s

p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e s . R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g P i p e f i t t e r T a k e O u t P r o b l e m s

s h o w s w h a t a " t a k e o u t " i s , p r o v i d e s e x e r c i s e s o n f i n d i n g o n e ,

s h o w s

h o w t o r e a d " T h e P i p e f i t t e r s B l u e B o o k " t o f i n d t a n g e n t s , a n d

p r o v i d e s p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e s . R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g

P r o b l e m s # 3 i n t r o d u c e s f o u r s t e p s t o s o l v e s i m p l e o f f s e t p r o b l e m s

w h e n t h e e l b o w s a r e n o t 4 5 o r 9 0 d e g r e e s a n d p r o v i d e s s i m p l e o f f s e t

e x a m p l e s a n d p r o b l e m s . ( Y L B )

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P i p e f i t t e r W o r k b o o k s

U S D E P A R T M E N T O F E D U C A T I O N

t p ?

I . . , o ' F . C u c a t . o n a , R e s e a r c h a n d i m p r o v e m e n t

U C A T I O N A L R E S O U R C E S I N F O R M A T I O N

C E N T E R ( E R I C )

T h i s d o c u m e n t h a s b e e n r e p r o d u c e ( a s

r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e p e r s o n o r o r g a n l i a t i o n

o r i g i n a t i n g i t

M i n n r c h a n g e s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o

i m p r o v e r e p r o d u c t i o n q u a l i t y .

P o i n t s o f v i e w o r o p i n i o n s s t a t e d i n t h i s

d o c u m e n t d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t

o f f i c i a l O E R I p o s i t i o n o r

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s a n d C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t a n d C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

T e c h n i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r

0

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I I I

R e a d i n g &

S o l v i n g

B a s i c

P i p e l i n i n g

L I

P r o b l e m s

L i l l

#

. 1

2 . -

L U

1 1 1 1 1 1 i l l i i t i l

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

3

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% e n I n s t k u e t i o n d m a t a t a k s w e n m a d e p o s s j u 2 e t h k o u g h a L A I a t i o n d c t A k k b p k a c e

g t t e k a c t i g k a a t f u n d e d t i k o u g h t h e q t . g . T e p a k t m e n t

P A u c a t i o r t i t k o m t f i o v e r n b e t

1 ,

1 9 9 2 , t o T e c e m b e k 3 1 , 1 9 9 3 , a t t h e t k a t a t a g ( u t e r i o p t h e T e g i c a a C h a p t e x

( A s s o c i a t e d ( 7 : A d e n a n d C o a t k a c t o k s i n B a t o n g o u g e , g _ o u i s i a n a ,

S h e

p u b k / p k w a t e p a k t a e A s h i p ( R u c h e d i n t h e p k o f e c t ( a d u d e d t h e B a s t ( P a t o n c P o u g e

T a k i s k S c h o c h L A d u P t a n d C o n t i n u i n g P . A l u e a t i o a T e p a k t m e a t a n d t h e g k e a t e k ( B a t c h

4 2 o u g e C h a m b e t o 8 C o m m e k c e . g h e c o a t e a t s d o R O L R e e r s g a d y

k e p t e s e a t t h e p d t c y

t h e T e p a k t m e n t o i P i d u e a t t o k a n d y o u s h o J d n o t a s s u m e e n d o w m e n t b y t h e

% d u c k g 0 1 1 a l t h I C A L

T k o i e c t c D t k e c t o k :

T a t a d a

( A d u P t a n d C o n t i n u i n g P i d u c a t i o f t

e u k i d e u i u m % i t e m :

c R i o n d a ( A t i a l a s o k U S %

c

T e b b i e g o n g m a x , g g q 1

c e a . c D o k e e t M a x e y , g S q l

U e a c h i a g g t o t

T . * a n ' W a a g e

6 9 f 4 1 1 1 1 P . C h a p m a n

( M i e l e T o p a &

% e n w a t e g a l 2 t s e a s a o t b e k e r t o d u c e d t u t t i o u t w a t t t e e t r e a t t e o a i t o m i & 1 s t c R a t o r t c R o e g e g e l t o o f s

o f

L A s o o t a t a d c B i t t i 2 d e n a i d C o e t t a c t o z e , P e i l e a l t C i a p t a t . .

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I n s t r u c t o r I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e P i p e f i t t e r S e r i e s

S e v e n w o r k b o o k s h a v e b e e n d e s i g n e d t o e n h a n c e t h e b a s i c

s k i l l s o f p i p e f i t t e r s a t t h e T e c h n i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r .

A

b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a c h w o r k b o o k f o l l o w s :

1 .

R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 1

D e f i n e s F a d u s e s e i g h t b a s i c t e r m s p i p e f i t t e r s n e e d t o k n o w .

R e v i e w s s t e p s a P i p e f i t t e r m u s t t a k e t o i d e n t i f y a n d s o l v e a

s i m p l e 9 0 p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m .

I n c l u d e s s i m p l e p r o b l e m s t o

f i n d " t a k e o u t " a n d w e l d e r ' s g a p s .

2 .

R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 2

R e v i e w s s e v e n b a s i c t e r m s p i p e f i t t e r s n e e d t o k n o w : " c e n t e r

l i n e , " " c u t l e n g t h , " " f a c e t o f a c e , " o f f s e t , " " r u n , " " t a k e

o u t , " a n d " w e l d e r ' s g a p . "

U s e s e a c h o f t h e s e t e r m s w h i l e

s o l v i n g 4 5 p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m s .

I n t r o d u c e s a f i v e s t e p

m e t h o d t o s o l v e p i p e f i t t i n g p r o b l e m s .

P r o v i d e s

e x e r c i s e s t o p r a c t i c e t h i s f i v e s t e p m e t h o d .

3 .

P r a c t i c i n g P r o b l e m S o l v i n g f o r P i p e f i t t e r s

U s e s t h e p i p e s v e l c r o e d o n t o t h e m o v a b l e w a l l i n t h e T D C

r o o m t o p r a c t i c e r e a l p i p e f i t t e r p r o b l e m s .

W o r k e r s u s e t h e

f i v e s t e p m e t h o d i n t r o d u c e d i n R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g B a s i c

P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 2 t o f i n d t h e " c u t l e n g t h " o f t h e

c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n p i p e s l o c a t e d o n t h e m o v a b l e w a l l .

E x e r c i s e s a r e d e s i g n e d t o h e l p t h e w o r k e r t r a n s f e r t h e f i v e

s t e p m e t h o d t o " h a n d l i n g " a p h y s i c a l l y r e a l p i p e f i t t i n g

p r o b l e m .

4 .

B a s i c V o c a b u l a r y f o r P i p e f i t t e r s

D e p i c t s a n d e x p l a i n s e l e v e n t e r m s p i p e f i t t e r s n e e d t o k n o w .

H a s a n e x e r c i s e w h e r e i n t h e w o r k e r m u s t f i l l i n t h e b l a n k s

u s i n g t h e c o r r e c t t e r m s .

5 .

B a s i c T r i g f o r P i p e f i t t e r s

H e l p s t h e w o r k e r t o k n o w w h a t i s a r i g h t t r i a n g l e a n d t o b e

a b l e t o " s e e " r i g h t t r i a n g l e s i n p i p e e l b o w s .

R e v i e w s w h a t

t h e s i d e s o f a t r i a n g l e a r e c a l l e d :

" h y p o t e n u s e , "

" a d j a c e n t " a n d " o p p o s i t e . "

P r a c t i c e s h o w t o " s e e " t h e s e

s i d e s i n a p i p e e l b o w .

S h o w s t h e w o r k e r h o w t o u s e a

t r i g o n o m e t r y c h a r t t o f i n d t h e t a n g e n t o f a n a n g l e .

I n c l u d e s e x e r c i s e s f o r t o f i n d " t a k e o u t s " w h e r e i n t h e

w o r k e r m u s t u s e a t r i g c h a r t t o f i n d t h e t a n g e n t o f

a n

a n g l e .

6 .

R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g P i p e f i t t e r T a k e O u t P r o b l e m s

S h o w s w h a t a " t a k e o u t " i s i n 9 0 a n d 4 5 e l b o w s .

P r o v i d e s

e x e r c i s e s t o f i n d " t a k e o u t s " i n 9 0 e l b o w s .

R e v i e w s h o w t o

f i n d a " t a k e o u t " i n a 4 5 e l b o w u s i n g a t r i g o n o m e t r y c h a r t

t o f i n d t h e t a n g e n t o f a n a n g l e .

P r o v i d e s p r a c t i c e e x e r -

c i s e s .

S h o w s h o w t o r e a d T h e P i p e F i t t e r s B l u e B o o k t o f i n d

t h e t a n g e n t o f a n a n g l e t h e n p r o v i d e s p r a c t i c e e x e r c i s e s .

7 .

R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 3

I n t r o d u c e s f o u r s t e p s t o t a k e i n o r d e r t o s o l v e s i m p l e

o f f s e t p r o b l e m s w h e n t h e e l b o w s a r e n o t 4 5

o r 9 0 .

P r o v i d e s

s i m p l e o f f s e t e x a m p l e s a n d p r o b l e m s .

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C o n n e c t i n g P i p e s

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e s t o g e t h e r i s n ' t e a s y u n l e s s y o u k n o w h o w t o d o i t c o r r e c t l y .

T h e r e a r e t e r m s y o u n e e d t o k n o w b e f o r e w e b e g i n t o r e v i e w t h e s t e p s y o u s h o u l d

f o l l o w i n o r d e r t o c o n n e c t t w o r u n s o f p i p e s t o g e t h e r .

T e r m s P i p e f i t t e r s S h o u l d K n o w

W h e n y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o p i p e s t h a t a r e l e v e l w i t h t h e g r o u n d , i t i s c a l l e d a

s i m p l e o f f s e t . M o s t p i p e s i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s a r e l a i d i n n o r t h / s o u t h o r

e a s t / w e s t d i r e c t i o n s .

I n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s y o u

w a n t t o c o n n e c t , y o u m u s t f i n d t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e i r c e n t e r l i n e s . A

c e n t e r l i n e g o e s a l o n g t h e v e r y m i d d l e o f a p i p e . A c e n t e r l i n e i n a p i p e i s l i k e

t h e p o i n t w h e r e s o m e o n e w o u l d f i r s t p l a c e a k n i f e i n o r d e r t o c u t o u t a p i e c e o f

p i e . T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r l i n e s i s c a l l e d a n o f f s e t .

e x .

T a k e O u t s

C e n t e r U w e -

I n o r d e r t o k n o w h o w l o n g a p i p e f i t t i n g

y o u n e e d t o c o n n e c t t w o o t h e r p i p e s ,

y o u m u s t f i r s t f i n d o u t h o w m u c h l e n g t h t h e e l b o w s ( e l l s ) a d d t o c o n n e c t i n g

t h e s e p i p e s t o g e t h e r . T a k e O u t o f a p i p e f i t t i n g i s t h

? d i s t a n c e t h a t a f i t t i n g

e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e p i p e .

I t i s t h e l e n g t h

o f p i p e t h e e l b o w s a d d t o t h e p i p e o f f s e t .

e x .

T . O . = T a k e O u t

1

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I n e v e r y e l b o w ( e l l ) y o u c a n " s e e " r i g h t t r i a n g l e s . T h e " l e g s " o f t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e

a r e a c t u a l l y t h e a d j a c e n t s i d e s o f t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e .

I n a n e l l t h e y a r e e q u a l t o

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l a n d e x t e n d t o t h e c e n t e r l i n e s o f t h e e l l .

e x .

T a k e o u t

2

W e l d e r ' s G a p s

4

1 1 . T a k e o u t

2

F a c e

R a d i u s . - - 1 1 e .

W h e n t w o p i e c e s o f p i p e n e e d t o b e w e l d e d t o g e t h e r t h e r e n e e d s t o b e a s p a c e

a l l o t t e d f o r t h e w e l d e r t o m a k e h i s / h e r w e l d .

T h i s s p a c e i s c a l l e d t h e I t

i s

m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e p i p e f i t t e r a s k t h e w e l d e r h o w

m u c h s p a c e s h o u l d

b : i l t : I l l o t t l e d

f o r g a p s . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e s i z e o f t h e

p i p e , m o s t w e l d e r s l i k e a ' " o r 3 / 3 2 "

g a p b e t w e e n p i p e s .

e x .

7 2

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S t e p s t o C o r . o e c t R u n s o f P i p e

A .

I d e n t i f y P r o b l e m

B e g i n b y d r a w i n g a r o u g h p i c t u r e o f t h e p i p e s y o u n e e d t o c o n n e c t a n d t h e

p i e c e s y o u ' l l n e e d t o c o n n e c t t h e m . W i l l t h e e l b o w s ' y o u u s e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e

p i p e s u s e 9 0 ° o r 4 5 ° e l b o w s ( e l l s ) ?

e x .

B .

F i n d T a k e O u t s

I n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d

t o c o n n e c t t w o p i p e s , w e m u s t f i r s t

i d e n t i f y h o w m u c h o f t h e o f f s e t i s t a k e n

u p b y t h e e l l s . T h e c e n t e r r a d i u s o f a n

e l b o w t h a t w i l l b e w e l d e d t o c o n n e c t t w o p i p e s t o g e t h e r i s e q u a l

t o 1 1 / 2 t i m e s

t h e n o m i n a l p i p e s i z e . 2

e x .

p i p e s i z e = 6 "

r a d i u s o f a 6 " 9 0 ° e l b o w

= 6 " x 1 1 / 2 = 9 "

1 E 1 1 i s t h e s h o r t e n e d

n a m e f o r e l b o w .

2 N o m i n a l p i p e s i z e ( N P S ) i s

t h e s i z e w e c a l l t h e p i p e ,

n o t t o b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l s i z e o f t h e

p i p e .

C )

3

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T a k e O u t E x e r c i s e s

1 . W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 8 " , w h a t

i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

( R e m e m b e r , t h e T a k e O u t o f a f i t t i n g i s t h e d i s t a n c e

t h a t a f i t t i n g

e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f

t h e p i p e . )

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 8 "

R a d i u s o f a n 8 " p i p e = 1 1 / 2 x 8 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 8 " p i p e ?

2 . W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 1 2 " , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 1 2 "

R a d i u s o f a n 1 2 " p i p e = 1 1 / 2 x 1 2 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 1 2 " p i p e ?

P l e a s e N o t e : E l b o w s t h a t a r e f a c t o r y m a d e o f t e n h a v e d i f f e r e n t s i z e s o f e l l s

t h a n f i e l d c u t o n e s . B e s u r e t o c h e c k w h a t i s t h e a c t u a l r a d i u s o f t h e

b u t t w e l d e l l y o u a r e u s i n g .

I f y o u d o n o t c h e c k t h i s , a n i n c o r r e c t r a d i u s

m a y m a k e y o u r t a k e o u t i n c o r r e c t .

3 .

I n a 9 0 ' b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u h a v e a f a c t o r y m a d e 5 "

p i p e ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 5 "

R a d i u s =

T a k e O u t =

4 .

I n a 9 0 ' b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u m a k e 3 a 3 " p i p e ?

E x . P i p e S i z e = 3 "

R a d i u s =

T a k e O u t =

' W h e n y o u m a k e a n e l b o w i t i s c a l l e d a

" f i e l d c u t " e l b o w .

9

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T a k e O u t E x e r c i s e s

1 . W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 8 " , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

( R e m e m b e r , t h e T a k e O u t o f a f i t t i n g i s t h e d i s t a n c e t h a t a f i t t i n g

e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e p i p e . )

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 8 "

R a d i u s o f a n 8 " p i p e = 1 1 / 2 x 8 " = 1 2 "

I f r a d i u s

= t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 8 " p i p e ? = 1 2 "

2 . W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 1 2 " , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 1 2 "

.

R a d i u s o f a n 1 2 " p i p e

= 1 1 / 2 x 1 2 " = 1 8 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

r

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 1 2 " p i p e ? E a :

P l e a s e N o t e : E l b o w s t h a t a r e f a c t o r y m a d e o f t e n h a v e d i f f e r e n t s i z e s o f e l l s

t h a n f i e l d c u t o n e s . B e s u r e t o c h e c k w h a t i s t h e a c t u a l r a d i u s o f t h e

b u t t w e l d e l l y o u a r e u s i n g .

I f y o u d o n o t c h e c k t h i s , a n i n c o r r e c t r a d i u s

m a y m a k e y o u r t a k e o u t i n c o r r e c t .

3 .

I n a 9 0 ' b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u h a v e a f a c t o r y m a d e 5 "

p i p e ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 5 "

R a d i u s = 1 1 / 2 x 5 " = 7 1 / 2 "

T a k e O u t = R a d i u s = 7 1 / 2 "

4 .

I n a 9 0 " b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u f i e l d c u t

a 3 " p i p e ?

E x . P i p e S i z e = 3 "

R a d i u s = 1 1 / 2 x 3 " = 4 1 / 2 "

T a k e O u t = R a d i u s = 4 1 / 2 "

1 0

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C . F i n d W e l d e r ' s G a p

1 .

I n c o n n e c t i n g t h e p i p e r u n s i n t h e e x a m p l e b e l o w , h o w m a n y w e l d s

w o u l d a

w e l d e r n e e d t o m a k e ?

2 . H o w m u c h d i s t a n c e d o e s a w e l d e r g e n e r a l l y n e e d t o m a k e a g o o d w e l d i n

e a c h w e l d e r ' s g a p ?

3 . H o w m u c h d i s t a n c e w i l l t h e w e l d e r ' s g a p s a d d t o t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t

( d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r l i n e s o f t h e t w o r u n s o f p i p e ) t h a t a r e

c o n n e c t e d w i t h 4 5 ° e l l s ?

A n s w e r s t o W e l d e r s s a p :

1 . 4 w e l d s

2

W e l d s a r e 1 , 4 " ( s o m e t i m e s w e l d e r s r e q u e s t 3 / 3 2 " )

3 . 2 w e l d s a n d e a c h w e l d i s I N o r 2 x 1 / 4 " = 2 / 8 " o r 1 / 4 "

6

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P r a c t i c e P r o b l e m s f o r 9 0 ° S i m p l e O f f s e t

T o c a l c u l a t e h o w l o n g a c o n n e c t i n g c u t l e n g t h o f

p i p e i s n e e d e d t o j o i n t w o

p i p e s i n a 9 0 ° s i m p l e o f f s e t , y o u w o u l d s u b t r a c t t h e

t a k e o u t s o f t w o 9 0 °

e l b o w s , a n d t w o w e l d e r ' s g a p s f r o m t h e l e n g t h o f t h e

r u n 4 . Y o u r a n s w e r w o u l d

b e h o w l o n g t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e s h o u l d b e .

e x .

a t t a - 2 T a k e O u t s

- , 2 , W ,

s , = C u t L e n g t h o f

P i p e

5 1 / 2 "

2 ( 1 1 / 2 " )

-

2 ( W )

= C u t

L e n g t h o f P i p e

5 1 / 2 " 3 "

= 2 1 / 4 "

-

1 1 / 4 "

P l e a s e n o t e : W h e n y o u a r e d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e l e n g t h o f a n " o f f s e t " b e t w e e n t w o

p i p e s , y o u f i g u r e t h e r u n a s t h e

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o c e n t e r l i n e s

o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e s ; t h e r e f o r e ,

y o u r c a l c u l a t i o n s i n c l u d e 2 w e l d e r ' s

g a p s , n o t a l l f o u r t h e w e l d e r m u s t

m a k e t o c o m p l e t e t h e j o b .

P r a c t i c e 9 0 ° S i m p l e O f f s e t P r o b l e m s

G A P - b .

G A P

- 0 .

= C u t L e n g t h

o f P i p e

F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e 9 0 ° o f f s e t s . U s e a l i e f o r t h e w e l d e r ' s g a p s

( a n d

r e m e m b e r t h e r e w i l l b e t w o o f t h e s e ) a n d t h a t t h e t a k e o u t f o r a

9 0 ° e l b o w i s 1 . 5

t i m e s t h e N P S ( N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e , w h a t i t i s c a l l e d ) .

A n s w e r s t o t h e s e

p r o b l e m s a r e f o u n d i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n . A l l t h e s t e p s t o d o i n g t h e s e

p r o b l e m s

a r e e x p l a i n e d t h e i t . 4 .

1 .

O f f s e t i s 2 4 "

P i p e s i z e i s 6 "

C u t L e n g t h o f P i p e = ?

t i t

G A P - O r ,

- 2 ( T a k e O u t s ) - 2 ( W e l d e f ' s _ G a p ) . =

C t i t L e n g t h

G A P

' T h e r u n i s t h e p a t h t h a t t h e p i p e t a k e s t o g e t t o

t h e

n e w c e n t e r l i n e .

2

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2 .

i O f f s e t i s 6 ' 2 i

P i p e s i z e i s 2 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

G A P - 4 1 1 P

3 . O f f s e t i s , 1 7 "

P i p e s i z e i s 3 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

4 .

P l i t t r i s - 4 4 1 4 . . V

P i p e s i z e i s 8 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ? G A P -

G A P - 0 .

7

W O O 1 1 1 . 0 1 0 . 0

T I N

1

T . O .

G A P

5 .

0 0 f i g e r 1 t 1 2 2 1 4 - g t

P i p e s i z e i s 1 2 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

G A P -

B E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

1 . 3

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A n s w e r s :

1

O f f s e t i s 2 4 "

P i p e s i z e i s 6 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h = ?

2 4 " - 2 ( T a k e O u t s ) - 2 ( W e l d e r ' s G a p ) = L e n g t h

o f C o n n e c t i n g P i p e

2 4 " - 2 ( 6 " x 1 1 / 2 ) - 2 ( 1 / 2 " ) = L e n g t h

2 4 " - 2 ( 9 " ) - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

2 4 " - 1 8 " - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

= 5 3 / 4 " .

2 .

O f f s e t i s 6 ' 2 "

P i p e s i z e i s 2 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

6 ' 2 " - 2 ( 2 " x 1 1 / 2 ) - 2 ( I N ' ) = L e n g t h

6 ' 1 0 " - 2 ( 3 " ) - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

6 ' 1 0 " - 6 " - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

= 6 ' 3 3 A "

3 .

O f f s e t i s 1 7 "

P i p e s i z e i s 3 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

1 7 " - 2 ( 3 " x 1 1 / 2 ) - 2 ( 1 / 2 " ) = L e n g t h

1 7 " - 2 ( 4 1 / 2 " ) - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

1 7 " - 9 " - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

= 7 3 / 4 " ,

4 .

O f f s e t i s 1 9 ' 1 1 "

P i p e s i z e i s 8 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

1 9 1 1 " - 2 ( 8 " x 1 1 / 2 ) - 2 ( 1 / 2 " ) = L e n g t h

1 9 1 1 " - 2 ( 1 2 " ) - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

1 9 ' 1 1 " - 2 4 " - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

= 1 7 1 0 3 / 4 "

5 .

O f f s e t i s 2 2 ' 4 1 / 2 "

P i p e s i z e i s 1 2 "

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e l e n g t h i s = ?

2 2 ' 4 1 / 2 " - 2 ( 1 2 " x 1 1 / 2 ) - 2 ( 1 4 6 " ) = L e n g t h

2 2 ' 4 1 / 2 " - 2 ( 1 8 " ) - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

2 2 ' 4 1 / 2 " 5 - 3 6 " - 1 / 4 " = L e n g t h

= 1 9 ' 4 1 / 4 "

5 2 2 '

4 1 : : "

= 1 9 '

+ 3 6 " + 4 1 / 2 "

9

( 3 ' = 3 6 )

1 4

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L 1 J

R e a d i n g

S o l v i n g

0

B a s i c

P i p e f i t t i n

s 3 -

P r o b l e m s

L i l l

0

F -

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

1 5

r i E S T C O P Y A V A d

F

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O l e n i n e t k u c t i o n d

t i t a t e k i n Q s w e n m a d e p o s s i b P e

t k k o u g k a ( f i a t i o n d c l A J o k b p k e e

U i t a k a c y g k a n t 6 u n d e d t k t o u g k t k e c U . S . c D e p a k t m e n t o 6 e d u c a t i o n 6 k o n t J t i o v e m b e t

1 , 1 9 9 2 , t o T e e e m b e k 3 1 , 1 9 9 3 , a t t h e t i t a i n i t i g ( * g e t o p t k e T e a t : a n e h a p t e t o 6

L A e s o c t a t e d T u a e k e a n d C o n t k a c t o k s i n < B a t o n c P o u g e , U o u i s i a n a .

e k e

p u b f i c / p k w a t e p a k t o t o s k i p i n u o Q u e d

i n

t r i z

p i t o i p t f a e f u d e d t k e e a s t ( B a t o n C Q o u g e

T a k i s k S c k o d s ( A d a k a n d C o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n c i l p a k t m e n t a x d t h e g k e a t e k ( B a t o n

c R o u g e C k a m b e k o 6 C o m m e k e e . O l t e c o n t e x t s d o n o t k e e e e s a k i k y k e p k e s e n t t h e p d i c y

t k e c D e p a k t m e t t 0 1 e d u c a t i o n , a n d y o u s i t o u P d n o t a s s u m e e n d o k e e n t e n t b y t k e

g e d e e d g o t i e u t t n e n t .

P k o 4 e c t ° D i k e c t o k :

T a m e & c l i . ) a , ( A d u a a n d C o n t i n u i n g e d u c a t i o n

C u k k i e d u n t c l i V k i t e k s : T n . 4 2 k o n d a ( A t k i s s o n , g g c l t

c D e b b t e U o n g m a n , s g c u

c D o k e e n L A A t o e s , U N A

g a w k i n g g t a 6 6 :

L y n n c D e P a k a y e

J e a n n e C h a p m a n

T V a i n e c R e y s t d d e

O l e n p a t a t t a e t m a y N o t t

k a p t o d g e e d w a i t : t u t i m a t e n p e u e s s t o a i k o n S a n t q 3 a t o i t c R o n g e g e i o d s o k

t A s t o o u r t a d c e a t i d a u a s 4 a O k l i G e E I N U L T a i t t a t N O R -

1 6

B E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

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B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g # 2

C o n n e c t i n g p i p e s t h a t a r e f a i r l y c l o s e t o g e t h e r m a y

r e q u i r e t h e u s e o f 4 5 ° b u t t

w e l d e l b o w s . M a n y e l e c t r i c i a n s w o u l d l i k e t o u s e

a n 4 5 ° e l b o w

b e c a u s e i t i s

e a s i e r t o p u l l t h e i r w i r e s t h r o u g h i t t h a n t h e

9 0 ° e l b o w . i n t h e p e t r o c h e m i c a l

i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s , 4 5 ° e l b o w s a r e m o s t o f t e n u s e d t o

c o n n e c t p i p e s b e c a u s e

l i q u i d s

o r g a s e s c a n f l o w m o r e e a s i l y

t h r o u g h t h e m .

T h e 4 5 ° b u t t w e l d e l b o w i s t h e s e c o n d m o s t

u s e d b u t t w e l d ( B . W . )

e l b o w .

T h e m o s t c o m m o n k i n d i s t h e 9 0 ° e l b o w ( e l l ) .

T h e w o r d s y o u s h o u l d k n o w t o d o t h e p r o b l e m s

t h a t f o l l o w a r e :

R u n

T h e p a t h t h a t a p i p e t a k e s t o g e t f r o m o n e

c e n t e r l i n e t o

a n o t h e r c e n t e r l i n e .

O f f s e t

U s u a l l y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t w o e l l s a n d a c u t

l e n g t h o f p i p e t h a t

m o v e s a l i n e o f p i p e t o a n e w

p o s i t i o n .

C e n t e r L i n e T h e l i n e t h a t i s e q u a l d i s t a n t f r o m

a l l s i d e s o f a p i p e t h a t i s

i n

t h e m i d d l e o f a p i p e .

T a k e O u t

T h e d i s t a n c e t h a t a n e l l e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r

l i n e o f a r u n o f

p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e p i p e .

W e l d e r ' s G a p T h e s p a c e b e t w e e n a f i t t i n g a n d t h e

p i p e t h a t i s f i l l e d b y

w e l d i n g .

1 7

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T h e r e i s a n o t h e r t e r m y o u n e e d t o k n o w w h e n y o u w o r k

w i t h 4 5 ° B u t t W e l d e l l s .

F a c e t o f a c e T h e d i s t a n c e k 9 t w e e n t h e p a r a l l e l

f a c e s o f t h e p i p e s y o u a r e

t r y i n g t o c o n n e c t .

A I F a c e t o F a c e

W h e n y o u m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o p i p e s y o u ' d l i k e t o

c o n n e c t , t h e r e

a r e f i v e s t e p s y o u c a n f o l l o w i n o r d e r t o f i n d o u t

h o w l o n g y o u s h o u l d c u t t h e

l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h o s e p i p e s t o g e t h e r .

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s .

T h i s

d i s t a n c e i s t h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

t h e t w o

p i p e s t o b e c o n n e c t e d .

a . M e a s u r e h o w f a r t h e t w o p i p e s a r e a p a r t .

B e s u r e i f y o u

m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e b o t t o m

o f o n e p i p e , y o u

m e a s u r e t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e o t h e r p i p e

( o r t h e t o p t o t h e

t o p ) .

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M A K , L Q U I I

S t e p 2

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e " t a k e o u t "

( t h e d i s t a n c e a n e l l e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r

l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f a p i p e ) .

a .

I d e n t i f y t h e s i z e o f t h e p i p e s y o u w i l l c o n n e c t t o g e t h e r

( i s i t

3 , 6 , e t c . ) .

b .

I d e n t i f y

i f t h e e l l s y o u w i l l u s e t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s a r e

f i e l d

c u t o r f a c t o r y m a d e .

c . U s e t h e c h a r t b e l o w t o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f

t h e t a k e o u t y o u

w i l l u s e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

a . F r o m t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f a c e

t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e , s u b t r a c t 2

t a k e o u t s .

P i p e

S i z e

T a k e o u t

F i e l d C u t

4 5 ' s

T a k e o u t

F a c t o r y

M a d e 4 5 ' s

1

T

0 . 6 2 5

0 . 6 2 5

3 . .

4

0 . 4 6 6 0

0 . 4 3 7 5

1

0 . 6 2 1 3

0 . 8 7 5

1

i

4

0 7 7 6 7

1

i

2

0 . 9 3 2 0

1 . 1 2 5

2

1 . 2 4 2 6

1 . 3 7 5

2 2

,

1 . 5 5 3 3

1 . 7 5

3 )

1 . 8 6 4 0

2

3 1  

2 . 1 7 4 6

2 . 2 5

4

2 . 4 8 5 3

2 . 5

5

3 . 1 0 6 6

3 . 1 2 5

6

3 . 7 2 7 9

3 . 7 5

8

4 . 9 7 0 6

5

1 0

6 . 2 1 3 2

6 . 2 5

1 2

7 . 4 5 5 8

7 . 5

1 4

8 . 6 9 8 5

8 . 7 5

1 6

9 . 9 4 1 1

1 0

1 8

1 1 . 1 8 3 8

1 1 . 2 5

2 0

1 2 . 4 2 6 4

1 2 . 5

2 2

1 3 . 6 6 9 0

1 3 . 5

2 4

1 4 . 9 1 1 7

1 5

F a c e = f a c e o f e l b o w

3

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S t e p 4

F i n d t h e R u n ( t h e p a t h f r o m o n e c e n t e r l i n e t o a n o t h e r c e n t e r

l i n e )

a . T h e C s c 4 5 ° = 1 . 4 1 4 2

b .

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ° ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

S t e p 5 F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

a . U s e t h e f o r m u l a :

E x a m p l e 1

S t e p - I

R u n - 2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s = C u t L e n g t h

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o

p i p e s t o b e c o n n e c t e d .

a . M e a s u r e f r o m t h e b o t t o m o f o n e p i p e t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e

s e c o n d p ; p e ( o r t h e t o p t o t h e t o p ) . T h e f a c e t o f a c e i s

3 1 . 5 " .

4

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S t e p 2 F i n d t h e " t a k e o u t " ( t h e d i s t a n c e a n e l l e x t e n d s t h e c e n t a r

l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f a p i p e ) .

a . T h e s i z e o f t h e p i p e i s 6 " .

b . T h e e l l s a r e f a c t o r y m a d e .

c . T h e t a k e o u t f o r a 6 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l i s 3 . 7 5 " .

P i p e

S i z e

T a k e o u t

F i e l d C u t

4 5 ' s

T a k e o u t

F a c t o r y

M a d e 4 5 ' s

2

0 . 6 2 5

0 . 6 2 5

3 -

4

0 . 4 6 6 0

0 . 4 3 7 5

1 0 6 2 1 3

0 . 8 7 5

1 -

0 7 7 6 7

1

1 -

0 9 3 2 0 1 . 1 2 5

2

1 . 2 4 2 6

1 . 3 7 5

2 , 1 . 5 5 3 3 "

1 . 7 5

3

1 . 8 6 4 0

2

3

L .

2 1 7 4 6

2 . 2 5 ' ' - '

4

2 . 4 8 5 3

2 . 5

5

3 . 1 0 6 6

3 . 1 2 5

6

3 . 7 2 7 9

3 . 7 5

8

4 . 9 7 0 6 5

1 0

6 . 2 1 3 2 6 . 2 5

1 2 7 . 4 5 5 8 7 . 5

1 4

8 . 6 9 8 5 8 . 7 5

1 6 9 . 9 4 1 1

1 0

1 8

1 1 . 1 8 3 8

1 1 . 2 5

2 0

1 2 . 4 2 6 4

1 2 . 5

2 2

1 3 . 6 6 9 0

1 3 . 5

2 4

1 4 . 9 1 1 7

1 5

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

a . F r o m t h e l e n g t h o f t h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e , s u b t r a c t 2

t a k e o u t s .

F a c e t o F a c e

2 T a k e O u t s = O f f s e t

3 1 . 5 "

2 ( 3 . 7 5 " )

= O f f s e t

3 1 . 5 " - 7 . 5 "

= O f f s e t

2 4 "

= O f f s e t

5

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S t e p 4

F i n d t h e R u n ( t h e p a t h f r o m o n e c e n t e r l i n e t o a n o t h e r c e n t e r

l i n e ) .

a . T h e C s c 4 5 ° = 1 . 4 1 4 2

b . M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ° ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2 x 2 4 "

= R u n

3 3 . 9 4 "

= R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

a . U s e t h e f o r m u l a :

R u n

- 2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s * = C u t L e n g t h

3 3 . 9 4 " - 2 ( 3 . 7 5 " )

3 3 . 9 4 " - 7 . 5 "

3 3 . 9 4 "

7 . 5 "

2 ( , A " )

- 2 / 8 "

. 2 5 "

2 6 . 1 9 "

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

* U s e

1 / a

f o r t h e W e l d e r s G a p

6

2 2

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E x a m p l e 2

T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 4 p i p e s t h a t y o u w a n t t o c o n n e c t

i s

2 8 "

u s i n g 4 5 ° 4 " e l l s . H o w l o n g w i l l t h e c u t l e n g t h o f y o u r

c o n n e c t i n g

p i p e b e ?

S t e p 1 T h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s

i s 2 8 " .

S t e p 2 F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l f r o m t h e

c h a r t

b e l o w .

S t e p 3 F i n d t h e O f f s e t

1 /

F a c e t o F a c e - 2 T a k e O u t s = O f f s e t

2 8 "

- 2 (

" )

= O f f s e t

2 8 "

= O f f s e t

3

= O f f s e t

S t e p 4 F i n d t h e R u n

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ° ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

= R u n

= R u n

S t e p 5 F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

R u n

- 2 T a k e O u t s

- 2 W e l d e r ' s

G a p s * = C u t L e n g t h

- 2 (

" )

- 2 ( 1 / 4 3 " )

= C u t L e n g t h

1 1

f t

5 1

P i p e

S i z e

T a k e o u t

F i e l d C u t

4 5 ' s

T a k e o u t

F a c t o r y

M a d e 4 5 ' s

_ . . . . 0 . 6 2 5

0 . 6 2 5

4

0 . 4 6 6 0

0 . 4 3 7 5

1

0 . 6 2 1 3 0 . 8 7 5

i i . ,

0 . 7 7 6 7

1

. _ , ,

0 . 9 3 2 0

1 . 1 2 5

2

1 . 2 4 2 6

1 . 3 7 5

1 . 5 5 3 3

1 . 7 5

3

1 . 8 6 4 0 2

3 2 .

2 . 1 7 4 6

2 . 2 5

4 "

2 . 4 8 5 3

2 . 5

5

3 . 1 0 6 6

3 . 1 2 5

6

3 . 7 2 7 9

3 . 7 5

8

4 . 9 7 0 6

5

- 2 / 8 "

= C u t L e n g t h

- . 2 5 " = C u t L e n g t h

?

= C u t L e n g t h

2 3

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P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s

N o w t r y t o d o t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o b l e m s . G o b a c k t o

t h e e x a m p l e p r o b l e m s i f y o u

n e e d h e l p .

1 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 3 " p i p e s

t h a t w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 0 e l l s i s 4 0 " . W h a t i s t h e c u t l e n g t h

o f p i p e n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t

t h e s e p i p e s . ( T h e a n s w e r i s o n p a g e 1 2 . )

S t e p 1

S t e p 2

S t e p 3

S t e p 4

S t e p 5

8

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2 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 8 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 7 2 " . W h a t i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d t o

c o n n e c t

t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1

S t e p 2

4 5 . 1 2 2 - 1 1 .

S t e p 4

S t e p 5

4 . - F a c o t o F a c e . .

3 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 1 6 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 2 0 0 " . W h a t i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d t o

c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p _ t

S t e p 2

S t e p 4

S t e p 5

0 r ;

P i p e

S i z e

T a k e o u t

F i e l d C u t

4 5 ' s

T a k e o

F a c t o

M a d e 4

1

2

0 . 6 2 5

0 . 6 2 5

3 -

4

0 . 4 6 6 0 0 . 4 3 7

1

0 . 6 2 1 3

0 . 8 7

1 . .

1 4

0 . 7 7 6 7

1

1 2 .

0 . 9 3 2 0

1 . 1 2

2

1 . 2 4 2 6

1 . 3 7

1

2 5 .

1 5 5 3 3

1 . 7 5

3

1 . 8 6 4 0

2

3 5

. . 2 1 7 4 6 2 . 2 5

4

2 . 4 8 5 3

2 . 5

5

3 . 1 0 6 6

3 . 1 2

6

3 . 7 2 7 9

3 . 7 5

8

4 . 9 7 0 6

5

1 0

6 . 2 1 3 2 6 . 2 5

1 2

7 . 4 5 5 8

7 . 5

1 4

8 . 6 9 8 5

8 . 7 5

1 6

9 . 9 4 1 1

1 0

1 8

1 1 . 1 8 3 8

1 1 . 2

2 0

1 2 . 4 2 6 4

1 2 .

2 2

1 3 . 6 6 9 0 %

1 3 .

1 5

4

1 4 . 9 1 1 7

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4 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 2 0 " p i p e s t h a t

w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 1 0 ' ( o r 1 2 0 " ) . W h a t i s t h e c u t

l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d

t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1

S t e 0

S t e p 5

5 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 2 4 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 1 2 ' ( 1 2 " x 1 2 ' = 1 4 4 " ) . W h a t i s t h e c u t

l e n g t h o f p i p e

n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1

S t e p

2

. 5 t f a l a l

S t e p 4

S t e p 5

2 6

P i p e

S i z e

T a k e o u t

F i e l d C u t

4 5 ' s

T a k e o u t

F a c t o r y

M a d e 4 5 ' s

0 . 6 2 5

0 . 6 2 5

3 -

4

0 . 4 6 6 0

0 . 4 3 7 5

1 0 . 6 2 1 3

0 . 8 7 5

1 1 0 . 7 7 6 7

1

1 . .

1 -

0 9 3 2 0

1 . 1 2 5

2

1 . 2 4 2 6

1 . 3 7 5

1 . .

2

1 5 5 3 3

1 . 7 5

3

1 . 8 6 4 0

2

1 ,

3 3 '

2 . 1 7 4 6

2 . 2 5

4

2 . 4 8 5 3

2 . 5

3 . 1 0 6 6

3 . 1 2 5

6

3 . 7 2 7 9 3 . 7 5

8

4 . 9 7 0 6

5

1 0

6 . 2 1 3 2

6 . 2 5

1 2

/ . 4 5 5 8

7 . 5

1 4

8 . 6 9 8 5

8 . 7 5

1 6

9 . 9 4 1 1

1 0

1 8

1 1 . 1 8 3 8

1 1 . 2 5

2 0

1 2 . 4 2 6 4

1 2 . 5

2 2

1 3 . 6 6 9 0

1 3 . 5

2 4

1 1 4 . 9 1 1 7

1 5

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A N S W E R S

1 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 3 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d

w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 4 0 " . W h a t i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t

t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1

T h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s i s 4 0 " .

S t e p 2 T h e t a k e o u t f o r a 3 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l i s 2 " .

S t e p 3 T h e O f f s e t i s :

F a c e t o F a c e

2 T a k e O u t s = O f f s e t

4 0 "

- 2 ( 3 " )

= O f f s e t

4 0 "

6 "

= 3 4 "

S t e p 4 T h e r u n i s :

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

3 4 "

4 8 . 0 8

S t e p 5 . T h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e i s :

= R u n

" = R u n

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s * = C u t L e n g t h

u n

2 T a k e O u t s

4 8 " - 2 ( 2 " )

- 2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t L e n g t h

4 8 "

-

4 "

2 / 8 "

= C u t

L e n g t h

4 8 "

4 "

- . 2 5 "

= C u t L e n g t h

4 3 . 7 5 "

= C u t L e n g t h

2 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o 8 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 7 2 " . W h a t i s t h e - . u t l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t

t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1 T h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s i s 7 2 " .

S t e p 2 T h e t a k e o u t f o r a n 8 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l i s 5 " .

S t e p 3 T h e O f f s e t i s :

F a c e t o F a c e - 2 T a k e O u t s = O f f s e t

7 2 "

- 2 ( 5 " )

= O f f s e t

7 2 " - 1 0 "

= 6 2 "

S t e p 4 T h e r u n i s :

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

6 2 " = R u n

8 7 . 6 8 "

= R u n

S t e p 5 , T h e c u t l e _ n g t h o f p i p e i s :

R u n

- 2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s = C u t L e n g t h

8 7 . 6 8 " 2 ( 5 " )

2 W e )

= C u t L e n g t h

8 7 . 6 8 " - 1 0 "

- 2 / 8 "

= C u t L e n g t h

8 7 . 6 8 "

1 0 "

. 2 5 "

= 7 7 . 4 3 "

1 1

2 7

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3 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o

1 6 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 2 0 0 " . W h a t i s t h e c u t

l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d t o

c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1 T h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s i s

2 0 0 " .

S t e p 2 T h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 6 " f a c t o r y

m a d e e l l i s 1 0 " .

S t e p 3 T h e O f f s e t i s :

F a c e t o F a c e - 2 T a k e O u t s

2 0 0 "

2 ( 1 0 " )

2 0 0 "

2 0 "

= O f f s e t

= O f f s e t

= 1 8 0 "

S t e p 4 T h e r u n i s :

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

1 8 0 "

= R u n

2 5 4 . 5 6 " = R u n

S t e p 5 T h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e i s :

R u n

- 2 T a k e

O u t s

2 5 4 . 5 6 " - 2 ( 1 0 " )

2 5 4 . 5 6 " - 2 0 "

2 5 4 . 5 6 " - 2 0 "

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s =

C u t L e n g t h

2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t

L e n g t h

2 / 8 "

= C u t

L e n g t h

. 2 5 "

= 2 3 4 . 3 1 "

4 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o

2 0 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 1 0 ' ( o r 1 2 0 " ) . W h a t

i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e

n e e d e d

t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

S t e p 1 T h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

t h e t w o p i p e s i s 1 2 0 " .

S t e p 2 T h e t a k e o u t f o r a 2 0 " f a c t o r y

m a d e e l l i s 1 2 . 5 " .

S t e p 3 T h e O f f s e t i s :

F a c e t o F a c e

2 T a k e O u t s

1 2 0 "

2 ( 1 2 . 5 " )

1 2 0 "

2 5 "

= O f f s e t

= O f f s e t

= 9 5 "

S t e p 4 T h e r u n i s :

1 . 4 1 4 2

x 9 5 "

= R u n

1 3 4 . 3 5 " = R u n

S t e p 5 T h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e i s :

R u n

2 T a k e O u t s

-

1 3 4 . 3 5 "

- 2 ( 1 2 . 5 " )

1 3 4 . 3 5 "

- 2 5 "

1 3 4 . 3 5 "

- 2 5 "

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

2 ( 1 / 8 " )

2 / 8 "

. 2 5 "

= C u t

L e n g t h

= C u t

L e n g t h

= C u t

L e n g t h

=

1 0 9 . 1 "

1 2

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5 . T h e f a c e t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

t w o 2 4 " p i p e s t h a t w i l l b e

c o n n e c t e d w i t h

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5 ° e l l s i s 1 2 ' ( 1 2 " x 1 2 ' =

1 4 4 " ) . W h a t i s t h e c u t l e n g t h

o f p i p e

n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s .

,

S t e p 1 T h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n t h e t w o p i p e s i s

1 4 4 " .

S t e p 2 T h e t a k e o u t f o r a 2 4 " f a c t o r y

m a d e e l l i s 1 5 " .

S t e 2 2 T h e O f f s e t i s :

F a c e t o F a c e - 2 T a k e O u t s = O f f s e t

1 4 4 "

- 2 ( 1 5 " )

= O f f s e t

1 4 4 "

3 0 "

= 1 1 4 "

$ t e p 4 T h e r u n i s :

1 . 4 1 4 2

S t e p 5 T h e p u t

R u n

1 6 1 . 2 2 "

1 6 1 . 2 2 "

1 6 1 . 2 2 "

1 1 4 "

= R u n

1 6 1 . 2 2 " = R u n

l e n g t h o f p i p e i s :

2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a r

= C u t

L e n g t h

2 ( 1 5 " )

2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t

L e n g t h

3 0 "

2 / 8 "

= C u t

L e n g t h

3 0 "

2 5 "

= 1 3 0 9 7 "

1 3

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U 1

P r a c t i c i n g

P r o b l e m

S o y i n

f o r

L i l

L U

i p e f i t t e r s

L L 1

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s ,

I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g

E d u c a t i o n

3 0

. 3 1 , 7 , 7 C O P Y M U

A B L E

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g i m e i n s t k u e t t o n d m a t e k i d s w o e m a d e p o s s i b P e t k k o u g k a o V a t i o r i d c i k o k b p 1 2 a c e

g i t e s t a c y g k a n t 6 1 4 ( 4 4 t i a o u g k t k e

U . S . c D e p a k t r i t e n t o 6 E d u c a t i o n 6 t o n t u V o v e n t b e t

1 , 1 9 9 2 , t o c D e e o l i b e t 3 1 , 1 9 9 3 , a t

a t e t w i n i n g ( u t a k

o 6 t k e T e g i c a n C k a p t e t

4

( A s s o c i a t e d c R u t & l e t g a n d C o n t k a c t o k s i n ( B a t o n ( P o u g e ,

o u i s i a n a .

e k e

p u b l 2 a p k w a t e p a t t o t e t s k i p i n v o C i v e d

i n t h e p o l e d i n c l u d e d t k e e a s t T a t o r t G R o u g e

T a t i s k S o k o c l s , I d u g t a n d C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n c D e p o t n e n t a n d t h e g k e a t e t

B a t o n

c R o u g e e k a a t h e t

o d

c 0 1 1 1 / 1 1 0 t e . ` e k e c o n t e x t s d o

n o t n e c e s s a k i f 2 y

k e p k e s a t t t i e p a w l

o $

t k e T e p a k t n t e n t 4 e d u c a t i o n , a n d y o u s k o u k d n o t = m e e n d o k s e n t a t t b y t k e

g e d e t d g o v e k a n t e n t .

T k o i e c t c D i k e e t o k :

T a n t e k ( W a g , ( A d u k t a n d C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

e u k k i e u t u n t c l A i k i i e f e s :

f i t . c i 2 i o n d a o t t k i n s o n . O c L I

D e b b i e g o n g s c u t , S g c l i

T o .

( D a m n t A t u t y , g g c l i

g e a r l i n g S t a 6 6 :

g y f i n

T c l a k a s e

S a n e C k a p r A a n

c l N a i n e 9 2 e y n o a

O l t e s e m a t a t a k s

A d

b e x e p o d u c o d w a y s &

m t h e a r a n t s : w i t i . t o n

a t c l 3 a b u t 4 1 D a g e S e i t o o k s

o f

L A c t s o c t a t e d c i l i a d e n c a d C o i t t a c t o m , ` P o i l e a m U t o p i a -

3 i

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P r o b l e m S o l v i n g E x e r c i s e s

I n t h e p r o b l e m s b e l o w u s e t h e

p i p e s l a b e l e d " A " ,

" B " ,

" C " ,

" D " , " E " , " F " a n d " G " l o c a t e d

i n t h e T D C c e n t e r c l a s s r o o m .

T h e s e

c o l o r e d p l a s t i c p i p e s a r e l o c a t e d o n t h e

m o v a b l e w a l l b e t w e e n t h e

t e a c h e r ' s d e s k a n d t h e c l a s s r o o m t a b l e s .

F o r p u r p o s e s o f t h e s e

e x e r c i s e s w e w i l l u s e p l a s t i c r a t h e r t h a n

m e t a l p i p e s a s t h e y a r e

e a s i e r t o u s e e v e n t h o u g h b u t t w e l d i n g i s

u s e d o n m e t a l p i p e s .

E x a m p l e

H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e

c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n

t h e t w o b l u e , 2 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " A " a n d

" B " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " p a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n t h e

b l u e p i p e s .

S t e p 2

k s - F m a i l l o R m e

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e

e l l f r o m

t h e c h a r t b e l o w .

P i p e

S i z e

T a k e o u t

F i e l d C u t

4 5 ' s

T a k e o u t

F a c t o r y

M a d e 4 5 ' s

1

2

0 . 6 2 5 " 0 . 6 2 5 "

3 -

4

0 . 4 6 6 0 "

0 . 4 3 7 5 "

1 "

0 . 6 2 1 3 "

0 . 8 7 5 "

- 1 . .

4

0 . 7 7 6 7 " 1 "

1 2 . .

0 . 9 3 2 0 "

1 . 1 2 5 "

2 "

1 . 2 4 2 6 " . 1 1 1 0 1 1 , 0 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1

I . .

2 . , -

1 . 5 5 3 3 "

3 "

1 . 8 6 4 0 "

2 "

3 2 .

2 . 1 7 4 6 " 2 . 2 5 "

4 "

2 . 4 8 5 3 " 2 . 5 "

5 "

3 . 1 0 6 6 " 3 . 1 2 5 "

6 "

3 . 7 2 7 9 "

3 . 7 5 "

8 "

4 . 9 7 0 6 " 5 "

1 0 "

6 . 2 1 3 2 "

6 . 2 5 "

1 2 "

7 . 4 5 5 8 "

7 . 5 "

1 4 "

8 . 6 9 8 5 "

8 . 7 5 "

1 6 "

9 . 9 4 1 1 "

1 0 "

1 8 "

1 1 . 1 8 3 8 "

1 1 . 2 5 "

2 0 "

1 2 . 4 2 6 4 " 1 2 . 5 "

2 2 "

1 3 . 6 6 9 0 "

1 3 . 5 "

2 4 "

1 4 . 9 1 1 7 "

1 5 "

T a k e O u t f o r a 2 "

f a c t o r y m a d e 4 5

e l l

i s 1 . 3 7 5 "

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S t e p 3

F i n d t h e

F a c e t o F a c e

3 3 . 7 5 "

3 3 . 7 5 "

2 C T k e _ O u t ; ) =

O f f s e t

2 ( 1 . 3 7 5 " )

=

O f f s e t

2 . 7 5 "

=

O f f s e t

3 1 "

O f f s e t

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e R u n

R m o s t o R m

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5

( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x 3 1 "

= R u n

4 3 . 8 4 0 2 "

= R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e v u _ l e n g t h q t _ p i p g t o c o n n e c t

t h e

p i p e s .

2 T a k e _ Q u t 4

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

= C u t

L e n g t h

4 3 . 8 4 "

2 ( 1 . 3 7 5 " )

2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t

L e n g t h

4 3 . 8 4 "

2 . 7 5

2 / 8 "

=

C u t

L e n g t h

4 3 . 8 4 "

2 . 7 5

. 2 5 "

= C u t

L e n g t h

4 0 . 8 4 "

=

C u t

L e n g t h

3 3

2

.

I - S A

J . '

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H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o b l u e , 2 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " A " a n d " C " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " L 1 m l l a j a g s 1 , d i s t a n c e

t h e

t w o p i p e s .

S t e p 2

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l r o m

t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e p r o b l e m

( 2 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r a 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l =

S t e p 3 F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

- 2 ( T a k e O u t s ) = O f f s e t

7

I t

S t e p 4 F i n d t h e a l a 4

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ° ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

= R u n

= R u n

S t e p 5

R u n

F i n d t h e . 0 1 . 1 . 2 1 1 2 . 4 t 2 t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

- 2

(

" )

2

( 1 / 8 " )

2 / 8 "

. 2 5 "

3 4

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t L e n g t h

3

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2 .

H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g

p i p e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o o r a n g e 3 / 4 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " D " a n d

" E " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e "

t w o p i p e s .

S t e p 2

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

A I - F a c e t o F a c e

1 0 4

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l

f r o m

t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e

p r o b l e m

( 3 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l =

7

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

- 2 ( T a k e O u t s ) =

O f f s e t

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e , R u n

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t =

R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

= R u n

?

= R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e Q u t . 1 2 a g t 4 a l p l a g t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

R u n

2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

= C u t L e n g t h

2

( " )

- 2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t L e n g t h

I t

- 2 / 8 "

= C u t L e n g t h

1 1

- . 2 5 "

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

3 5

4

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3 .

H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n

t h e

o r a n g e 3 / 4 " p i p e l a b e l e d " D " a n d t h e g r e e n 3 / 4 " p i p e

l a b e l e d

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e

t w o p i p e s .

S t e p 2

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

A l l - F a c e m i F u m

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l

f r o m t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e

p r o b l e m ( 4 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l =

?

I f

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

2 ( T a k e O u t s ) =

O f f s e t

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 0 ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

= R u n

= R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e g u t L u l t b L a l a y a a

t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

R u n

- 2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

= C u t L e n g t h

- 2

(

" )

- 2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t L e n g t h

2 / 8 "

= C u t L e n g t h

- . 2 5 "

= C u t L e n g t h

? = C u t L e n g t h

5

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4 .

H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f

t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n

t h e

y e l l o w 1 1 / 2 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " G " a n d

" H " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e "

i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o p i p e s .

H .

4 * - F u s t o R m a - - 4 4

S t e p 2

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r 1 1 / 2 f a c t o r y

m a d e e l l

f r o m t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2

o f t h e e x a m p l e

p r o b l e m

( c h a r t o n p a g e 1 ) .

T a k e O u t f o r 1 1 / 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e

e l l =

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

2 ( T a k e O u t s ) =

O f f s e t

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e R u n

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x

t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

= R u n

? = R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e S a I l a a a t h u f a i p a

t o c o n n e c t t h e

p i p e s .

R u n

2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

= C u t L e n g t h

I t

- 2

(

" )

2 ( 1 / 8 " ) = C u t L e n g t h

i l

-

2 / 8 "

= C u t L e n g t h

I t

. 2 5 "

= C u t L e n g t h

? = C u t 1 , e n g t h

3

6

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A n s w e r s

H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g

p i p e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o b l u e , 2 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " A " a n d " C " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e " d i s t a n c e

t w o p i p e s .

a . c e . - - c e =

. 1 1 O W O M

S t e p 2

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l

r o m

t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e p r o b l e m

( 2 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r a 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l =

1 5 7 5 '

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

- 2 ( T a k e O u t s ) =

O f f s e t

5 - 7 S .

a (

, 3 7 E " )

=

c i f '

3 , 6 2 s - '

. . - - -

=

v o , g 7 - . 7

=

0 { P e - - t -

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ° ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t =

R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

1 1

= R u n

. 4 g = R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e u t l e E v h o L p i k s t o c o n n e c t t h e

p i p e s .

R u n

2 T a k e O u t s

- 2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

= C u t L e n g t h

, . 4 - i c i t

2

0 . 3 7 5 1 1 )

2 ( 1 / 8 " )

= C u t L e n g t h

< - 2 , t / 5 " - "

D . , - / 5

2 / 8 "

= C u t L e n g t h

. . 2 . 4 / 5 "

, . - / * T "

- . 2 5 "

= C u t L e n g t h

/ 1 7 . 4 / 6 - 1 1 = C u t L e n g t h

3

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2 .

H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o o r a n g e 3 / 4 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " D " a n d

" E " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e "

t w o p i p e s .

S t e p 2

d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n t h e

1 ) 7 1 7 1 . C e

C c e 7 _ 1 ' 3 1 7 4 4

, C r

1 1 . 7 c

4 0 - F a c e t o F a c e

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l f r o m

t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e p r o b l e m

( 3 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l =

3 7 S -

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

1 . 7 5 - " "

1 3 . 7 5

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e R u n

2 ( T a k e O u t s ) =

O f f s e t

- " V " ? " C

" ) =

G 4 c , e ±

? 7 S 7 -

t l

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 . ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x 1 : 1 , R - 7 5 4

= R u n

1 ? . 1 1 °

= R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e g u t l e n c r t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

2 T a k e O u t s

2 W e l d e r ' s

G a p s =

C u t

2

( t i 3 7 / . . " "

)

2 ( 1 / 8 " ) =

C u t

x - 7 5 "

2 / 8 "

=

C u t

, S . - 7 . ) - - -

. 2 5 "

=

f T C F 5 - " =

C u t

C u t

3 3

L e n g t h

L e n g t h

L e n g t h

L e n g t h

L e n g t h

8

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3 . H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n t h e

o r a n g e 3 / 4 " p i p e l a b e l e d " D " a n d

h e g r e e n 3 / 4 " p i p e l a b e l e d

" F "

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e

t w o p i p e s .

S t e p 2

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

c e .

4 c e =

l a

o

r -

C .

7 s

a a

1 1 6 1 M ,

m e - R w e l m F m m

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l

f r o m t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e

p r o b l e m ( 3 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r 3 / 4 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l =

S t e p 3 F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

2 ( T a k e O u t s ) = O f f s e t

I O . E 7 c

2

C i 4 3 7 5 )

=

0 - l e s , J 1 -

1 . C . S . 7 S - 1 1

0 - C ' s e t

I C

I I

S t e p 4 F i n d t h e R u n

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 E ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x 1 C ' '

= R u n

P 4 , 1 4 2 . 1

= R u n

S t e p 5 F i n d t h e c u t l a u t h o f 2 1 2 e t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

2 T a k e O u t s

- 2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

- 2 ( 1 / 8 " )

( i , ; ( ; 3 7 c " )

- ;

2 / 8 "

_

/

7 (

. 2 5 "

-

4 0

i 7

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

i i a t , . . E C I t e T h I C . 1 = - 1 C l i i l l A t i l = 1 1 , 1 L a (

9

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4 . H o w l o n g i s t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e b e t w e e n t h e

y e l l o w 1 1 / 2 " p i p e s l a b e l e d " G " a n d " H " ?

S t e p 1

M e a s u r e t h e " f a c e t o f a c e " i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

t w o p i p e s .

S t e p 2

- r - c L c e _

2 L A 4

c r . 2 . 1 4 . 1 5

F a c e m l F a m - - 0 1 1

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t , f o r 1 1 / 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l

f r o m t h e c h a r t f o u n d i n S t e p 2 o f t h e e x a m p l e

p r o b l e m ( 4 p a g e s b e f o r e ) .

T a k e O u t f o r 1 1 / 2 " f a c t o r y m a d e e l l = 1 . 1 2 5

S t e p 3

F i n d t h e O f f s e t

F a c e t o F a c e

- 2 ( T a k e O u t s ) =

O f f s e t

.

2 _ (

1 . I 2 . c ) G e R e +

C r { 2 S

- _ - -

O - f f S e f i

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e R u n

M u l t i p l y t h e C s c 4 5 ( o r 1 . 4 1 4 2 ) x t h e O f f s e t = R u n

1 . 4 1 4 2

x

m

= R u n

3 j

. H 2 _ 4

= R u n

S t e p 5

F i n d t h e c u t l e n a t t 2 1 2 1 2 2 t o c o n n e c t t h e p i p e s .

R u n

2 T a k e O u t s 2 W e l d e r ' s G a p s

3 1 , 1 1

i t

2

( i J 2 . 5 - " )

2 ( 1 / 8 " )

- 3 1 . 1 .

I t

- 2 / 8 "

I I

-

7 1 - . 1 5

. 2 5 "

a . t a i "

4 _ I

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t

L e n g t h

=

C u t

L e n g t h

= C u t L e n g t h

1 0

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M i n i u m

s i c

r

t e

s

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

4 2

4 . C O P Y M A O 1 - ' , P L E

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t h e s e i n s t k u c t i o n d b i a t e k t a k s w e

m a d e p o s s i b Q e t h k o u g h a o k l a t i o n a i c t t l o k k p Q a c e

g i t e t a c g g k a n t f u n d e d t i u t o u g h t k e c U . S . c i D e p a t t m e n t o f E d u c a t i o n i k o n J t i o v e n t b e t

1 , 1 9 9 2 , t o

e : e m b e d ( a t , 1 9 9 3 , a t t h e t w i t t i n g

( O a * o 6

t h e c i V i c a l t C h a p t e k o t

( A s s o e t a t e d T u t k d e i t s a n d C o n t k a c t o k s i x ( B a t o n c 1 2 . o u g e , U o u i s t a n a .

e k e

p u b P i e / p k t u a t e p a k t n e k s k t p

i f t 1 . 4 1 V d

i h t k e / m o o d i n e k u d e d t h e e a s t ( P a t o n Q o u g e

P a k i s k S e h o d s ( A d u e t a n d C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n ( D e p a k t m e n t a n d t k e g k e a t e t T a t a

C Q o u g e C k a n t b e t

C o m i n t e t c e . c a k e c o n t e s t s d o n o t n e c e s s a k t V g k e y t e s e A t t t h e p a t e s o t

t h e T e p o k t m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n , a n d y o u s h o u Q d n o t a s s u m e e x d o k s e m e x t b y t h e

U - e d e t d g o v e a n t e x t .

T k o i j e c t T i k e c t o k :

T a m e & c W a R , t . A d u t ) t a n d C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

C u k k a u n t % / W a s : c D k . T i o n d a ( A t k i n s o n , g n i

D e b b i e g a g m a n , S g o i l

T o w n ( A t a r c g , U S c l i

g e a c k i n g g t a t t :

c D . A n n c a l a k a g e

J e a n n e C h a p m a n

c f l a t i t e G R e g n o l 2 d s

9 1 l e s 4 m a t u t A * o

a o t b e m l o o d u c e d w a l k o u t m a t e * p a a m t o o k i o w l u s t c a d o R g 2 o u g e g e i t o o k e

o p t

A w e W e d c R u t i d e u m i d

C O M - 1 0 6 1 1 2 - , P O Q U A A e i t O p E R L .

4 1

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P i p e f i t t e r V o c a b u l a r y

M a n y o f t h e v o c a b u l a r y w o r d s p i p e f i t t e r s u s e a r e

l i s t e d o n p a g e s 1

- 4 .

P r a c t i c e

u s i n g t h e s e w o r d s i n t h e e x e r c i s e s b e g i n n i n g o n p a g e

5 .

C e n t e r L i n e - T h e l i n e t h a t i s e q u a l d i s t a n t

f r o m a l l s i d e s o f a p i p e t h a t i s i n

t h e m i d d l e o f a p i p e . A c e n t e r l i n e g o e s

a l o n g t h e v e r y m i d d l e o f a

p i p e . ( T o k n o w w h e r e t o f i n d t h e c e n t e r

l i n e , w e c o u l d t h i n k o f i t a s

i n a b a k e d p i e , i t i s t h e p o i n t w h e r e s o m e o n e

w o u l d f i r s t p l a c e a

k n i f e i n o r d e r t o c u t o u t a p i e c e o f p i e . )

C e v z b e

r -

L :

e -

C u t L e n g t h

e n g t h

I s t h e l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t t w o

p i p e s t o g e t h e r ( i t

d o e s n o t i n c l u d e t h e t a k e o u t s o r w e l d e r ' s g a p s

i n c l u d e d i n t h e f a c e

t o f a c e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p i p e s t o b e

c o n n e c t e d ) .

T . 0 = T A K E O U T

F a c e

l a c e o f e l b o w

4

1 1

1

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E l b o w s

T h e r e a r e t h r e e t y p e s o f e l b o w s u s e d i n

p i p e f i t t i n g .

B u t t W e l d E l b o w s - M a d e o f m e t a l , a

b u t t w e l d e l b o w c a n b e c u t a n d

r e b e v e l e d t o a n y a n g l e t h a t i s n e e d e d .

I t i s u s e d t o c o n n e c t m e t a l

p i p e s . A b u t t w e l d e l b o w i s a " w e l d e r ' s

g a p " a w a y f r o m t h e p i p e i t i s

c o n n e c t e d t o . L a r g e m e t a l p i p e s u s e d

i n t h e p e t r o c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y

a r e w e l d e d t o g e t h e r w i t h b u t t

w e l d e l b o w s . T h e s e a r e o f t e n

w r i t t e n

a s b . w . e l l s .

S c r e w e d E l b o w s - T h e s e e l b o w s a r e a t t a c h e d t o a

p i p e b y t h r e a d s . T h e

p i p e w h i c h h a s m a l e t h r e a d s , i s s c r e w e d

i n t o t h e e l b o w , w h i c h h a s

f e m a l e t h r e a d s . T h e e l b o w s a r e f a c t o r y m a d e ,

w i t h t h e f e m a l e

t h r e a d s a l r e a d y i n p l a c e . T h e m a l e t h r e a d s o n

t h e p i p e a r e c u t i n t o

t h e p i p e a t t h e j o b s i t e , u s i n g a t h r e a d i n g

m a c h i n e .

S o c k e t W e l d E l b o w s - A s o c k e t w e l d e l b o w h a s a

h o l e , c a l l e d a s o c k e t ,

c u t i n t o t h e f a c e s o f t h e e l b o w . T h e s o c k e t

i s a l i t t l e l a r g e r t h a n t h e

o u t e r d i a m e t e r o f t h e p i p e . T h e p i p e i s p u t

i n s i d e t h e s o c k e t o f t h e

f i t t i n g , p u l l e d b a c k 1 / 1 6 " , t h e n t a c k e d . A f t e r t h e

f i t i s c o m p l e t e , a

w e l d e r w e l d s t h e p i p e i n t o t h e s o c k e t i f i t i s

m a d e o f m e t a l .

1 S O C K S ' W E L D

2

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F a c t o r y C u t o r F i e l d C u t E l b o w s - W h e n y o u w o r k w i t h 4 5 ° B u t t W e l d

e l b o w s , y o u m u s t f i r s t d e c i d e i f t h e e l b o w h a s b e e n m a d e e i t h e r i n a

f a c t o r y o r b y a n i n d i v i d u a l o n t h e j o b . U s u a l l y a f a c t o r y m a d e e l l h a s

s t a m p e d o n t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e e l l , " m a d e b y

. "

I f i t i s m a d e b y

s o m e o n e o u t s i d e o f a f a c t o r y , i t i s c a l l e d a " f i e l d c u t " ( s o m e o n e

m a d e i t i n t h e f i e l d ) . H o w a n e l l i s m a d e w i l l h e l p y o u t o k n o w i t s

c o r r e c t s i z e . N o t a l l e l l s a r e m a d e t h e s a m e s i z e . G e n e r a l l y , f a c t o r y

c u t a n d f i e l d c u t e l b o w s h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e w i t h t h e s a m e

d i m e n s i o n s .

F a c e t o F a c e - T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o p i p e s t h a t a r e t o b e c o n n e c t e d .

O f f s e t

i t i s t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r l i n e s o f t w o p i p e s . U s u a l l y i t i s a

c o m b i n a t i o n o f t w o e l l s a n d a c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t h a t m o v e s a l i n e o f

p i p e t o a n e w p o s i t i o n . W h e n y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o p i p e s

t h a t a r e l e v e l t o t h e g r o u n d , i t i s c a l l e d a s i m p l e o f f s e t .

M o s t p i p e s i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s a r e l a i d i n n o r t h / s o u t h o r e a s t / w e s t

d i r e c t i o n s . W h a t y o u m u s t d o i s f i g u r e t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o

p i p e s y o u w a n t t o c o n n e c t .

T . O .

G A P - 1 1 1 .

. . .

: . ' _

6

G A P

T . O

t

F A C E

. 1 1 1 - - T O

F A C E

4 6

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R u n T h e p a t h t h a t a p i p e t a k e s t o g e t f r o m o n e c e n t e r

l i n e t o a n o t h e r c e n t e r l i n e .

T a k e O u t T h e t a k e o u t o f a f i t t i n g i s t h e d i s t a n c e t h a t a f i t t i n g

e x t e n d s t h e

c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e

p i p e .

T . O . = T A K E O U T

F a c e - f a c e o f e l b o w

y i p

T h e s p a c e b e t w e e n a f i t t i n g a n d t h e p i p e t h a t i s

f i l l e d b y a w e l d .

I t i s t h e d i s t a n c e a w e l d e r l e a v e s b e t w e e n a p i p e

a n d a n e l b o w . T h e

w i d t h o f t h e g a p i s h o w m u c h s p a c e a w e l d e r n e e d s t o m a k e a g o o d

w e l d .

I t i s b e s t t o a s k t h e w e l d e r h o w w i d e a g a p h e / s h e

w a n t s

b e f o r e m a k i n g a n y c a l c u l a t i o n s . A c o m m o n w e l d e r ' s g a p

i s 3 / 3 2 " o r

1 / 4 " .

t 4 ) 4 X i k e t - I s

G A . ?

4 7

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I n t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o b l e m s w h a t p i p e f i t t e r v o c a b u l a r y w o r d b e s t f i t s e a c h p r o b l e m ?

N u m b e r a b l a n k s h e e t o f p a p e r 1

1 5 . W r i t e d o w n t h e p i p e f i t t e r v o c a b u l a r y w o r d

t h a t i s d e s c r i b e d i n e a c h p r o b l e m . A n s w e r s c a n b e f o u n d o n p a g e 7 .

1 . J a c k m u s t f i n d o u t h o w l o n g a p i e c e o f p i p e h e n e e d s t o c o n n e c t t w o l i n e s o f

p i p e . T h e n a m e o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g l e n g t h o f p i p e i s

2 . P a m w o n d e r e d w h a t t h e m i d d l e p o i n t w i t h i n

a p i p e i s c a l l e d ?

I t i s t h e

3 . R o n n i e w o r k e d w i t h a w e l d e r w h o l i k e d h i m t o l e a v e 3 / 3 2 " f o r h i s w e l d

b e t w e e n a b u t t w e l d e l b o w a n d a p i p e . T h i s 3 / 3 2 " i s c a l l e d

a

4 . W i n t o n m a k e s h i s b u t t w e l d e l b o w s a t h i s j o b s i t e . W h e n

a b u t t w e l d e l b o w i s

m a d e a t t h e j o b s i t e i t i s c a l l e d

a

e l b o w .

5 . J e s s i e f o u n d t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

c e n t e r l i n e s o f t w o p i p e s w a s 1 2 " . T h i s

d i s t a n c e i s c a l l e d

6 . J e f f w a n t e d t o f i n d o u t h o w m u c h l e n g t h

a n e l b o w a d d e d t o t h e c e n t e r

l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e f a c e o f t h e p i p e .

J e f f w a s t r y i n g t o f i n d t h e

4 3

5

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7 . J e a n n o t i c e d t h e e l b o w s s h e w a s t o u s e o n a r u n h a d b e e n t h r e a d e d . T h i s

t y p e o f e l b o w i s c a l l e d a

e l b o w .

S h o u l d t h e p i p e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e s e e l b o w s n e e d t o b e t h r e a d e d ?

8 . L e e p i c k e d u p a n e l b o w t h a t h a d " m a d e b y F i s h e r " s t a m p e d o n i t .

T h i s t y p e o f

e l b o w i s c a l l e d a

e l b o w .

I n t h e d i a g r a m b e l o w u s e t h e v o c a b u l a r y w o r d s f o u n d o n p a g e s 1

4 t o l a b e l e a c h

p a r t .

9 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

4 0

6

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A n s w e r s

1 . C u t L e n g t h

2 . C e n t e r L i n e

3 . W e l d e r ' s G a p

4 . F i e l d C u t

5 . R u n

6 . T a k e O u t

7 . S c r e w e d , Y e s

8 . F a c t o r y C u t

9 . C e n t e r L i n e

o :

F a c e t o F a c e

1 1 . T a k e O u t

1 2 . O f f s e t

1 3 . C u t L e n g t h

1 4 . R u n

F a c e

5 0

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a s i c

T r i g

f o r

i p e f i t t e r s

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

5 1

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g l e s e i n s t k u e t i o n d r k a t e k i d s t e e m m a d e p o s s i b k e t k t o u g k a J d a t i o n d c i / J o k l a p i k e e

i t e t a e g g n a t i u n d e d t h o u g h t h e g i g . T e p a k t m e n t

g d u e a t i o n i k O n t o t t o v e n t b e k

1 ,

1 9 9 2 , t o c D e o e n t b c k 3 1 , 1 9 9 3 , a t t h e t w i n i n g ( * A i d o 6 t h e T a t u m C h a p t e k o d

( A s s o c i a t e d c e d i d e t s a n d C o n t k a d o n i n ( B a t o n C Q o u g e , g o u i s i a n a .

O l e

p u b P i c i p k i v a t e p a k t v i e t s k i p i n t i o N e d i x t k e 1 3 k o 4 j e e t i n d u d e d t k e P a s t B a t o n c i 2 o u g e

P a / t i s k g a m e s ( A d u k t a n d C o n t i n u i n g g d u e a t i o n c D e p a t t n t e n t a n d t h e g k e a t e t ( B a t o n

G o u g e C h a m b e k o f C o w M e c e e . O l e c o n t e x t s d o n o t n e e e s s a k b 2 g k e p k e s e n t t h e p o Q i e g o f

t h e c D e p a k t m e n t 2 d u c a t i o n , a n d y o u s k o a d n o t a s s u m e e n d o k s e r n e n t b y t h e

g e d e t d g u a n i n e : I L

T k o l e e t c a k e e t o k :

T a m e & c l A / a P t L A d u t I t a n d C o n t i n u i n g g d u e a t i o n

C u k k t c u Q u M c W k i t e t s : C t . c R i t o n d a ( A t k i n s o n , O c t (

f i t . ( D e b b i e g o t t g o n a s t , S U S

T n . % e a t ( A m y , U S q l

U e a e k i n g S t a 6 i :

U g n i t T e k k a g e

d e a n n e C k a p * a n

c U a i n e c R e g n a d s

O l k e n m a t e t t a g t w a g R o t h e k e p t o d u e e d t o / 6 m i

w i t e x p a n t e : t o e

i t a v e C a s t c i k E c n t C R o u g e & d e o & o e

v h s o e t a i l i d c t i e t i d e e t a w l

C o e t t a c t o k s . , T e i t o c u t C i a p E a t -

5 2

B E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

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B a s i c T r i g o n o m e t r y f o r P i p e f i t t e r s

T r i g o n o m e t r y s o u n d s h a r d .

I t i s n ' t .

I t h e l p s a p i p e f i t t e r t o d o t w o t h i n g s i n

o r d e r t o

f i g u r e h o w t o c o n n e c t t w o l i n e s o f p i p e t o c o m p l e t e a r u n .

1 . A p i p e f i t t e r m u s t b e a b l e t o " s e e " a r i g h t t r i a n g l e i n a n e l b o w .

2 . D e t e r m i n e t h e l e n g t h s o f t h e s i d e s o f t h e t r i a n g l e t o f i n d a n

e l b o w ' s " t a k e

o u t . " T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l b e u s e d t o f i g u r e o u t t h e c u t l e n g t h

o f t h e

c o n n e c t i n g p i p e .

S e e i n g R i g h t T r i a n g l e s i n E l b o w s

A r i g h t t r i a n g l e h a s t h r e e s i d e s a n d t h r e e a n g l e s . O n e a n g l e i s 9 0 °

( i t l o o k s l i k e a

c o r n e r o f a b o x ) .

W h i c h o f t h e t r i a n g l e s b e l o w a r e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s ?

A .

E .

B .

D .

F .

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A l l t h e t r i a n g l e s ( A , B , C , D , E , a n d F ) w e r e r i g h t

t r i a n g l e s . T h e y a l l h a d o n e

a n g l e

t h a t w a s 9 0 ° . T h e s i z e o f t h e o t h e r t w o a n g l e s

d o e s n ' t m a t t e r .

W h i c h o f t h e t r i a n g l e s b e l o w a r e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s ?

( R e m e m b e r , a r i g h t t r i a n g l e

m u s t

h a v e o n e a n g l e t h a t i s 9 0 ° . )

A .

C .

B .

D .

E .

F

r

0

4

2

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T h e t r i a n g l e s o n p a g e 2 t h a t w e r e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s w e r e A , D , a n d F . T h e y e a c h

h a d a 9 0 ° a n g l e . T r i a n g l e s B , C , a n d E w e r e n o t r i g h t t r i a n g l e s b e c a u s e t h e y d i d n o t

h a v e a 9 0 ° a n g l e .

L o o k a t t h e p i c t u r e s o f p i p e e l b o w s b e l o w a n d " s e e " h o w t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s h a v e

b e e n d r a w n i n t h e m .

A . T h i s i s a 9 0 ° e l b o w .

B . T h i s i s a 4 5 ° e l b o w .

C . T h i s i s a 3 7 ° e l b o w .

3

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O n a n o t h e r s h e e t o f p a p e r d r a w p i c t u r e s o f f o u r d i f f e r e n t

s i z e s o f p i p e e l b o w s .

C a n y o u " f i n d " t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s i n t h e m ? G o o d l u c k .

D i f f e r e n t s i d e s o f a t r i a n g l e h a v e s p e c i a l n a m e s . T h e s e n a m e s

a r e :

h y p o t e n u s e

a d j a c e n t

o p p o s i t e

I n t h e e l b o w p i c t u r e d b e l o w w h i c h s i d e o f t h e t r i a n g l e i s

t h e :

- h y p o t e n u s e

- a d j a c e n t

s i d e

- o p p o s i t e

s i d e

M P M a l l ,

M .

0 0 4 E 1 M O W W I I .

1 3

A n s w e r : A = h y p o t e n u s e ; B = a d j a c e n t ; C = o p p o s i t e

) 6

4

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T h e " a d j a c e n t l e g s " o f a r i g h t t r i a n g l e a r e m a d e u p b y t h e l i n e s t h a t c o m e

f r o m t h e

v e r t e x o f t h e e l b o w ' s a n g l e w h i c h e x t e n d t o t h e c e n t e r l i n e s o f t h e p i p e

f a c e s .

T h i s i s a l s o t h e r a d i u s o f t h e e l b o w .

O M R

W M S E N D . 1 1 1 1 =

. 1 1 1

. . . I N

4 1 ,

w w g o o m e

a o l D

I I M I N

i

v i k

i

1 : 7

1 4 1 ,

i t

1 . 4 . 1 1 1 0 0

T h e h y p o t e n u s e i s c r e a t e d b y a l i n e t h a t d i v i d e s t h e a n g l e o f t h e e l b o w . T h e

h y p o t e n u s e e n d s a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e c e n t e r l i n e s o f t h e e l b o w m e e t .

T h e d r a w i n g s b e l o w s h o w t h e a d j a c e n t s i d e s a r e e q u a l t o t h e r a d i u s . T h e

o p p o s i t e s i d e s a r e e q u a l t o t h e " t a k e o u t " o f a n e l b o w .

2 2 1 n

A d

r i l 4 i v . 1 1 4 , - - - 1 ,

5

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l

F i n d i n g T a k e O u t s

I n t h e e l b o w b e l o w y o u k n o w

t h e f o l l o w i n g :

1 . T h e a n g l e ( i t i s a l w a y s

h a l f t h e a n g l e o f t h e e l b o w

b e c a u s e i t s d i v i d e d

i t i n

h a l f ) , a n d

2 . T h e s i z e o f t h e a d j a c e n t

s i d e ( i t i s t h e s a m e a s t h e

r a d i u s ) .

Y o u d o n o t k n o w :

1 . T h e l e n g t h o f t h e o p p o s i t e

s i d e ( w h i c h i s a l s o t h e t a k e

o u t o f t h e

e l b o w ) .

I

O p p

H y p o

A d j J

A s - - - R A D I U S

T o f i n d t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e , f i r s t " s e e "

t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e i n t h e

e l b o w , t h e n p l u g i n

w h a t y o u k n o w i n t o t h i s f o r m u l a :

o p p o s i t e

= t a n 0

x a d j a c e n t

L e t ' s l o o k a t t h i s f o r m u l a i n a d i f f e r e n t w a y .

U s e t h e d i a g r a m a b o v e t o

r e v i e w w h a t

y o u k n o w : t h e o p p o s i t e

s i d e i s t h e t a k e o u t o f t h e e l l , s o

w e c a n r e p l a c e

t a k e o u t

w i t h o p p o s i t e .

t a k e o u t o f e l b o w = t a n B

x a d j a c e n t

N e x t , w e a l s o k n o w t h a t t h e a d j a c e n t

s i d e o f a r i g h t t r i a n g l e

i s e q u a l t o t h e r a d i u s

o f

t h e e l b o w .

t a k e o u t o f e l b o w = t a n 0

x r a d i u s o f

e l l

W e k n o w , t o o , t h a t t h e a n g l e o f t h e

t r i a n g l e i s e q u a l t o 1 / 2 t h e

a n g l e o f t h e e l b o w :

t a k e o u t o f e l b o w = t a n 0 o f

t h e e l l

x r a d i u s o f

e l l

2

5 3

6

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I n t h e e l b o w b e l o w u s e

t h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a t o f i n d

t a k e o u t :

t a k e o u t

= t a n 8

2

t o k e . o v i "

0 . 4 1 1 . k a .

x e t "

A N I a g . e , o v a = 3 , 7 2 7 g

"

R a d i u s = 9 "

t a n

=

0 . 4 1 4 2

2

x r a d i u s

o f e l l

2 2 I a .

A d

r . 4 . 1 9 . U - S ' " " 4 '

9 1 1

T a k e o u t i s t h e l e n g t h o f p i p e

t h e e l b o w ( e l l ) a d d s t o a

p i p e o f f s e t .

I t i s t h e

d i s t a n c e a n e l l e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e p i p e .

T o

c o n n e c t P i p e " A " t o P i p e

" B " i n t h e e x a m p l e b e l o w ,

" t a k e o u t " o r h o w

m u c h l e n g t h t h e

e l b o w s ( e l l s ) a d d t o t h e l e n g t h

o f a r u n o f p i p e , i n o r d e r

t o c o n n e c t t h e s e

p i p e s

t o g e t h e r .

e x .

B e l o w a r e s o m e e x a m p l u s

o f t a k e o u t s . L o o k a t h o w

m u c h l e n g t h a t a k e

o u t

a d d s t o a r u n o f p i p e .

D i f f e r e n t a n g l e s o f e l b o w s h a v e

d i f f e r e n t t a k e o u t s .

5 , 9

7

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I n o r d e r t o f i g u r e t a k e o u t s y o u m u s t b e a b l e t o

f i n d t h e T a n g e n t ( T a n ) o f a n

a n g l e . U s e t h e c h a r t b e l o w t o f i n d t h e s e T a n g e n t s :

4 5 ° T a n = 1 . 0 0 0 0

2 2 . 5 ° T a n = 0 . 4 1 4 2

' 5 6 ° T a n = 4 : 4 0 1 4 2 . 1 " ;

T o r e a d t h i s c h a r t :

I f t h e d e g r e e o f t h e a n g l e i s l e s s t h a n 4 5 ° :

f i n d t h e d e g r e e l i s t e d i n t h e f a r l e f t c o l u m n

m a r k e d " D e g " t h e n f i n d i t s

T a n 8 ( 5 t h c o l u m n f r o m l e f t ) .

I f t h e d e g r e e i s g r e a t e r t h a n 4 5 ° :

r e a d t h e d e g r e e i n t h e f a r r i g h t c o l u m n t h e n g o t o

t h e T a n 0 c o l u m n ( 5 t h

c o l u m n f r o m t h e r i g h t l a b e l e d T a n 0 o n t h e

b o t t o m o f t h e c h a r t ) .

6 0

T o f i n d t h e T a n o f a n a n g l e l e t u s l o o k a t t h e c h a r t b e l o w :

D V

R a d i a n

S i n 8

C o . 0

T a n 8

C o t e

S e c 8

C s c 8

- ,

0 . 3 9 2 7

0 . 3 8 2 7

0 . 9 2 3 9

I . 1 4 2

2 . 4 1 4 2

1 . 0 8 2 4

2 . 6 1 3 1

1 . 1 7 8 1

6 7

2 3

0 . 4 0 1 4

0 . 3 9 0 7

0 . 9 2 0 5

0 . 4 2 4 5

2 . 3 5 5 9

1 . 0 8 6 4

2 . 5 5 9 3

1 . 1 6 9 4

6 7

2 3 . 5 0 . 4 1 0 2 0 . 3 9 8 7 0 . 9 1 7 1

0 . 4 3 4 8

2 . 2 9 9 8

1 . 0 9 0 4

2 . 5 0 7 8 1 . 1 6 0 6

6 6 . 5

2 4

0 . 4 1 8 9

0 . 4 0 6 7

0 . 9 1 3 5

0 . 4 4 5 2

2 . 2 4 6 0

1 . 0 9 4 6

2 . 4 5 8 6

1 . 1 5 1 9

6 6

2 4 . 5

0 . 4 2 7 6

0 . 4 1 4 7

0 . 9 1 0 0

0 . 4 5 5 7

2 . 1 9 4 3

1 . 0 9 8 9

2 . 4 1 1 4

1 . 1 4 3 2

6 5 . 5

2 5

0 . 4 3 6 3

0 . 4 2 2 6

0 . 9 0 6 3 0 . 4 6 6 3

2 . 1 4 4 5

1 . 1 0 3 4

2 . 3 6 6 2

1 . 1 3 4 5

6 5

2 5 . 5

0 . 4 4 5 1

0 . 4 3 0 5

0 .

6 0 . 4 7 7 0

2 . 0 9 6 5

1 . 1 1 7 9

2 . 3 2 2 8

1 . 1 2 5 7

6 4 . 5

2 8

0 . 4 5 3 8

0 . 4 3 8 4

0 . 8 9 8 8

0 . 4 8 7 7

2 . 0 5 0 3

1 . 1 1 2 6

2 . 2 8 1 2

1 . 1 1 7 0

6 4

2 6 . 5

0 . 4 6 5

0 . 4 4 6 2

0 . 8 9 0 . 4 9 8 6

2 . 0 0 5 7

1 . 1 1 7 4

2 . 2 4 1 2

1 . 1 0 8 3

6 3 . 5

2 7

0 . 4 7 1 2

. 4

0 .

1 0

. 5 0 9 5

M E M

1 . 1 l a c

2 . 2 0 2 7

1 . 0 9 9 6

6 3

2 7 . 5

0 . 4 8 0 0

0 . 4 6 1 7

0 . 8 8 7 0 0 . 5 2 0 6

1 .

1 0

1 . 1 2 7 4 - 2

1 6 5 7

1 . 0 9 0 8

6 2 . 5

2 8

0 . 4 8 8 7

0 . 4 6 9 5

J .

. 1 7

1 . 8 8 0 7

1 . 1 3 2 6

_ 1 3 0 1

1 . 0 8 2 1

8 2

2 8 . 5 0 . 4 9 7 4

0 . 4 7 7 2

0 . 8 7 8 8

0 . 5 4 3 0

1 . 8 4 1 8

1 . 1 3 7 9

2 . 0 9 5 7

1 . 0 7 3 4

8 1 . 5

2 9

0 . 5 0 6 1

0 . 4 8 4 8

0 . 8 7 4 6

6 . 5 5 4 3

1 . 8 0 4 0

1 . 1 4 3 4

2 . 0 6 2 7

1 . 0 6 4 7

8 1

2 9 . 5

0 . 5 1 4 9

0 . 4 9 2 4

0 . 8 7 0 4

0 . 5 6 5 8

1 . 7 6 7 5

1 . 1 4 9 0

2 . 0 3 0 8

1 . 0 5 5 9

6 0 . 5

0 . 5 0 0 0

.

6 . 5 7 7 4

1 .

1

1 . 1 5 4 7

.

1 .

7 2

C O

3 0 . 5

0 . 5 3 2 3

0 . 5 0 7 5

0 . 8 6 1 6

0 . 5 8 9 0

1 . 6 9 7 7

1 . 1 6 0 6

1 . 9 7 0 3

1 . 0 3 8 5

5 9 . 5

3 1

. 5 4 1 1

0 . 5 1 5 0

1 . 8 5 7 2

.

1 .

1 . 1

1 .

1 6 1 . .

7

C O

3 1 . 5 0 . 5 4 9 8 0 . 5 2 2 5 0 . 8 5 2 6

0 . 6 1 2 8

1 . 6 3 1 9

1 . 1 7 2 8 1 . 9 1 3 9

1 . 0 2 1 0

5 8 . 5

3 2

0 . 5 5 8 5

0 . 5 2 9 9

0 . 8 4 8 0

0 . 6 2 4 9

1 . 6 0 0 3

1 . 1 7 9 2

1 . 8 8 7 1

1 . 0 1 2 3

5 8

3 2 . 5 0 . 5 6 7 2

0 . 5 3 7 3

0 . 8 4 3 4

0 . 6 3 7 1

1 . 5 6 9 7

1 . 1 8 5 7

1 . 8 6 1 2

1 . 0 0 3 6

5 7 . 5

3 3 0 . 5 7 6 0

0 . 5 4 4 6

0 . 8 3 8 7

0 . 6 4 9 4

1 . 5 3 9 9

1 . 1 9 2 4

1 . 8 3 6 1

0 . 9 9 4 8

5 7

3 3 . 5 0 . 5 8 4 7 0 . 5 5 1 9

0 . 8 3 3 9 0 . 6 6 1 9

1 . 5 1 0 8

1 . 1 9 9 2

1 . 8 1 1 8

0 . 9 8 6 1

5 6 . 5

3 4

r o x t m i g

' . 5 5 9 2

0 . : 2

. 6 7 4 5

1 . 4 8

: , I I M I

0 . 9 7 7 4

5 6

3 4 . 5 ' . 6 0 2 1 .

0 . 8 4 1

0 . . . 7

1 . 4 5

1 . 2 1 3 4

. 7

5 5 . 5

- - " M ,

0 . 6 1 0 9

0 . 5 7 3 6

0 . 8 1 9 2

0 . 7 0 0 2

1 . 4 2 8 1

1 . 2 2 0 8

0 . 9 5 9 9

6 . 6 1 9 6 0 . 5 8 0 7

1 . 8 1 4 1

0 . 7 1 3 3

1 . 4 0 1

i r c

1 . 7 2 2 1

0 . 9 5 1 2

. 5

3 8

. - - s i l - T c

1 . 5 8 7 8

6 . 1 r -

. 7 2 6 5

1 .

1

1 . 7 0 1

0 . 9 4 2 5

3 6 . 5

0 . 6 3 7 0

0 . 5 9 4 8

0 . 8 0 3 9

0 . 7 4 0 0

1 . 2 4 4 0

1 . 6 8 1 2

0 . 9 3 3 8

5 3 . 5

3 7

0 .

5 8 0 .

1 8 . 7 . 8 6

0 . 7 5 3 6

1 . 3 2 7 0

1 . 2 5 2 1

1 . . . 1

.

5 0

3 7 . 5 0 . 6 5 4 5

0 . 6 0 8 8

0 . 7 9 3 4

0 . 7 6 7 3

1 . 3 0 3 2

1 . 2 6 0 5 . .

1 . 6 4 2 7

0 . 9 1 6 3

5 2 . 5

3 8

.

- T 4

0 . . 1 5 7

. 7 T I T

8 1

1 . 6

0 . 1 7 .

5 2

3 8 . 5 0 . 6 7 2 0

0 . 6 2 2 5

0 . 7 8 2 6 0 . 7 9 5 4

1 . 6 0 6 4

0 . 8 9 8 8

5 1 . 5

3 9 0 . 6 8 0 7

1 . 6 2 9 3

0 . 7 7 7 1

0 .

1 .

9

-

: ( M a

O .

4 1

. 1

0 .

. A 6 1 0 . 7 7 1

0 . 8 2

1 .

1 1

1 . 2

1 . 7 2 1

' . 8 8 1 4

1

4 0 0 . 6 9 8 1

0 . 6 4 2 8

0 . 7 6 6 0 0 . 8 3 9 1

1 . 1 9 1 8

1 . 3 0 5 4

1 . 5 5 5 7

0 . 8 7 2 7

5 0

4 0 . 5 0 . 7 0 6 9

0 . 6 4 9 4

0 . 7 6 0 4

. 8 5 4 1

1 . 1 7 0 8

1 . 3 1 5 1

1 . 5 3 9 8

1 .

3

4 9 . 5

4 1 0 . 7 1 5 6

0 . 6 5 6 1

0 . 7 5 4 7

0 . 8 6 9 3

1 . 1 5 0 4

1 . 3 2 5 0

1 . 5 2 4 3

0 . 8 5 5 2

4 9

4 1 . 5

0 . 7 2 4 3

0 . 6 6 2 6

0 . 7 4 9 0

0 . 8 8 4 7

1 . 1 3 0 3

1 . 3 3 5 2 1 . 5 0 9 2

0 . 8 4 6 5

4 8 . 5

4 2

0 . 7 V i

0 . 6 6 . 1

0 . ' 1

O .

1 . 1 1

1 . 4 9 4

0 . : 7 8

4 8

4 2 . 5 0 . 7 4 1 8

0 . 6 7 5 6

0 . 7 3 7 3

0 . 9 1 6 3

1 . 0 9 1 3

1 . 4 8 0 2

0 . 8 2 9 0

4 7 . 5

4 3 0 . 7

0 . 6 8 2 0

1

0 .

2 5

1 . 0 7 2 4

1 . 3 6 7 E M I

r i l t I T

4 7

4 3 . 5

1 0 W W , 1 1

. 6 8 8 4

0 . 7 5 4

0 . 9 4

1 . 8

;

1 . 4 5 2 7

1 . 8 1 1

4 8 . 5

4 4

0

. 6 9 4 7

0 . 7 1

g o v ' m g

1 . 0 3

l i E r d a 1 = 1 .

. ' r 9

4 6

M a i

0 . 1 r I V I I R 4

0 . 9 8 7

M e n a l l j E f a i l l i M A I D A M I

. 1 1 - :

. 7 8

0 . 7 . 7 1

C o s 8

0 . 7 0 7 1

S i n 0

. 6 . l '

C o t 0

i l [ M I

T a s t e

1 . 4 1 4 2 M a l

C s c 0

S e c a

r 1 - k v . 1 1

' T

'

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T a k e O u t E x e r c i s e s

N o w l e t ' s t r y s o m e p r o b l e m s t o f i n d t a k e o u t s b y u s i n g t h e T a n 0 a n d r a d i u s . U s e t h e

c h a r t o f p a g e 8 t o f i n d T a n . A g a i n , t h e f o r m u l a f o r t a k e o u t i s : *

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

E x a m p l e s

1 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 3 5 ° a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 2 4 " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t =

T a n 5 5 °

x

1 2 "

2

t a k e o u t =

T a n 2 7 . 5 °

x

1 2 "

t a k e o u t = 0 . 5 2 0 6

x

1 2 "

t a k e o u t =

6 . 2 4 7 2 "

2 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 7 5 ° a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 1 0 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

= T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

= T a n 7 5 °

x

1 0 "

2

=

T a n 3 7 . 5 °

x

1 0 "

=

0 . 7 6 7 3

x

1 0 "

= 7 . 6 7 3 "

* P l e a s e n o t e :

D o n o t u s e T a n 0 a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r T a n 0 .

I n o t h e r w o r d s , d o n ' t

2

2

t a k e t h e t a n g e n t o f t h e w h o l e a n g l e a n d d i v i d e i t b y 2 .

D i v i d e t h e a n g l e

b y 2 , a n d t h e n g e t t h e t a n g e n t o f t h e h a l f a n g l e .

I t m a k e s a d i f f e r e n c e .

6 1

9

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E x e r c i s e s

1 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 8 0 ° a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 2 5 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

= T a n 0

x

2

=

T a n 8 0 °

x

2

=

T a n ? ° x

= 0 . ?

x

=

? "

2 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 4 5 ° e l l w i t h a n 8 " r a d i u s .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

2

=

T a n 4 5 °

x

2

=

T a n ? °

x

=

0 . ?

x

= ? "

3 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n b e l o w :

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2 5 "

2 5 "

2 5 "

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

8 "

8 "

8 "

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 4 5 °

x

1 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n ? °

x

1 "

t a k e o u t

=

?

x

1 "

t a k e o u t

= ? "

6 2

1 0

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4 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n

b e l o w :

t a k e o u t

=

T a n A

x

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

T a n 6 5 °

x

2 5 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n ? °

x

2 5 "

t a k e o u t

x

2 5 "

t a k e o u t

=

? "

r C s A a r o a t a Z S . t - - - I P P

5 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t + o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n

b e l o w :

4 . r a . c t i u s 2 , 0

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n ? °

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n ? °

t a k e o u t

? "

? "

t a k e o u t

=

? "

6 .

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n b e l o w :

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n ? °

x

? "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n ? °

x

t a k e o u t

? "

t a k e o u t

=

? "

1 M M 1 A s s

I f y o u w o u l d m o r e p r a c t i c e o n f i n d i n g t a k e o u t s , g o t o

t h e T D C n o t e b o o k e n t i t l e d

I F

R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g P i p e f i t t e r T a k e o u t P r o b l e m s .

r 3

1 1

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A n s w e r s t o E x e r c i s e s

I D 1 .

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 8 0 ° a n d

t h e r a d i u s i s 2 5 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 8

x

2

= T a n 8 0 °

x

2

=

T a n 4 0 °

x

=

0 . 8 3 9 1

x

= 2 0 . 9 7 7 5 "

2 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 4 5 ° e l l w i t h a n 8 " r a d i u s .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

2

=

T a n 4 5 °

x

2

=

T a n 2 2 . 5 °

x

=

0 . 4 1 4 2

x

=

3 . 3 1 3 6 "

3 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n b e l o w :

4 . - - _ _ _ _ 1 1 1 { 4 . - - - i p

r b . a i l t u . . c

t a k e o u t

=

t a k e o u t

=

t a k e o u t

=

t a k e o u t

=

t a k e o u t

=

6 4

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2 5 "

2 5 "

2 5 "

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

8 "

8 "

8 "

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s

2

T a n 4 5 °

x

1 4 "

2

T a n 2 2 . 5 °

x

1 4 "

0 . 4 1 4 2

x

1 4 "

5 . 7 9 8 8 "

1 2

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4 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n b e l o w :

r e A t u . s 1 s 1 - 4 0

5 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n b e l o w :

t a k e o u t

T a r t

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 6 5 °

x

2 5 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 3 2 . 5 °

x

2 5 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 6 3 7 1

x

2 5 "

t a k e o u t

=

1 5 . 9 2 7 5 "

m e

1 1 .

. m e e m o r

g

s o " - - 4 0

6 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r t h e e l b o w s h o w n b e l o w :

t a k e o u t

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 7 5 °

x

2 0 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 3 7 . 5 °

x

2 0 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 7 6 7 3

x

2 0 "

t a k e o u t

=

1 5 . 3 4 6 "

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s

2

t a k e o u t

= T a n 5 0 °

x

1 5 "

2

r e A t L i t . S . r .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 2 5 °

x

1 5 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 4 6 6 3

x

1 5 "

t a k e o u t

=

6 . 9 9 4 5 "

6 5

1 3

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R e a d i n g & S o l v i n g

P i p e f i t t e r

1 L - J

T a k e o u t

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

6 6

G 2 r Y

, B L E

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O l e n i n s t k u c t i o n d n t a t e t t d s w a k e m a d e p o s s i b k t k k o u g k a ( ) f l a t l a n d c i k u k d a e e

U t t e k a c g g k a n t 6 u n d e d t i u t o u g h t i e g i g . T e p a k t m e n t

e d u c a t i o n i k O h l c f i o v e m b e k

1 ,

1 9 9 2 , t o c D e o e * A b e A 3 1 , 1 9 9 3 , a t t k e t k a i n i n g

( * A i d o 6

i k e T e f t l i c a n C i a p t e d i

o 6

L A s s o c t a t e d T u t i d e k S a n d C o n t k a c ; : o k s i n ( P a t o n

R o u g e , U o u t s i a n a .

O l e

p u b e t e / p k w a t e p a t t a s t s k t p i t i v a Q u e d t o t k e p k o i e e t i n d u d e d t k e E a s t T a t o n 4 2 o u g e

T o m s k g e k o d s ( M a t a n d C o n t i n u i n g g d u e a t t o o t c D e p a k t r e n t a n d t k e g k e a t e k ( P a t o n

R o u g e C k a n k t a l C o m o n e k e e . O l e c o n t e n t s d o n o t n e c e s s a k i f g k o k e s e n t t k e p a t e s o 6

t k e c D e p a k t m e n t

E d u c a t i o n , a n d y o u s h o u P d n o t a s s u m e e a d o k e e n t e r i t b y t h e

% d a d g o v a t a r t e n t .

T k o i e e t c a k e e t o k :

' P a n d a c t k a g , L A d u P t a n d C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

e u k k t e d u r i t % d m : f i t . 4 2 1 t o a d a ( A d a n a , O c 1 1

T R . ( D e b b i e g o r t g m a x ,

f i t . % e a t L A A a x e y , U n t

U e a e k i n g g t a i i :

( D . g y m ( T e k k a y e

d m u l e C k a p n t a n

9 3 1 2 a i n e c R e s t i d d s

O b e s e t p a t a t a f t w a g N o t b e R e p r o d u c e d ' A d o p t m a t t e * p e . t s a t o o p d o s s P o s t B a t o n c R o u g e g o i t o o t e

O k

( A s s o c i a t e d q 3 u t i d a u a n d C o p t i o d o t e - P o i t c o s i C i o p t e s t

6 7

B E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

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F i n d i n g T a k e O u t s

T a k e O u t i s t h e l e n g t h o f p i p e t h e e l b o w ( e l l ) a d d s t o a p i p e

o f f s e t .

I t i s t h e d i s t a n c e

a n e l l e x t e n d s t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n

o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e p i p e .

T o c o n n e c t P i p e " A " t o P i p e " B " i n t h e e x a m p l e b e l o w , y o u

f i r s t n e e d t o f i n d t h e " t a k e

o u t " o r h o w m u c h l e n g t h t h e e l b o w s ( e l l s ) a d d i n o r d e r t o

c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s

t o g e t h e r .

e x .

T . O . = T a k e O u t

B e l o w a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f t a k e o u t s . L o o k a t h o w m u c h l e n g t h a

t a k e o u t a d d s t o

a r u n o f p i p e . D i f f e r e n t a n g l e s o f e l l h a v e d i f f e r e n t t a k e

o u t s .

6 6

1

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F i n d i n g 9 0 ° E l l T a k e O u t s

I n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f p i p e n e e d e d t o c o n n e c t t w o p i p e s , w e m u s t f i s t

i d e n t i f y

h o w m u c h o f t h e o f f s e t i s t a k e n u p b y t h e e l l s . T h i s d i s t a n c e i s c a l l e d t a k e o u t a n d

i s

e q u a l t o 1 1 / 2 t i m e s t h e n o m i n a l p i p e s i z e i n a 9 0 ° e l l . '

T h e r a d i u s a n d t a k e o u t o f a

9 0 ° e l l a r e e q u a l .

e x .

p i p e s i z e = 4 "

r a d i u s o f a

L f " 9 0 ° e l l = 4 " x 1 1 / 2 = 6 "

E x e r c i s e s

1 .

W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 8 " , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

( R e m e m b e r , t h e T a k e O u t o f a f i t t i n g i s t h e d i s t a n c e t h a t a f i t t i n g e x t e n d s t h e

c e n t e r l i n e o f a r u n o f p i p e p a s t t h e e n d o f t h e p i p e . )

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 8 "

R a d i u s o f a n 8 " p i p e = 1 1 / 2 x 8 " = 1 2 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 8 " p i p e ? = ( 1 2 " )

2 . W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 1 2 " , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 1 2 "

R a d i u s o f a n 1 2 " p i p e = 1 1 / 2 x 1 2 " = 1 8 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 1 2 " p i p e ? ( 1 8 " )

' N o m i n a l p i p e s i z e ( N P S ) i s t h e s i z e w e c a l l t h e p i p e ,

n o t t o b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l s i z e o f t h e p i p e .

6 ` )

2

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3 .

W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 3 " , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 3 "

T . O .

R a d i u s o f a n 3 " p i p e = 1 1 / 2 x 3 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 3 " p i p e ? ( 4 1 / 2 " )

T . O .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

4 .

W h e n u s i n g a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , i f t h e p i p e s i z e i s 1 4 " , w h a t i s

A

t n e t a k e o u t ' ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 1 4 "

R a d i u s o f a n 1 4 " p i p e

= 1 1 / 2 x 1 4 "

I f r a d i u s = t a k e o u t

W h a t i s t a k e o u t o f a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d o f a n 1 4 " p i p e ? ( 2 1 " )

5 .

I n a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u h a v e a f a c t o r y m a d e 1 0 " p i p e ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 1 0 "

R a d i u s =

t a k e o u t =

6 .

I n a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u m a k e a 2 4 " p i p e ?

e x . P i p e S i z e = 2 4 "

R a d i u s =

t a k e o u t =

7 .

I n a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u h a v e

a f a c t o r y m a d e 6 " p i p e ?

e x . N o m i n a l P i p e S i z e = 6 "

R a d i u s =

t a k e o u t =

7 0

3

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8 .

i n a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l , w h a t i s t h e t a k e o u t i f y o u h a v e a

3 " p i p e ?

E x . P i p e S i z e = 3 "

R a d i u s =

t a k e o u t =

A n s w e r s

5 . t a k e o u t = 1 5 "

6 . t a k e o u t = 3 6 "

7 . t a k e o u t = 9 "

8 . t a k e o u t = 4 1 / 2 "

T . O .

9 . C a n y o u t h i n k u p a 9 0 ° b u t t w e l d e l l p r o b l e m ? W h a t s i z e i s t e p i p e

a n d w h a t w i l l

t h e t a k e o u t b e ?

E x . P i p e S i z e = ? "

R a d i u s =

t a k e o u t =

N o w t h a t y o u k n o w h o w t o f i n d a t a k e o u t f o r a 9 0 ° e l l , i t i s t i m e t o u s e a

f o r m u l a y o u

c a n u s e t o f i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a l l e l l s ( i n c l u d i n g 9 0 ° ,

4 5 ° , 3 0 ° , e t c . , e l l s ) .

T h e f o r m u l a f o r t a k e o u t i s :

t a k e o u t

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( T o b e s u c c e s s f u l i n f i n d i n g t a k e o u t s a n d t o u s e t h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a w e

r e c o m m e n d y o u u s e a c a l c u l a t o r t o w o r k t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f d e c i m a l s . )

L e t u s f i r s t s o l v e h o w t o f i n d a t a n g e n t o f a r , a n g l e ( T a n 8 ) . T o d o s o , w e

m u s t u s e a

t r i g o n o m e t r y c h a r t ( f o u n d o n t h e n c Y . t p a g e ) t h a t i n c l u d e s T a n O . R e a d t h e

d e g r e e s o f

t h e a n g l e i n y o u r p r o b l e m b y l o o k i n g a t t h e l e f t c o l u m n m a r k e d " D e g "

i f t h e a n g l e i s

b e t w e e n 2 2 . 5 ° a n d 4 5 ° .

I f t h e d e g r e e o f t h e a n g l e i s b e t w e e n 4 5 ° a n d 6 7 . 5 °

t h e n f i n d

i t i n t h e f a r r i g h t c o l u m n w i t h t h e w o r d " D e g " a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e c o l u m n .

7 1

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T o f i n d t h e T a n o f a n a n g l e l e t u s l o o k a t t h e c h a r t

b e l o w :

D e g

R a d i a n

S i n 0

C o s 0

C o t 0

S e c 0

C o e 8

- - ,

, 3 9 2 7

Q . 3 8 2 7 _

a a 2 , 1 9

. 4 1 4 2

1 . 0 8 2 4

2 . 6 1 3 1

1 . 1 7 8 1

8 7 . 5

0 . 4 0 1 4

0 . 3 9 0 7

0 . 9 2 0 5

0 . 4 2 4 5

.

1 . 0 8 6 4

2 . 5 5 9 3

1 . 1 6 9 4

6 7

2 3 . 5

0 . 4 1 0 2

0 . 3 9 8 7

0 . 9 1 7 1

0 . 4 3 4 8

2 . 2 9 9 8

1 . 0 9 0 4

2 . 5 0 7 8

1 . 1 6 0 6

6 6 . 5

2 4

0 . 4 1 8 9

0 . 4 0 6 7

0 . 9 1 3 5

0 . 4 4 5 2

2 . 2 4 6 0

1 . 0 9 4 6

2 . 4 5 8 6

1 . 1 5 1 9

6 6

2 4 . 5

0 . 4 2 7 6

0 . 4 1 4 7

0 . 9 1 0 0

0 . 4 5 5 7

2 . 1 9 4 3

1 . 0 9 8 9

2 . 4 1 1 4

1 . 1 4 3 2

6 5 . 5

2 5

0 . 4 3 6 3

0 . 4 2 2 6

0 . 9 0 6 3

0 . 4 6 6 3

2 . 1 4 4 5

1 . 1 0 3 4

2 . 3 6 6 2

1 . 1 3 4 5

2 5 . 5

0 . 4 4 5 1

0 . 4 3 0 5

0 . 9 0 2 6

0 . 4 7 7 0

2 . 0 9 6 5

1 . 1 0 7 9

2 . 3 2 2 8

1 . 1 2 5 7

6 4 . 5

2 6

0 . 4 5 3 8

0 . 4 3 8 4

0 . 8 9 8 8

0 . 4 8 7 7

2 . 0 5 0 3

1 . 1 1 2 6

2 . 2 8 1 2

1 . 1 1 7 0

1 . 1 0 8 3

3 . 5

6 . 5

0 . 4 6 2 5

0 . 4 4 6 2

0 . 8 9 4 9

0 . 4 9 8 6

2 . 0 0 5 7

1 . 1 1 7 4

2 . 2 4 1 2

2 7

0 . 4 7 1 2

0 . 4 5 4 0

0 . 8 9 1 0

0 . 5 0 9 5

1 . 9 6 2 6

1 . 1 2 2 3

2 . 2 0 2 7

1 . 0 9 9 6

6 3

2 7 . 5

0 . 4 8 0 0

0 . 4 6 1 7

0 . 8 8 7 0

0 . 5 2 0 6

1 . 9 2 1 0

1 . 1 2 7 4

2 . 1 6 5 7

1 . 0 9 0 8

6 2 . 5

2 3

0 . 4 8 8 7

0 . 4 6 9 5

0 . 8 8 2 9

0 . 5 3 1 7

1 . 8 8 0 7

1 . 1 3 2 6

2 . 1 3 0 1

1 . 0 8 2 1

6 2

2 8 . 5 0 . 4 9 7 4

0 . 4 7 7 2

0 . 8 7 8 8

0 . 5 4 3 0

1 . 8 4 1 8

1 . 1 7 9

2 . 0 9 5 7

1 . 0 7 3 4

6 1 . 5

2 9

0 . 5 0 6 1

0 . 4 8 4 8

0 . 8 7 4 6

0 . 5 5 4 3

1 . 8 0 4 0

1 . 1 4 3 4

2 . 0 6 2 7

1 . 0 6 4 7

6 1

2 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 4 9

0 , 4 9 2 4

0 . 8 7 0 4

0 . 5 6 5 8

1 . 7 6 7 5

1 . 1 4 9 0

2 . 0 3 0 8

1 . 0 5 5 9

6 0 . 5

3 0 0 . 5 2 3 6

0 . 5 0 0 0

0 . 8 6 6 0

0 . 5 7 7 4

1 . 7 3 2 1

1 . 1 5 4 7

2 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 4 7 2

6 0

3 0 . 5 0 . 5 3 2 3

0 . 5 0 7 5

0 . 8 6 1 6

0 . 5 8 9 0

1 . 6 9 7 7

1 . 1 6 0 6

1 . 9 7 0 3

1 . 0 3 8 5

5 9 . 5

3 1

0 . 5 4 1 1

0 . 5 1 5 0

0 . 8 5 7 2

0 . 6 0 0 9 1 . 6 6 4 3

1 . 1 6 6 6

1 . 9 4 1 6

1 . 0 2 9 7

5 9

3 1 . 5 0 . 5 4 9 8

0 . 5 2 2 5

0 . 8 5 2 6

0 . 6 1 2 8

1 . 6 3 1 9

1 . 1 7 2 8

1 . 9 1 3 9

1 . 0 2 1 0

5 8 . 5

3 2

0 . 5 5 8 5

0 . 5 2 9 9

0 . 8 4 8 0

0 . 6 2 4 9

1 . 6 0 0 3

1 . 1 7 9 2

1 . 8 8 7 1

1 . 0 1 2 3

5 8

3 2 5 0 . 5 6 7 2

0 . 5 3 7 3

0 . 8 4 3 4

0 . 6 3 7 1

1 . 5 6 9 7 1 . 1 8 5 7

1 . 8 6 1 2

1 . 0 0 3 6

5 7 . 5

3 3

0 . 5 7 6 0

0 . 5 4 4 6

0 . 8 3 8 7

0 . 6 4 9 4

1 . 5 3 9 9

1 . 1 9 2 4

1 . 8 3 6 1

0 . 9 9 4 8

5 7

3 3 . 5 0 . 5 8 4 7

r 0 . 5 5 1 9

0 . 8 3 3 9

0 . 6 6 1 9

1 . 5 1 0 8

1 . 1 9 9 2

1 . 8 1 1 8

0 . 9 8 6 1

5 6 . 5

3 4 0 . 5 9 3 4 0 . 5 5 9 2 0 . 8 2 9 0 0 . 6 7 4 5

1 . 4 8 2 6

1 . 2 0 6 2

1 . 7 8 8 3 0 . 9 7 7 4

5 6

3 4 . 5 0 . 6 0 2 1

0 . 5 6 6 4

0 . 8 2 4 1

0 . 6 8 7 3

1 . 4 5 5 0

1 . 2 1 3 4

1 . 7 6 5 5

0 . 9 6 8 7

5 6 . 5

3 5

0 . 6 1 0 9

0 . 5 7 3 6

0 . 8 1 9 2

0 . 7 0 0 2

1 . 4 2 8 1

1 . 2 2 0 8

1 . 7 4 3 4

0 . 9 5 9 9

3 5 . 5

0 . 6 1 9 6

0 . 5 8 0 7

0 . 8 1 4 1

0 . 7 1 3 3

1 . 4 0 1 9

1 . 2 2 8 3

1 . 7 2 2 1

0 . 9 5 1 2

5 4 . 5

3 6 0 . 6 2 8 3

0 . 5 8 7 8

0 . 8 0 9 0

0 . 7 2 6 5

1 . 3 7 6 4

1 . 2 3 6 1

1 . 7 0 1 3

0 . 9 4 2 5

5 4

3 6 . 5

0 . 6 3 7 0

0 . 5 9 4 8

0 . 8 0 3 9

0 . 7 4 0 0

1 . 3 5 1 4

1 . 2 4 4 0

1 . 6 8 1 2

0 . 9 3 3 8

5 3 . 5

3 7

0 . 6 4 5 8

0 . 6 0 1 8

0 . 7 9 8 6

0 . 7 5 3 6

1 . 3 2 7 0

1 . 2 5 2 1

1 . 6 6 1 6

0 . 9 2 5 0

5 3

3 7 . 5

0 . 6 5 4 5

0 . 6 0 8 8

0 . 7 9 3 4

0 . 7 6 7 3

1 . 3 0 3 2

1 . 2 6 0 5

1 . 6 4 2 7

0 . 9 1 6 3

3 8 0 . 6 6 3 2

0 . 6 1 5 7

0 . 7 8 8 0

0 . 7 8 1 3

1 . 2 7 9 9

1 . 2 6 9 0

1 . 6 2 4 3

0 . 9 0 7 6

5 2

3 8 . 5

0 . 6 7 2 0

0 . 6 2 2 5

0 . 7 8 2 6

0 . 7 9 5 4

1 . 2 5 7 2

1 . 2 7 7 8

1 . 6 0 6 4

0 . 8 9 8 8

5 1 . 5

3 9 0 . 6 8 0 7

0 . 6 2 9 3

0 . 7 7 7 1

0 . 8 0 9 8

1 . 2 3 4 9

1 . 2 8 6 8

1 . 5 8 9 0

0 . 8 9 0 1

5 1

3 9 . 5

0 . 6 8 9 4

0 . 6 3 6 1

0 . 7 7 1 6

0 . 8 2 4 3 1 . 2 1 3 1

1 . 2 9 6 0

1 . 5 7 2 1

0 . 8 8 1 4

0 . 8 7 2 7

5 0 . 5

0

0

0 . 6 9 8 1 0 . 6 4 2 8

0 . 7 6 6 0

0 . 8 3 9 1

1 . 1 9 1 8

1 . 3 0 5 4

1 . 5 5 5 7

4 0 . 5

0 . 7 0 6 9

0 . 6 4 9 4

0 . 7 6 0 4

0 . 8 5 4 1

1 . 1 7 0 8

1 . 3 1 5 1

1 . 5 3 9 8

0 . 8 6 3 9

4 9 . 5

4 1

0 . 7 1 5 6 0 . 6 5 6 1

0 . 7 5 4 7

0 . 8 6 9 3 1 . 1 5 0 4

1 . 3 2 5 0

1 . 5 2 4 3

0 . 8 5 5 2

4 9

4 1 . 5

0 . 7 2 4 3 0 . 6 6 2 6 0 . 7 4 9 0

0 . 8 8 4 7

1 . 1 3 0 3 1 . 3 3 5 2

1 . 5 0 9 2

0 . 8 4 6 5 4 8 . 5

4 2

0 . 7 3 3 0

0 . 6 6 9 1

0 . 7 4 3 1

0 . 9 0 0 4

1 . 1 1 0 6

1 . 3 4 5 6

1 . 4 9 4 5

0 . 8 3 7 8

4 8

4 2 . 5

0 . 7 4 1 8 0 . 6 7 5 6

0 . 7 3 7 3

0 . 9 1 6 3

1 . 0 9 1 3

1 . 3 5 6 3

1 . 4 8 0 2

0 . 8 2 9 0

4 7 . 5

4 0 . 7 5 0 5 0 . 6 8 2 0

0 . 7 3 1 4

0 . 9 3 2 5

1 . 0 7 2 4

1 . 3 6 7 3

1 . 4 6 6 3

0 . 8 2 0 3

4 7

4 3 . 5

0 . 7 5 9 2

0 . 6 8 8 4

0 . 7 2 5 4

0 . 9 4 9 0

1 . 0 5 3 8

1 . 3 7 8 6

1 . 4 5 2 7

0 . 8 1 1 6

4 6 . 5

4 4

0 . 7 6 7 9

0 . 6 9 4 7 0 . 7 1 9 3

0 . 9 6 5 7

1 . 0 3 5 5

1 . 3 9 0 2

1 . 4 3 9 6

0 . 8 0 2 9

4 6

4 4 . 5

0 . 7 7 6 7

0 . 7 0 0 9 0 . 7 1 3 3

0 . 9 8 2 7

1 . 0 1 7 6

1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 4 0 2 0

1 . 4 1 4 2

1 . 4 2 6 7

1 . 4 1 4 2

0 . 7 9 4 1

0 . 7 8 5 4

4 5 . 5

4 5

4 5

0 . 7 8 5 4 0 . 7 0 7 1

0 . 7 0 7 1

1 1 . 1 1 C I L L O

C o s 0

S i n 0

C o t 0

t i a 7 1 1 1 1 1

C s c 6

S e c 0

R a d i a n

D e g

F i n d t h e d e g r e e o f t h e a n g l e a n d t h e n l o o k u n d e r t h a t T A N 0 .

I f t h e d e g r e e o f t h e a n g l e i s l e s s t h a n 4 5 ° :

f i n d t h e d e g r e e l i s t e d i n t h e f a r l e f t c o l u m n m a r k e d " D e g " t h e n f i n d i t s T a n 0

( 5 t h c o l u m n f r o m l e f t ) .

i f t h e d e g r e e i s g r e a t e r t h a n 4 5 0 :

r e a d t h e d e g r e e i n t h e f a r r i g h t c o l u m n t h e n g o t o t h e T a n 0 c o l u m n ( 5 t h

c o l u m n f r o m t h e r i g h t l a b e l e d T a n 0 7 . p i t h e b o t t o m o f t h e c h a r t ) .

H e r e a r e t h r e e c o r r e c t a n s w e r s f r o m t h e c h a r t a b o v e .

4 5 ° T a n i s 1 . 0 0 0 0

2 2 . 5 ° T a n i s 0 . 4 1 4 2

6 7 . 5 ° T a n i s 2 . 4 1 4 2

7 2

5

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F i n d t h e T a n g e n t s ( T a n 8 ) f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g a n g l e s b y u s i n g t h e c h a r t o n t h e p a g e

b e f o r e :

1 . 3 7 . 5 ° . T a n i s

2 . 4 3 . 5 ° T a n i s

3 . 4 8 ° T a n i s

4 . 5 7 . 5 ° T a n i s

5 . 6 5 . 5 ° T a n i s

M a k e u p y o u r o w n p r o b l e m s :

6 .

7 .

8 .

A n s w e r s :

1 . 0 . 7 6 7 3

2 . 0 . 9 4 9 0

3 . 1 . 1 1 0 6

4 . 1 . 5 6 9 7

5 . 2 . 1 9 4 3

7 3

6

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N o w l e t ' s t r y s o m e p r o b l e m s t h a t f i n d t a k e o u t s a n d b y u s i n g t h e T a n 0 a n d r a d i u s .

T h e f o r m u l a f o r t a k e o u t i s :

t a k e o u t =

T a n 9

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

P l e a s e n o t e :

D o n o t u s e T a n 8 a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r T a n 0 .

I n o t h e r w o r d s , d o n ' t

2

2

t a k e t h e t a n g e n t o f t h e w h o l e a n g l e a n d d i v i d e i t b y 2 .

D i v i d e t h e a n g l e

b y 2 , a n d t h e n g e t t h e t a n g e n t o f t h e h a l f a n g l e .

I t m a k e s a d i f f e r e n c e .

E x e r c i s e s

1 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 4 5 ° a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 2 4 " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

= T a n 4 5 °

x 2 4 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 2 2 . 5 °

x

2 4 "

t a k e o u t =

0 . 4 1 4 2

x 2 4 "

t a k e o u t

=

9 . 9 4 "

2 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 8 ' .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 8

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 °

x 8 "

2

=

T a n 3 0 °

x 8 "

=

0 . 5 7 7 4

x 8 "

=

4 . 6 1 9 2 "

7 4

7

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3 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e

T a n i s 7 5 ° a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 3 6 " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n , : f f

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 7 5 °

x

3 6 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 3 7 . 5 °

x

3 6 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 7 6 7 3

x

3 6 "

t a k e o u t

=

2 7 . 6 2 2 8 "

4 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 6 " 4 5 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t

T a n 9

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a 6 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S o r

1 1 / 2 x 6 " )

t a k e o u t

T a n 4 5 °

2

x

9 "

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 2 2 . 5 °

x

9 . '

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 4 1 4 2

x

9 "

t a k e o u t

=

3 . 7 2 7 8 "

5 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 6 " 5 0 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a 1 6 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S o r 1 1 / 2 x 1 6 " )

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 5 0 °

x

2 4 "

2

=

T a n 2 5 °

x

2 4 "

=

0 . 4 6 6 3

x

2 4 "

=

1 1 . 1 9 1 2 "

7 5

8

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6 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 0 " 4 5 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0 x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a 1 0 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S )

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 4 5 °

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n

° x

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t =

1 1

7 .

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 8 " 7 0 ° e l l " .

I f

f t

f t

t a k e o u t

=

T a r t i 9

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a n 1 8 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S )

t a k e o u t

T a n 7 0 °

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n

°

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

I f

8 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 4 8 " 6 8 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t

T a n , 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n O E

x

f f

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n

°

x

t a k e o u t

=

x

"

t a k e o u t

=

. ,

7 6

9

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A n s w e r s

6 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 0 " 4 5 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a 1 0 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S )

t a k e o u t =

T a n 4 5 °

x

1 5 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 2 2 . 5 °

x

1 5 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 4 1 4 2

x 1 5 "

t a k e o u t

6 . 2 1 3 "

7 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 8 " 7 0 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t =

T a n a

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a n 1 8 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S )

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 7 0 °

x

2 7 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 3 5 °

x

2 7 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 7 0 0 2

x

2 7 "

t a k e o u t =

1 8 . 9 0 5 4 "

8 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 4 8 " 6 8 ° e l l " .

t a k e o u t

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 6 8 °

x

7 2 "

2

t a k e o u t

= T a n 3 4 °

x 7 2 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 6 7 4 5

x

7 2 "

t a k e o u t

=

4 8 . 5 6 4 0 "

1 0

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U s i n g T h e P i p e F i t t e r s B l u e B o o k

S o m e p i p e f i t t e r s l i k e t o u s e T h e P i p e F i t t e r s B l u e B o o k b y W . V . G r a v e s t o h e l p t h e m

f i n d t h e T a n . 9 7 T h i s b o o k f i t s i n t o y o u r p o c k e t a n d i s

m o r e a c c u r a t e b e c a u s e i t g i v e s

y o u t h e t a n g e n t t o t h e 1 / 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 o r o n e h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d s . B e l o w i s a p a g e f r o m

t h e b o o k t h a t s h o w s y o u a l l t h e T a n g e n t s f o r 3 0 0 . T h e c o l u m n o n t h e f a r l e f t i s t h e

m i n u t e s ( t h e r e a r e 6 0 m i n u t e s t o e a c h d e g r e e . ) T o h e l p

y o u r e a d a T a n G f r o m t h i s

c h a r t , g o t o t h e 4 t h c o l u m n f r o m t h e l e f t l a b e l e d , " T a n " .

E x a m p l e s :

T a n 3 0 °

= . 5 7 7 3 5

T a n 3 0 ° 3 0

=

m g c l o _

T a n 3 0 ° 4 0

= . 5 9 2 9 7

T a n 3 0 ° 5 9

3 0 °

1 4

5 1 7 , 4 1

C 4 s i n 4 t

C o b n .

S c a n t

C o w .

I R

0

. 5 0 0 0 0

. 8 6 6 0 3

. 5 7 7 3 5

1 . 7 3 2 0

1 1 5 4 7

2 0 0 0 0

6 0

1

. 5 0 0 2 5

. 8 6 5 8 3

. 5 7 7 7 4

. 7 3 0 9

. 1 5 4 9

1 . 9 9 9 0 5 9

2

. 5 0 0 5 0

. 6 6 5 7 3

. 5 7 8 1 3

. 7 7 9 7

. 1 5 5 1

. 9 9 0 0

5 3

3

. 5 0 0 1 5

. 1 6 5 5 9

. 5 7 8 5 1

. 7 7 8 6 . 1 5 5 3

. 9 9 7 0 5 7

4

. 5 0 1 0 1

. 8 6 5 4 4

. 5 7 8 9 0

. 7 2 7 4

. 1 5 5 5

. 9 9 6 0 5 6

5

. 5 0 1 2 6

. 8 6 5 3 0

. 5 7 9 2 9

1 . 7 2 6 2

1 . 7 5 5 7

1 . 9 9 5 0

5 5

6

. 5 0 1 5 1

. 8 6 5 1 5

. 5 7 9 6 3

. 7 2 5 1

. 1 5 5 9

. 9 9 4 0

5 4

7

. 5 0 1 7 6

. 8 6 5 0 0

. 5 8 0 0 1

. 7 2 3 9

. 1 5 6 1

. 9 9 3 0

5 3

1

. 5 0 2 0 1

. 8 6 4 3 6

. 5 8 0 4 6

. 7 2 2 8

. 1 5 6 2

. 9 9 2 0 5 2

9

. 5 0 2 2 6

. 8 6 4 7 1

. 5 1 0 1 5

. 7 2 1 6 . 1 5 6 4 . 9 9 1 0

5 1

1 0

. 5 0 2 5 2

. 8 4 4 5 7

. 5 8 1 2 3

1 . 7 2 0 5

1 . 1 5 6 6

1 . 9 9 0 0

5 0

1 1

. 5 0 2 1 7

. 8 6 4 4 2

. 5 3 1 6 2

. 7 1 9 3

. 1 5 6 8

. 9 8 9 0 4 9

1 2

. 5 0 3 0 2

. 8 6 4 2 7

. 5 8 2 0 1

. 7 1 5 2

. 1 5 7 0

. 9 1 8 0

4 8

1 3 . 5 0 3 2 7

. 8 6 4 1 3

. 5 8 2 4 0

. 7 1 7 0

. 1 5 7 2 . 9 4 7 0 4 7

1 4 . 5 0 3 5 2

. 8 6 3 9 8

. 5 8 2 7 9

. 7 1 5 9

. 1 5 7 4

. 9 4 6 0 4 4

1 5

. 5 0 3 7 7 . 6 4 3 3 3

. 5 8 3 1 8

1 . 7 1 4 7

1 . 1 5 7 6

1 . 9 8 5 0

4 5

1 6

. 5 0 4 0 2

. 8 6 3 6 9

. 5 8 3 5 7

. 7 1 3 6

. 1 5 7 1

. 9 8 4 0 4 4

1 7 . 5 0 4 2 8

. 8 4 3 5 4

. 5 0 9 6

. 7 1 2 4

. 1 5 4 0

. 9 8 3 0 4 3

1 8

. 5 0 4 5 3 . 8 6 3 3 9

. 5 8 4 3 5

. 7 1 1 3 . 1 5 8 2

. 9 1 1 2 0

4 2 .

1 9

. 5 0 4 7 3

. 6 4 3 2 5

. 5 8 4 7 4

. 7 1 0 1

. 1 5 8 4

. 9 1 1 1

4 1

2 0 . 5 0 5 0 3

. 8 6 3 1 0

. 5 8 5 1 3

1 . 7 0 9 0

1 . 1 5 8 6

1 . 9 1 0 1

4 0

2 1

. 5 0 5 2 8

. 3 6 2 9 5

. 5 8 5 5 2

. 7 0 7 9

. 1 5 1 3

. 9 7 9 1 3 9

2 2

. 5 0 5 5 3

. 8 6 2 1 1

. 5 8 5 9 1

. 7 0 6 7

. 1 5 9 0

. 9 7 8 1

3 1

2 3

. 5 0 5 7 1

. 1 5 6 2 6 6

. 5 8 6 3 0

. 7 0 %

. 1 5 9 2

. 9 7 7 1 3 7

2 4

. 5 0 6 0 3

. 8 6 2 5 1

. 5 3 6 7 0

. 7 0 4 4

. 1 5 9 4

. 9 7 6 1

3 6

2 5

. 5 0 6 2 1

. 8 6 2 3 7

. 5 8 7 0 9

1 . 7 0 3 3

1 . 1 5 9 6 1 . 9 7 5 2 3 5

2 6

. 5 0 6 5 3

. 8 6 2 2 2

. 5 3 7 4 8

. 7 0 2 2

. 1 5 9 8 . 9 7 4 2

3 4

2 7

. 5 0 6 7 9

. 8 4 7 0 7

. 5 3 7 2 7

. 7 0 1 0

. 1 6 0 0

. 9 7 3 2

3 3

2 3

. 5 0 7 0 4

. 8 6 1 9 2

. 5 8 8 2 6

. 6 9 9 9

. 1 6 0 2

. 9 7 2 2

3 2

2 9

. 5 0 7 2 9

. 8 6 1 7 8

. 5 8 8 6 5

. 6 9 8 3

. 1 6 0 4

. 9 7 1 3

3 1

3 0

. 5 0 7 5 4

. 8 6 1 6 3

. . . ,

1 . 6 9 7 7

1 . 1 6 0 6

1 . 9 7 0 3

3 0

3 1

. 5 0 7 7 9

. 4 6 1 4 3

4

. 4

. 6 9 6 5

. 1 6 0 1 . 9 6 9 3 2 9

3 2 . 5 0 8 0 4

. 8 6 1 3 3

_

. 5 8 M

. 6 9 5 4 . 1 6 1 0 . 9 6 1 3 2 3

3 3

. 5 0 8 2 9

. 8 6 1 1 4

. 9 6 7 4 2 7

3 4

. 5 0 8 5 4

. 8 6 1 0 4

. 5 9 0 2 2

. 6 9 0 6 1

. 6 9 4 3

,

. 6 9 3 1

. 1 6 1 2

. 1 6 1 4 . 9 6 4 4

2 6

3 5

. 5 0 4 1 9

. 8 6 0 1 9

. 5 9 1 0 0

1 . 6 9 2 0

1 . 1 6 1 6 1 . 9 6 5 4 2 5

3 6

. 5 0 9 0 4

. 8 6 0 7 4

. 5 9 1 4 0

. 6 9 0 9

. 1 6 1 1

. 9 6 4 5 2 4

3 7 . 5 0 9 2 9 . 8 6 0 5 9

. 5 9 1 7 9

. 6 4 9 1

. 1 6 2 0 . 9 6 3 5

2 3

3 8

. 5 0 9 5 4

. 8 6 0 4 4

. 5 9 2 1 8

. 6 8 1 1

. 1 6 2 2

. 9 4 2 5

2 2

3 9 . 5 0 9 1 9

. 8 6 0 3 0

. 5 9 7 5 4

. 6 4 7 5

. 1 6 2 4

. 9 6 1 6 2 1

4 0

. 5 1 0 0 4

. 8 6 0 1 5

. 5 9 2 9 7

1 . 6 4 6 4

3 . 1 6 2 6 1 . 9 6 0 6

2 0

4 1

. 5 1 0 2 9

. 8 6 0 0 0

. 5 9 3 3 6

. 6 1 5 3

. 1 6 2 3

. 9 5 %

1 9

4 7

. 5 1 0 5 4

. 8 5 9 3 5

. 5 9 3 7 6

. 6 4 4 2

. 1 6 3 0 9 5 1 7 1 3

4 3

. 5 1 0 7 9

. 3 5 9 7 0

. 5 9 4 1 5

. 6 4 3 1

. 1 6 3 2

9 5 7 7

1 7

4 4

. 5 1 1 0 4

. 8 5 9 5 5

. 5 9 4 5 4

6 8 2 0

. 1 6 1 4

. 9 5 6 4

1 6

4 5

. 5 1 1 2 9

. 8 5 9 4 1 . 5 9 4 9 4

1 . 6 8 0 4

1 . 1 6 3 6 1 . 9 5 5 8

1 5

4 6

. 5 1 1 5 4

. 8 5 9 2 6

. 5 9 5 3 3

. 1 6 3 8

. 9 5 4 9 1 4

4 7

. 5 1 1 7 9

. 8 5 9 1 1

. 5 9 5 7 2

. 6 7 9 7

. 6 7 1 6 . 1 6 4 0

. 9 5 3 9 1 3

4 3

. 5 1 2 0 4

. 8 5 8 9 6

. 5 9 0 1 2

. 6 7 7 5 . 1 6 4 2

. 9 5 3 0 1 2

4 9

. 5 1 2 2 9

. 3 5 1 4 1

. 5 9 6 5 1

. 6 7 4 4

. 1 6 4 4

. 9 5 2 0

1 1

5 0

. 5 1 2 5 4

. 3 5 3 6 6

. 5 9 6 9 1

1 . 6 7 5 3

1 . 1 6 4 6 1 , 5 1 0

1 0

5 1

. 5 1 2 7 9

. 8 5 8 5 1

. 5 9 7 3 0

. 6 7 4 2

. 1 6 4 8

. 9 5 0 1

9

5 2 . 5 1 3 0 4

. 8 5 3 3 6

. 5 9 7 7 0

. 6 7 3 1 . 1 6 5 0

. 9 4 9 1

3

5 3

. 5 1 3 2 9

. 8 5 8 2 1

. 5 9 1 0 9

. 6 7 2 0

. 1 6 5 2

. 5 4 2 7

5 4

. 5 1 3 5 4

. 8 5 8 0 6

. 5 9 8 4 9

. 6 1 0 9

. 1 6 5 4

. 9 4 1 3

4

5 5

. 5 1 3 7 9

. 8 5 7 9 1

. 5 9 t 8 4

1 . 6 6 9 4

1 . 1 6 %

1 . 1 4 6 3 5

5 6

. 5 1 4 0 1

. 8 5 7 7 7

. 5 9 9 2 3

. 6 6 3 7 . 1 6 5 3 . 9 1 5 1 4

5 7 . 5 1 4 2 9

. 8 5 7 6 2

. 5 9 9 6 7

. 6 6 7 6

. 1 6 6 0

3 4 1 4 3

S 8

. 5 1 4 5 4

. 8 5 7 4 7

. 1 g

. 6 6 6 5

. 1 6 6 2

. 9 4 3 5 2

5 9

. 5 1 4 7 9

. 8 5 1 3 2

1 1 7 ; 2 1

. 6 6 5 4

. 9 4 2 5 1

6 0

. 5 1 5 0 4 .

. 3 5 7 1 7

. -

1 . 6 4 4 1

. 1 6 4 4

1 . 1 6 6 6 1 . 9 4 1 6 0

A l

r o s i n

S i m

C 4 1 s e .

T a n .

C o s a . S e o u l N

7 3

B E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

5 9 °

1 6 0

1 1

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T o r e a d t h i s s a m e p a g e w h i c h h a s a 3 0 ° a t t h e t o p c e n t e r b u t f o r t h e T a n e f o r 5 9 ° ,

y o u w o u l d r e a d i t f r o m t h e b o t t o m u p . T h e 4 t h c o l u m n f r o m t h e r i g h t s i d e l a b e l e d a t

t h e b o t t o m " T a n " i s h o w y o u r e a d t h e t a n g e n t s f o r 5 9 ° . F i n d t h e s e e x a m p l e s f o r 5 9 ° .

3 0 0

E x a m p l e s :

T a n 5 9 °

= 1 . 6 6 4 3

T a n 5 9 ° 3 0

= 1 . 6 1 7 7

T a n 5 9 ° 4 0

= 1 . 7 0 9 0

T a n 5 9 ° 5 9

E x e r c i s e s

W P M

A I

S o w

C u m

I a n

C e l a n

S s c s n l C 6 4 4 c . I

1 1

0

5 0 0 0 0

8 6 6 0 3

5 7 7 3 5

1 1 5 4 7

4

2 0 0 0 0

6 0

I

. 5 0 0 2 5

8 6 5 1 1

5 7 7 7 4

1 5 4 9

1 9 9 9 0

5 9

2

. 5 0 0 5 0 8 6 5 7 3

. 5 7 8 1 3

1 5 5 1

9 9 8 0

5 8

1

. 5 0 0 7 5 8 6 5 5 9 . 5 7 8 5 1 7 2 8 6

1 5 5 1

1 9 7 0

5 7

4

. 5 0 1 0 1

8 6 5 4 4

. 5 7 8 9 0

7 7 7 1

1 5 5 5

9 9 6 0

5 6

5

. 5 0 1 7 6

. 8 6 5 3 0

. 5 7 9 1 9

1 . 7 2 6 2

1 1 5 5 1

I 9 9 5 0 5 5

6

. 5 0 1 5 1

6 6 5 1 5

5 7 9 6 6

7 2 5 1

1 5 5 9

. 9 9 4 0

5 1

7

. 5 0 1 7 6

8 6 5 0 0

. 5 8 0 0 7

1 2 3 9

1 5 6 1

9 9 3 0

5 3

1

5 0 2 0 1

. 8 6 4 8 6

5 8 0 4 6

. 7 2 2 8 1 5 6 7

. 9 9 2 0

5 2

S

. 5 0 2 2 6

. 8 6 4 7 1

. 5 8 0 8 5

7 7 1 6

1 5 6 4

9 9 1 0

5 1

1 0

. 5 0 2 5 2

. 8 6 1 5 7

5 6 1 7 3

1 . 7 2 0 5

1 . 1 5 6 6

1 . 9 9 6 0

5 0

I I

. 5 0 2 7 7

. 8 6 4 1 2

. 5 8 1 6 2

7 1 9 3 1 5 4 . 8

9 8 9 0

1 9

1 2

. 5 0 3 0 2

. 8 6 1 7 1

5 4 2 0 1

7 1 8 2

1 5 7 0

9 8 8 0 4 1

1 3

5 0 3 2 7

9 6 4 1 3

5 6 2 4 0

7 1 7 0

1 5 7 2

9 8 7 0 4 7

1 4

. 5 0 3 5 7

8 6 3 9 8 . 5 8 2 7 9

. 7 1 5 9

1 5 7 4

9 8 6 0

4 4

I S

5 0 3 7 7

. 8 6 3 1 3

. 5 8 3 1 8

1 . 7 1 4 7

1 1 5 7 6

1 9 8 5 0

4 5

1 6

. 5 0 4 0 2

8 6 3 6 9

. 5 1 3 5 7

. 7 1 3 6 1 5 7 8

9 8 4 0

4 4

1 7

. 5 0 4 2 8

. 8 6 3 5 4

. 5 8 3 9 6

. 7 1 2 4 1 5 6 0

9 6 3 0

4 3

1 8

. 5 0 4 5 3

. 8 6 3 3 9

. 5 1 4 3 5

. 7 1 1 3

1 5 8 2

9 8 2 0

4 2

1 9

. 5 0 4 7 8

. 8 6 3 2 5

. 5 4 1 4 7 4

. 7 1 0 1

1 5 8 4

9 8 1 1

4 1

2 0

. 5 0 5 0 3

8 6 3 1 0

5 8 5 1 3

1 . 7 0 9 0

1 1 5 8 6

1 9 8 0 1

4 0

2 1

. 5 0 5 2 1 1

. 7 6 7 9 5

. 5 8 5 5 2

. 7 0 1 9

1 5 8 8

9 7 9 1

3 9

7 2

. 5 0 5 5 3

. 8 6 7 1 1

. 5 6 5 9 1

7 0 6 7

1 5 9 0

9 7 3 1

3 8

2 3 5 0 5 7 1

8 6 2 6 6

. 5 8 6 3 0

7 0 5 6

1 5 9 2

9 1 7 1

3 7

2 4

. 5 0 6 0 3

8 6 7 5 1

. 5 8 6 1 0

7 0 1 4

1 5 9 4

9 7 6 1

3 6

2 5

. 5 0 6 7 1

. 8 6 2 3 7

. 5 8 7 0 9

1 . 7 0 3 3

I 1 5 %

I 9 7 5 2

3 5

z s

. 5 0 6 5 3

. 8 6 2 2 2

. 5 8 7 4 1

. 1 0 2 2

. 1 5 9 8

9 7 1 2

3 4

2 7

. 5 0 6 7 9

8 6 2 0 7

. 5 8 7 8 7

. 7 0 1 0 1 6 0 0

. 9 7 3 2

3 3

2 8

. 5 0 7 0 4

. 8 6 1 9 2

. 5 8 8 2 6

. 6 9 9 9

1 6 0 2

. 9 7 2 2

3 2

2 9

. 5 0 1 7 9

8 6 1 7 8

. 5 3 8 6 5

. 9 7 1 3 3 1

3 0

. 5 0 7 5 4

8 6 1 6 3

. 5 8 9 0 4

4 3 4

. 1 6 0 6

1 . 9 7 0 3

3 0

3 1

. s a n s

. 8 6 1 4 1

. 5 4 9 4 4

% 5 " a

4 % 5

. 1 6 0 1

. 9 6 9 3

2 9

3 2 . 5 0 8 0 1 . 8 6 1 3 3

. S i 9 3 3

. 6 9 5 4 1 6 1 0

. 9 6 8 3 2 8

3 3

. 5 0 8 2 9

. 8 6 1 1 8

. 5 9 0 2 2

. 6 9 4 3 . 1 6 1 2

. 9 6 7 1 2 7

3 4

. 9 3 6 5 4

8 6 1 0 4

. 5 9 0 6 1

6 9 3 1 . 1 6 1 4

9 6 4 4

2 6

3 5

. 5 0 1 7 9

8 6 0 8 9

. 5 9 1 0 0

I 6 9 2 0

1 . 1 6 1 6

1 . 9 6 5 4

2 5

3 6

. 5 0 9 0 4

. 8 6 0 1 4

5 9 1 4 0

. 6 9 0 9

. 1 6 1 1

. 9 6 1 5 2 4

3 7 . 5 0 9 2 9

. 8 6 0 5 9

. 5 9 1 7 9

. 6 8 9 3

. 1 6 2 0

. 9 6 3 5

2 3

3 8

. 5 0 9 5 4

. 8 6 0 4 4

. 5 9 2 1 8

. 6 8 1 7

. 1 6 2 2

. 9 6 2 5 2 2

3 9

. 5 0 9 7 9

8 6 0 3 0

. 5 9 2 5 0 . 6 8 7 5

1 6 2 4

. 9 6 1 6 2 1

4 0

. 5 1 0 0 4

. 8 6 0 1 5

. 5 5 7 9 7

1 . 6 8 5 4

1 . 1 6 2 6

1 . 9 6 0 6

2 0

4 1

. 5 1 0 2 5

8 6 0 0 0

. 5 9 3 3 6

. 6 8 5 3 . 1 6 2 1

. 9 5 %

1 9

1 2

. 5 1 0 5 4

8 5 9 4 5

. 5 9 3 7 6

. 1 6 3 0

9 5 8 7

1 8

4 3

. 5 1 0 7 9

. 8 5 9 7 0

. 5 9 4 1 5

. 6 E 4 2

. 6 1 3 1

. 1 6 3 2

1 5 7 1

1 7

4 4

. 5 1 1 0 4

. 8 5 9 5 5

. 5 9 4 5 4

6 8 7 0 . : 7 3 : .

. 9 5 6 1

1 6

4 5

. 5 1 1 2 9

. 8 5 1 4 1

. 5 9 4 1 4

1 . 6 8 0 6

1 . 1 6 3 (

1 . 1 5 5 4

1 5

4 6

. 5 1 1 5 4

. 8 5 9 2 6

. 5 9 5 3 3

. 6 7 9 7

. 1 6 3 4

. 9 5 4 9

1 4

4 1

. 5 1 1 7 9

. 8 5 9 1 1

. 5 9 5 7 2

. 6 7 1 6

. 1 6 4 1 0

. 9 5 3 9 1 3

4 6 . 5 1 2 0 4

. 1 5 1 1 6

. 5 9 6 1 2

. 6 7 7 5

. 1 6 4 2

. 1 5 3 0

1 2

4 9

. 5 1 2 7 9

8 5 6 E 1

. 5 9 6 5 1

. 6 1 6 4 1 6 4 4

. 9 5 2 0

I I

5 0

. 5 1 2 5 4

. 6 5 3 6 1

. 5 9 6 9 1

1 . 6 7 5 3

1 . 1 6 4 6

1 . 9 5 1 0

1 0

5 1

. 5 1 2 7 9

. 3 5 1 5 1

. 5 9 7 3 0

. 6 7 1 2 . 1 6 4 8

. 9 5 0 1 9

5 2

. 5 1 3 0 4

. 8 5 6 3 6

. 5 9 7 7 0

. 6 7 3 1

. 1 6 5 0 . 9 4 9 1

1

5 3 . 5 1 3 2 9

. 8 5 8 2 1

. 5 9 1 0 9

. 6 7 2 0

1 6 5 2

. 9 4 8 2

7

5 4

. 5 1 3 5 4

. 8 5 1 0 6

. 5 9 8 4 9

. 6 1 0 9

. 1 6 5 4

. 9 1 7 3

6

5 5

. 5 1 3 7 9

. 1 5 7 9 1

. 5 9 1 1 8

1 . 6 6 9 1 I 1 6 5 6

1 . 9 4 6 3

5

5 6

. 5 1 4 0 4

8 5 7 7 7

. 5 9 1 2 8

. 1 6 5 5

5 4 5 4

4

5 7 . 5 1 4 2 9

. 8 5 7 6 2

. 5 9 4 6 7

. 6 6 1 7

. 6 4 7 6

. 1 6 6 0

. 9 4 4 4

3

5 8

. 5 1 1 5 4

. 8 5 1 4 1

. 6 0 0 0 7

. 6 6 6 5

. 1 6 6 2

. 9 4 3 5 2

5 9

. 5 1 4 7 9

. 1 5 7 3 2

. 6 0 0 4 6

. 6 6 5 4

. 1 6 6 4

. 9 4 2 5

1

6 0

. 5 1 5 0 4 .

. 1 1 5 7 1 7

. 6 0 0 1 6

1 . 6 6 4 3 1 . 1 6 6 4

1 . 5 4 1 6

0

3 1

C e s k t ,

S i m i

t i t a n .

E a

C o . . : .

S e c a n t

4 4

5 9 '

U s i n g t h e p a g e f r o m T h e P i p e F i t t e r s B l u e B o o k s h o w n a b o v e t h a t s h o w s t h e T a n f o r

3 0 ° ( f o u r t h c o l u m n f r o m t h e l e f t r e a d d o w n t h e p a g e ) a n d t h e T a n f o r 5 9 ° ( f o u r t h

c o l u m n f r o m t h e r i g h t r e a d u p t h e p a g e ) , d o t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d p r o b l e m s .

E x a m p l e :

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 2 0 . a n d t h e r a d i u s

i s 1 6 " .

t a k e o u t

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 6 0 ° 2 0

x

1 6 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 3 0 ° 1 0

x

1 6 "

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

0 . 5 8 1 2 3

9 . 2 9 9 6 8 "

x

1 6 "

7

1 2

r f ' . . . . r `

A V A I L A B L E

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I n t h e p r o b l e m s b e l o w u s e a c o p y o f p a g e 1 6 0 f r o m

T h e P i p e f i t t e r s B l u e B o o k f o u n d

o n p a g e 1 2 .

1 .

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 4 4

a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 2 8 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

"

=

T a n k

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 ° 4 4

x

2 8 "

2

= T a n

x

2 8 "

=

x

2 8 "

2 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 5 8

a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 6 " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n - 9

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 6 0 ° 5 8

x

6 "

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n

x

6 "

t a k e o u t

=

x

6 "

t a k e o u t

=

"

3 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 2 " 6 0 ° 3 8 e l l .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n s y

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a 1 2 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S o r 1 1 / 2 x 1 2 " )

t a k e o u t

T a n 6 0 ° 3 8

x

2

1 8 "

t a k e o u t

=

T a n

x

1 8 "

t a k e o u t

=

x

1 8 "

t a k e o u t

=

I f

0

n

1 3

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4 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 6 0 " 6 0 ° 4 6 e l l .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a t o p " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S o r 1 1 / 2 x 6 0 " )

t a k e o u t

T a n 6 0 ° 4 6

x

2

9 0 "

t a k e o u t

=

T a n x

9 0 "

t a k e o u t

=

x 9 0 "

t a k e o u t

=

I t

5 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 8 a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 7 2 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 ° 8

x

7 2 "

2

=

T a n

x

7 2 "

=

x

7 2 "

t a k e o u t

=

6 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 1 2 a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 9 6 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0 x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 ° 1 2 x

9 6 "

2

=

T a n

x

9 6 "

=

x

9 6 "

I t

8 1

1 4

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A n s w e r s

1 .

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 4 4 a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 2 8 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n . 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 ° 4 4

x

2 8 "

2

=

T a n 3 0 ° 2 2

x 2 8 "

=

0 . 5 8 5 9 1

x 2 8 "

1 6 . 4 0 5 4 8 "

2 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 5 8 a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 6 " .

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 6 0 ° 5 8

x

6 "

2

t a k e o u t

= T a n 3 0 ° 2 9

x

6 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 5 8 8 6 5

x 6 "

t a k e o u t

=

3 . 5 3 1 9 "

3 .

F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 1 2 " 6 0 ° 3 8 e l l .

t a k e o u t T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a 1 2 " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S o r 1 1 / 2 x 1 2 " )

t a k e o u t

T a n 6 u ° 3 8

x 1 8 "

2

t a k e ° L A

=

T a n 3 0 ° 1 4

x

1 8 "

t a k e o u t

=

0 . 5 8 2 7 9

x

1 8 "

t a k e o u t

=

1 0 . 4 9 0 2 2 "

c o

1 5

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4 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t f o r a 6 0 " 6 0 ° 4 6 e l l .

t a k e o u t

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

( R e m e m b e r : t h e r a d i u s o f a W " e l l i s 1 1 / 2 x N P S o r 1 1 / 2 x 6 0 " )

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

T a n 6 0 ° 4 6 x

9 0 "

2

= T a n 3 0 ° 2 3

x

9 0 "

=

. 5 8 6 3 0 x

9 0 "

=

5 2 . 7 6 7 "

5 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 8 a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 7 2 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 9 x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 ° 8

x 7 2 "

2

=

T a n 3 0 ° 4 x

7 2 "

=

. 5 7 8 9 0 x

7 2 "

4 1 . 6 8 0 8 "

6 . F i n d t h e t a k e o u t w h e n t h e a n g l e o f t h e T a n i s 6 0 ° 1 2 a n d t h e r a d i u s i s 9 6 " .

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

t a k e o u t

=

T a n 0

x

r a d i u s o f t h e e l l

2

=

T a n 6 0 ° 1 2

x

9 6 "

2

=

T a n 3 0 ° 6

x

9 6 "

=

. 5 7 9 6 8

x

9 6 "

=

5 5 . 6 4 9 2 8 "

8 3

1 6

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R e a d i n g & S o l v i n g

a s i c

P i p e t i t t i n g

P r b l e

s

# 3

A s s o c i a t e d B u i l d e r s & C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c .

E B R A d u l t & C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n

8 4

r 2 7 Y

P P '

E

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U l m i n s t k u c t i o n a P n t a t e k i d s w e m a d e p o s s i b Q e t k k o u g k a u 4 l a t i o n a l 2 c W o k b p k a c e

g i t e t a t t i

g b u t

f u n d e d t i k o u g k t k e 4 l S .

a p a k t i n e x t

2 , d u e a t i o n P u m i ( ) J u m b o

1 ,

1 9 9 2 , t o T e e e s i b a k 3 1 , 1 9 9 2 , a t t h e t k a i s i n g c a d e t o f t k e T e f i e a n C k a p t e k o f

L k : w a d e d T u t P d a k s a n d C o n t k a e t a t s i n T a t o n 4 2 o u g e , g o u i g i a n a .

9 1 t e

p a t e / I : e t / a t e p a k t n e t s k i p i n v o k v e d i x t k e p k o i e e t i n c l u d e d t k e l a s t T a i o n c R o u g e

P a k g e k o o k s L A d u f t a n d C o n t i n u i n g P , d u c a t i o n c D e p a k t m e n t a n d t k e g k e a t e k c e a t o n

4 2 o u g e C k a n t b e k o f ) C o n n e t c e . O l e c o n t e n t s d o n o t I t e c e s s a d y k e p k e s e n t t k e p o k i e g o 6

t h e T e p a k t i n e n t

8 d u e a t i o n , a n d y o u g k o u Q d n o t m u o n e e n d o k s e r n e n t b y t k e

V e d e , k a P D o v e

e a t .

G P x o i e t t m a t :

T a n & c l i J a k ( M A a n d C o n t i n u i n g g d u . e a t i o n

e u x k i e d u n t ( M a a s : T i t q a a n d a A l a i n g o t t , g s c u

c D e b b i e g a g m a n , S g q t

T n . % e a t o V a r e g ,

U e a c k E n g a a i i :

c a g y m c D c l a k a g e

J e a n n e C k a p m a n

( P a i n e c R e g n o P d s

9 1 e t e m a t t / t a r t o n e s o t b e k e p t o d e e e d w t t l k o a t

w a t t E P A p e u s z n i e e ( . t o i e S o l t c R a E o r t 4 2 D a g e S t i o o f d i e x

L i e z t o c i a i x d c g a i l d e n a s d C k e t t a c t o k e - T e k a a C i e p

t A q 3 C U t a t

A u g

C a t

1 9 2 6 1 % ( t g l i f e A d ( P o u t

c a n t o s 4 2 o e g e .

g o o t t a a 7 0 8 0 9

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B a s i c P i p e f i t t i n g # 3

W h e n y o u n e e d t o c o n n e c t t w o p i p e s a n d y o u c a n n o t u s e a 4 5 ° o r 9 0 ° e l b o w ,

t h e r e a r e f o u r s t e p s y o u m u s t a d d i n t o t h e s t e p s e x p l a i n e d i n R e a d i n g a n d S o l v i n g

P i p e f i t t i n g P r o b l e m s # 2 . Y o u c a n u s e t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l s t e p s i n a l l p i p e f i t t e r p r o b l e m s

i f y o u d o n o t k n o w t h e a n g l e s o f t h e e l b o w s y o u w i l l u s e o r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t .

S t e p 1

F i n d T a n g e n t

L e t u s l o o k a t t h e p r o b l e m b e l o w w h i c h h a s t w o p i p e s t h a t a r e a t o d d a n g l e s t o

e a c h o t h e r .

I n o r d e r t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s w e m u s t " s e e " a t r i a n g l e b e t w e e n

t h e s e t w o p i p e s .

W e m u s t f i n d o u t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e t w o s i d e s o f t h e t r i a n g l e . O n e s i d e o f t h e

t r i a n g l e i s l a b e l e d " a " a n d t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e t r i a n g l e i n l a b e l e d " b . " Y o u

n e e d t o m e a s u r e t h e l e n g t h o f e a c h o f t h e s e s i d e s . B e s u r e w h e n y o u

m e a s u r e t h a t i f y o u m e a s u r e f r o m t h e b o t t o m o f o n e p i p e , y o u m e a s u r e t o t h e

b o t t o m o f t h e o t h e r p i p e ( o r t h e t o p t o t h e t o p ) .

1

8 6

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W h a t i s t h e " a " a n d " b " d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e p i p e s b e l o w ?

I . a - - - 1 4 , b = 8 ;

2 . a = 2 4 , b = 2 0 :

W h e n y o u a r e i n t h e f i e l d , y o u c a n d r o p a p l u m b l i n e a n d m e a s u r e i t t o f i n d o u t

t h e l e n g t h o f s i d e " b " ( i n m a t h , t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e " o p p o s i t e " s i d e o f

a n a n g l e ) .

N .

8 e i

2

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F i n d t h e l e n g t h o f s i d e " a " b y m e a s u r i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

f r o m t h e p l u m b

l i n e t o t h e f a c e o f t h e o t h e r p i p e ( i n m a t h , t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e

" a d j a c e n t " s i d e o f a n

a n g l e ) .

U s e t h e l e n g t h s o f s i d e s " a " a n d s i d e " b " t o f i n d t a n g e n t . T h e

f o r m u l a f o r

t a n g e n t i s :

t a n g e n t = o p p o s i t e

a d j a c e n t

H e r e i s a n e x a m p l e o f h o w t o f i n d a t a n g e n t i n a p i p e f i t t e r ' s w o r k .

t a n g e n t =

o p p o s i t e =

1 6 3 / 4 " =

. 8 3 7 5 ( t a n ) =

3 9 . 9 5 °

a d j a c e n t

x ) "

= t h e e l b o w i s a 4 0 ° e l b o w .

8 6

3

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S t e p 2 F i n d O f f s e t ( h y p o t e n u s e )

T o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t ( i n m a t h t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e

h y p o t h e n u s e o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ) u s e t h e f o r m u l a :

a 2

+

b 2

=

c 2

a 2

+

b 2

=

c

1 6 . 7 5 2 +

2 0 2

=

c

2 8 0 . 5 6 2 5 + 4 0 0

=

c

6 8 0 . 5 6 2 5

2 6 . 0 8 7 5 "

S t e p 3 F i n d T a k e O u t

=

c

=

c

N e x t , y o u s h o u l d f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e t a k e o u t .

L e t ' s s a y y o u h a v e a 6 " p i p e

a n d t h e e l b o w i s a 4 0 3 e l b o w ( f r o m s t e p 1 ) .

U s e t h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a t o f i n d

t h e t a k e o u t .

T a k e o u t

=

t a n 8

x

r a d i u s

2

T a k e o u t

=

t a n 2 0 °

x

9 "

T a k e o u t

=

0 . 3 6 4 0

x 9 "

T a k e o u t

=

3 . 2 7 6 "

8 9

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S t e p 4 F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e

T h e f o r m u l a f o r c u t l e n g t h i s :

G a p i s 1 / 8 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

R u n

-

2 T a k e o u t s

2 G a p s

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 6 . 0 8 7 5

2 ( 3 . 2 7 6 )

2 ( . 1 2 5 )

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 6 . 0 8 7 5

6 . 5 5 2

. 2 5

C u t l e n g t h

=

1 9 . 2 0 5 "

L e t ' s l o o k a t s o m e o t h e r s i m p l e o f f s e t p r o b l e m s .

1 . Y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o 4 " p i p e s . Y o u m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o

p i p e s a n d f i n d s i d e a = 2 3 " a n d s i d e b = 1 7 . " W h a t a n g l e d o t h e e l b o w s n e e d t o b e

a n d w h a t i s t h e s i z e o f t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s ?

S t e p 1

F i n d t a n g e n t

t a n g e n t =

o p p o s i t e =

2 3

=

1 . 3 5 3 =

a d j a c e n t

1 7

= t h e e l b o w i s a 5 3 . 5 ° e l b o w .

S t e p 2

F i n d O f f s e t ( h y p o t e n u s e )

5 3 . 5 °

T o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t ( i n m a t h t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e h y p o t h e n u s e o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ) u s e y o u r c a l c u l a t o r w i t h t h e f o r m u l a b e l o w :

a 2

+

b 2 =

c 2

2 3 2 +

1 7 2 =

c

5 2 9

+

2 8 9

=

c

8 1 8

=

c

2 8 . 6 "

= c

5

9 0

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R i g h t a n g l e s c a n a l s o

b e s e e n i n o t h e r p i p e p r o b l e m s . S e e t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s i n

t h e 9 0 ° e l b o w p r o b l e m

b e l o w . D o y o u s e e t h e h y p o t e n u s e , a d j a c e n t a n d o p p o s i t e

s i d e s o f t h e t r i a n g l e ?

C a n y c u

s e e t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e i n t h e 4 5 ° e l b o w p r o b l e m b e l o w ? D o

y o u s e e t h e

h y p o t e n u s e ,

a d j a c e n t a n d o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f t h e t r i a n g l e ?

H e r e i s a n o t h e r l a y o u t o f

a 9 0 : p i p e p r o b l e m . D o y o u s e e t h e h y p o t e n u s e ,

a d j a c e n t a n d

o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ?

9 1

B E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

5 a .

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T e s t y o u r s e l f .

I n t h e p i p e d r a w i n g s b e l o w w h i c h s i d e i s t h e t r i a n g l e ' s h y p o t e n u s e ,

a d j a c e n t s i d e , a n d

o p p o s i t e s i d e ?

2 .

3 .

A n s w e r s

l a h y p 3 1 t . , - , F - e

1 ' 3

1 . :

a d : r o n t

2 a o p p o c t c

2 t h , c c t e ^ . : s e

a d , a , : e n t

3 a a d j a c e n t

3 b o p p o s . t e

3 c h y p o t e n u s e

5 b .

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I n t h e t r i a n g l e s b e l o w p r a c t i c e " s e e i n g " t h e r i g h t t r i a n g l e s . W h e n y o u t h i n k y o u

f o u n d t h e m , t u r n t h e p a g e a n d c o m p a r e y o u r a n s w e r s w i t h t h e o n e s d r a w n o n p a g e

5 d .

2 .

3 .

5 c .

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H e r e a r e t h e t r i a n g l e s f o u n d o n p a g e 5 c w i t h t h e t r i a n g l e s d r a w n t h e m . D i d y o u

" s e e " t h e h y p o t e n u s e , a d j a c e n t a n d o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f t h e t r i a n g l e ?

3 .

9

5 d .

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S t e p 3

F i n d T a k e O u t

T h e t a k e o u t o f a 4 " p i p e i s

T a k e o u t

=

t a n 5 3 . 5

x

2

T a k e o u t

=

t a n 2 6 . 7 5 °

x

T a k e o u t

= 0 . 4 9 8 7

x

T a k e o u t

= 2 . 9 9 2 "

r a d i u s o f 4 " p i p e i s 6 "

r a d i u s

6 "

6 "

S t e p 4 F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e

T h e f o r m u l a f o r c u t l e n g t h i s :

G a p i s 1 / 8 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

R u n

-

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 8 . 6 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 8 . 6 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 2 . 3 6 6 "

2 T a k e o u t s

-

2 G a p s

2 ( 2 . 9 9 2 )

2 ( . 1 2 5 )

5 . 9 8 4 4 "

. 2 5 "

o r

1 ' 1 0 3 / 8 "

2 . Y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o 6 " p i p e s . Y o u m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n

t h e t w o

p i p e s a n d f i n d s i d e a = 2 ' a n d s i d e b = 3 ' . W h a t a n g l e d o t h e e l b o w s n e e d t o b e

a n d

w h a t i s t h e s i z e o f t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s ?

t a n g e n t =

o p p o s i t e =

a d j a c e n t

3 '

o p o n e w n r o k

" 5 1

9 5

( c f ) f l o S

1 4 - e )

6

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S t e p 1

F i n d t a n g e n t

t a n g e n t =

o p p o s i t e =

2

=

. 6 6 6 7 =

5 3 . 5 °

a d j a c e n t

3

U s e t h e T a n c h a r t b e l o w t o f i n d t h e T a n

D e g R a d i a n

S i n 8

C o s 0

T a n 0

C o t 8

S e c 0

C s c 0

7 f 5 0 . 3 9 2 7

0 . 3 8 2 7

0 . 9 2 3 9

0 . 4 1 4 2

2 . 4 1 4 2

1 . 0 8 2 4

2 . 6 1 3 1

1 . 1 7 8 1

6 7 . 5

2 3

0 . 4 0 1 4

0 . 3 9 0 7

0 . 9 2 0 5

0 . 4 2 4 5

2 . 3 5 5 9

1 . 0 8 6 4

2 . 5 5 9 3

1 . 1 6 9 4

6 7

2 3 - 5

0 . 4 1 0 2

0 . 3 9 8 7

0 . 9 1 7 1

0 . 4 3 4 8

2 . 2 9 9 8 1 . 0 9 0 4

2 . 5 0 7 8

1 . 1 6 0 6

6 6 . 5

2 4 0 . 4 1 8 9

0 . 4 0 6 7

0 . 9 1 3 5

0 . 4 4 5 2

2 . 2 4 6 0

1 . 0 9 4 6

2 . 4 5 8 6

1 . 1 5 1 9

6 6

2 4 . 5

0 . 4 2 7 6 0 . 4 1 4 7

0 . 9 1 0 0

0 . 4 5 5 7

2 . 1 9 4 3

1 . 0 9 8 9

2 . 4 1 1 4

1 . 1 4 3 2

6 5 . 5

2 5 0 . 4 3 6 3

0 . 4 2 2 6

0 . 9 0 6 3

0 . 4 6 6 3

2 . 1 4 4 5

1 . 1 0 3 4

2 . 3 6 6 2

1 . 1 3 4 5

6 5

2 5 . 5 0 . 4 4 5 1

0 . 4 3 0 5

0 . 9 0 2 6

0 . 4 7 7 0

2 . 0 9 6 5 1 . 1 0 7 9

2 . 3 2 2 8

1 . 1 2 5 7

6 4 . 5

2 6

0 . 4 5 3 . 8

0 . 4 3 8 4

0 . 8 9 8 8

0 . 4 8 7 7

2 . 0 5 0 3

1 . 1 1 2 6

1 . . 2 8 1 2

1 . 1 1 7 0

6 4

2 6 . 5 0 . 4 6 2 5

0 . 4 4 6 2

0 . 8 9 4 9

0 . 4 9 8 6

2 . 0 0 5 7

1 . 1 1 7 4

' , . . . 2 4 1 2

1 . 1 0 8 3

6 3 . 5

2 7 0 . 4 7 1 2

0 . 4 5 4 0

0 . 8 9 1 0 0 . 5 0 9 5

1 . 9 6 2 6 1 T 2 2 3

2 . 2 0 2 7

1 . 0 9 9 6

6 3

2 7 . 5

0 . 4 8 0 0

0 . 4 6 1 7

0 . 8 8 7 0

0 . 5 2 0 6 1 . 9 2 1 0

1 . 1 2 7 4

2 . 1 6 5 7

1 . 0 9 0 8

6 2 . 5

2 8 0 . 4 8 8 7

0 . 4 6 9 5 0 . 8 8 2 9

0 . 5 3 1 7

1 . 8 8 0 7

1 . 1 3 2 6

2 . 1 3 0 1

1 . 0 8 2 1

6 2

2 8 . 5

0 . 4 9 7 4

0 . 4 7 7 2

0 . 8 7 8 8

0 . 5 4 3 0

1 . 8 4 1 8

1 . 1 3 7 9

2 . 0 9 5 7

1 . 0 7 3 4

6 1 . 5

2 9 0 . 5 0 6 1

0 . 4 8 4 8 0 . 8 7 4 6

0 . 5 5 4 3

1 . 8 0 4 0

1 . 1 4 3 4

2 . 0 6 2 7

1 . 0 6 4 7

6 1

2 9 . 5

0 . 5 1 4 9 0 . 4 9 2 4 0 . 8 7 0 4 0 . 5 6 5 8

1 . 7 6 7 5 1 . 1 4 9 0

2 . 0 3 0 8

1 0 5 5 9

6 0 . 5

3 0

0 . 5 2 3 6 0 . 5 0 0 0

0 . 8 6 6 0

0 . 5 7 7 4

1 . 7 3 2 1

1 . 1 5 4 7

2 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 0 4 7 2

6 0

3 0 5

0 . 5 3 2 3

0 . 5 0 7 5

0 . 8 6 1 6

0 . 5 8 9 0

1 . 6 9 7 7

1 . 1 6 0 6

1 . 9 7 0 3

1 . 0 3 8 5

5 9 . 5

3 1 0 . 5 4 1 1

0 . 5 1 5 0

0 . 8 5 7 2

0 . 6 0 0 9 1 . 6 6 4 3

1 . 1 6 6 6

1 . 9 4 1 6

1 . 0 2 9 7

5 9

3 1 5

0 . 5 4 9 8

0 . 5 2 2 5 0 . 8 5 2 6

0 . 6 1 2 8

1 . 6 3 1 9

1 . 1 7 2 8

1 . 9 1 3 9

1 . 0 2 1 0

5 8 . 5

3 2

0 . 5 5 8 5

0 . 5 2 9 9 0 . 8 4 8 0

0 . 6 2 4 9

1 . 6 0 0 3

1 . 1 7 9 2

1 . 8 8 7 1

1 . 0 1 2 3

5 8

3 2 - 5 0 . 5 6 7 2

0 . 5 3 7 3

0 . 8 4 3 4

0 . 6 3 7 1 1 . 5 6 9 7

1 . 1 8 5 7

1 . 8 6 1 2

1 . 0 0 3 6

5 7 . 5

3 3

0 . 5 7 6 0

0 . 5 4 4 6 0 . 8 3 8 7

0 . 6 4 9 4

1 . 5 3 9 9

1 . 1 9 2 4

1 . 8 3 6 1

0 . 9 9 4 8

5 7

3 3 . 5

0 . 5 8 4 7

0 . 5 5 1 9 0 . 8 3 3 9 0 . 6 6 1 9

1 . 5 1 0 8 1 . 1 9 9 2

1 . 8 1 1 8

0 . 9 8 6 1

5 6 . 5

3 4 0 . 5 9 3 4

0 . 5 5 9 2

0 . 8 2 9 0

0 . 6 7 4 5

1 . 4 8 2 6 1 . 2 0 6 2

1 . 7 8 8 3

0 . 9 7 7 4

5 6

3 4 5 0 . 6 0 2 1

0 . 5 6 6 4

0 . 8 2 4 1

0 . 6 8 7 3

1 . 4 5 5 0

1 . 2 1 3 4

1 . 7 6 5 5

0 . 9 6 8 7

5 5 . 5 .

3 5

0 . 6 1 0 9

0 . 5 7 3 6 0 . 8 1 9 2

0 . 7 0 0 2 1 . 4 2 8 1 1 . 2 2 0 8

1 . 7 4 3 4

0 . 9 5 9 9

5 6

3 5 . 5 0 . 6 1 9 6

0 . 5 8 0 7

0 . 8 1 4 1

0 . 7 1 3 3

1 . 4 0 1 9 1 . 2 2 8 3

1 . 7 2 2 1

0 . 9 5 1 2

5 4 . 5

3 6

0 . 6 2 8 3

0 . 5 8 7 8

0 . 8 0 9 0

0 . 7 2 6 5 1 . 3 7 6 4 1 . 2 3 6 1

1 . 7 0 1 3

0 . 9 4 2 5

5 4

5 3 - 5

6 . 5 0 . 6 3 7 0

0 . 5 9 4 8

0 . 8 0 3 9 0 . 7 4 0 0

1 . 3 5 1 4 1 . 2 4 4 0

1 . 6 8 1 2

0 . 9 3 3 8

3 7

0 . 6 4 5 8

0 . 6 0 1 8 0 . 7 9 8 6

0 . 7 5 3 6

1 . 3 2 7 0 1 . 2 5 2 1

1 . 6 6 1 6

0 . 9 2 5 0

5 3

3 7 . 5 0 . 6 5 4 5 0 . 6 0 8 8

0 . 7 9 3 4

0 . 7 6 7 3

1 . 3 0 3 2

1 . 2 6 0 5

1 . 6 4 2 7

0 . 9 1 6 3

5 2 . 5

3 8 0 6 6 3 2

0 . 6 1 5 7

0 . 7 8 8 0

0 . 7 8 1 3

1 . 2 7 9 9

1 . 2 6 9 0

1 . 6 2 4 3

0 . 9 0 7 6

5 2

3 8 . 5 0 . 6 7 2 0

0 . 6 2 2 5 0 . 7 8 2 6

0 . 7 9 5 4 1 . 2 5 7 2 1 . 2 7 7 8

1 . 6 0 6 4

0 . 8 9 8 8 5 1 . 5

3 9 0 . 6 8 0 7

0 . 6 2 9 3 0 . 7 7 7 1

0 . 8 0 9 8

1 . 2 3 4 9 1 . 2 8 6 8

1 . 5 8 9 0

0 . 8 9 0 1

5 1

3 9 . 5 0 . 6 8 9 4

0 . 6 3 6 1

0 . 7 7 1 6

0 . 8 2 4 3 1 . 2 1 3 1

1 . 2 9 6 0

1 . 5 7 2 1

0 8 8 1 4

5 0 . 5

4 0

0 . 6 9 8 1

0 . 6 4 2 8 0 . 7 6 6 0

0 . 8 3 9 1

1 . 1 9 1 8 1 . 3 0 5 4

1 . 5 5 5 7 0 . 8 7 2 7

5 0

4 0 . 5

0 . 7 0 6 9

0 . 6 4 9 4 0 . 7 6 0 4

0 . 8 5 4 1 1 . 1 7 0 8 1 . 3 1 5 1 1 . 5 3 9 8

0 . 8 6 3 9

4 9 . 5

4 1

0 . 7 1 5 6 0 . 6 5 6 1 0 . 7 5 4 7

0 . 8 6 9 3

1 . 1 5 0 4 1 . 3 2 5 0

1 . 5 2 4 3

0 . 8 5 5 2

4 9

4 1 . 5 0 . 7 2 4 3

0 . 6 6 2 6 0 . 7 4 9 0

0 . 8 8 4 7

1 . 1 3 0 3

1 . 3 3 5 2

1 . 5 0 9 2

0 . 8 4 6 5

4 8 . 5

4 2

0 . 7 3 3 0 0 . 6 6 9 1

0 . 7 4 3 1 0 . 9 0 0 4

1 . 1 1 0 6

1 . 3 4 5 6

1 . 4 9 4 5

0 . 8 3 7 8

4 8

4 2 . 5

0 . 7 4 1 8 0 . 6 7 5 6 0 . 7 3 7 3

0 . 9 1 6 3 1 . 0 9 1 3 1 . 3 5 6 3

1 . 4 8 0 2

0 . 8 2 9 0

4 7 . 5

4 3

0 . 7 5 0 5

0 . 6 8 2 0

0 . 7 3 1 4

0 . 9 3 2 5

1 . 0 7 2 4 1 . 3 6 7 3

1 . 4 6 6 3

0 . 8 2 0 3

4 7

4 3 . 5

0 . 7 5 9 2

0 . 6 8 8 4 0 . 7 2 5 4 0 . 9 4 9 0

1 . 0 5 3 8

1 . 3 7 8 6

1 . 4 5 2 7

0 . 8 1 1 6

4 6 . 5

4 4

0 . 7 6 7 9 0 . 6 9 4 7 0 . 7 1 9 3

0 . 9 6 5 7

1 . 0 3 5 5 1 . 3 9 0 ' 2

1 . 4 3 9 6

0 . 8 0 2 9

4 6

4 4 . 5

0 . 7 7 6 7

0 . 7 0 0 9 0 . 7 1 3 3 0 . 9 8 2 7

1 . 0 1 7 6

1 . 4 0 2 0

1 . 4 2 6 7

0 . 7 9 4 1

4 5 . 5

4 5

0 . 7 8 5 4

0 . 7 0 7 1 0 . 7 0 7 1

1 . 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0

1 . 4 1 4 2

1 . 4 1 4 2

0 . 7 8 5 4

4 5

C o s 0

S i n 0

C o t 0

T a n 0

C s c 0 S e c 0 R a d i a n

D e g

t h e e l b o w i s a 3 3 . 5 ' ) e l b o w .

7

9 6

R E S T C O P Y A V A I L A B L E

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S t e p 2

F i n d O f f s e t ( h y p o t e n u s e )

T o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t ( i n m a t h t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e h y p o t h e n u s e o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ) u s e y o u r c a l c u l a t o r w i t h t h e f o r m u l a b e l o w a n d c h a n g e t o

i n c h e s ( 1 " = 1 2 " ) :

a 2

2 4 2

S t e p 3

F i n d T a k e O u t

b 2

3 6 2

C 2

T h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a f o r a 6 " p i p e i s :

r a d i u s o f 6 " p i p e i s 9 "

T a k e o u t

=

t a n 3 3 . 5 °

x

r a d i u s

2

T a k e o u t

= t a n 1 6 . 7 5 °

x

9 "

( U s e t h e c h a r t o n t h e p a g e b e f o r e t o f i n d t h e t a n o f 1 6 . 7 5 ° )

T a k e o u t

T a k e o u t

9 7

9 "

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S t e p 4 F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e

T h e f o r m u l a f o r c u t l e n g t h i s :

G a p i s 1 / 8 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

R u n

2 T a k e o u t s - 2 G a p s

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 (

)

- 2 ( . 1 2 5 )

C u t l e n g t h

=

i i

- . 2 5 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

# 2 a n s w e r : 3 7 1 1 / 1 6 o r 3 ' 1 1 1 / 1 6

3 .

Y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o 1 4 " p i p e s . Y o u m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o

p i p e s a n d f i n d s i d e a

= 1 6 ' a n d s i d e b = 1 9 ' . W h a t a n g l e d o t h e e l b o w s n e e d t o

b e a n d w h a t i s t h e s i z e o f t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s ?

? : p a .

S t e p 1

F i n d t a n g e n t

t a n g e n t =

o p p o s i t e =

a d j a c e n t

/ I )

U s e t h e T a n c h a r t o n t h e p a g e 7 t o f i n d t h e T a n

-

9 8

P : P c .

0

9

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S t e p 2 F i n d O f f s e t ( h y p o t e n u s e )

T o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t ( i n m a t h t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e h y p o t h e n u s e o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ) u s e y o u r c a l c u l a t o r w i t h t h e f o r m u l a b e l o w a n d c h a n g e t o

i n c h e s ( 1 " = 1 2 " ) :

a 2

+

b 2

=

c 2

+

=

C

+

=

C

S t e p 3

F i n d T a k e O u t

T h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a f o r a 1 4 " p i p e i s :

T a k e o u t

T a k e o u t

T a k e o u t

T a k e o u t

t a n

t a n

0

2

0

r a d i u s o f 1 4 " p i p e i s

"

r a d i u s

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e

T h e f o r m u l a f o r c u t l e n g t h i s :

G a p i s 1 / 8 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

R u n

-

2 T a k e o u t s

- 2 G a p s

C u t l e n g t h = 2 (

)

2 ( . 1 2 5 )

C u t l e n g t h

=

, . , ,

- . 2 5 "

C u t l e n g t h =

# 3 a n s w e r s : 4 0 ' ; 2 3 ' 6 5 / 8 "

9 9

1 0

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4 . Y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o 1 0 " p i p e s . Y o u m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o

p i p e s a n d f i n d s i d e a = 8 ' 3 " a n d s i d e b = 6 ' . W h a t a n g l e d o t h e e l b o w s n e e d t o

b e a n d w h a t i s t h e s i z e o f t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s ?

S t e p 1

P t

F i n d t a n g e n t

t a n g e n t = o p p o s i t e =

a d j a c e n t

S t e p 2

F i n d O f f s e t ( h y p o t e n u s e )

0

T o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t ( i n m a t h t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e h y p o t h e n u s e o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ) u s e y o u r c a l c u l a t o r w i t h t h e f o r m u l a b e l o w a n d c h a n g e t o

i n c h e s ( 1 " = 1 2 " ) :

a 2

b 2

c 2

S t e p 3 F i n d T a k e O u t

T h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a f o r a 1 0 " p i p e i s :

r a d i u s o f 1 0 " p i p e i s

T a k e o u t

=

t a n

0

r a d i u s

2

T a k e o u t

=

t a n

°

x

T a k e o u t

=

x

T a k e o u t

=

. ,

1 1

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S t e p 4

F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e

T h e f o r m u l a f o r c u t l e n g t h i s :

G a p i s 1 / 8 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

R u n

2 T a k e o u t s

- 2 G a p s

C u t l e n g t h

=

2 ( )

- 2 ( . 1 2 5 )

C u t l e n g t h =

I t I I

- . 2 5 "

C u t l e n g t h

=

# 4 a n s w e r s : 5 4 ° a n d 8 ' 1 0 1 5 / 1 6 "

5 . Y o u a r e c o n n e c t i n g t w o 2 " p i p e s . Y o u m e a s u r e t h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o

p i p e s a n d f i n d s i d e a = 4 ' 8 " a n d s i d e b

= 7 ' 5 " . W h a t a n g l e d o t h e e l b o w s n e e d t o

b e a n d w h a t i s t h e s i z e o f t h e c u t l e n g t h o f p i p e t o c o n n e c t t h e s e p i p e s ?

S t e p 1

F i n d t a n g e n t

t a n g e n t =

o p p o s i t e =

a d j a c e n t

S t e p 2

F i n d O f f s e t ( h y p o t e n u s e )

0

T o f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f t h e o f f s e t ( i n m a t h t h i s i s c a l l e d t h e h y p o t h e r i u s e o f

t h e t r i a n g l e ) u s e y o u r c a l c u l a t o r w i t h t h e f o r m u l a b e l o w a n d c h a n g e t o

i n c h e s ( 1 " = 1 2 " ) :

a 2

b 2

c 2

1 2

1 0

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S t e p 3

F i n d T a k e O u t

T h e t a k e o u t f o r m u l a f o r a 2 " p i p e i s : r a d i u s o f 2 " p i p e i s

"

T a k e o u t

=

t a n

0

x r a d i u s

2

T a k e o u t

=

t a n °

x

, .

T a k e o u t

=

x

T a k e o u t

=

I I

S t e p 4

F i n d t h e c u t l e n g t h o f t h e c o n n e c t i n g p i p e

T h e f o r m u l a f o r c u t l e n g t h i s :

G a p i s 1 / 8 "

C u t l e n g t h

C u t l e n g t h

C u t l e n g t h

C u t l e n g t h

# 5 a n s w e r s : 3 2 ' a n d 8 ' 7 1 / 4 "

=

R u n

=

, _ -

=

-

2 T a k e o u t s

- 2 G a p s

2 (

) 2 ( . 1 2 5 )

, ,

- . 2 5 "