basic logging introduction overview
DESCRIPTION
eTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Basic Logging1.1- Introduction to Basic Logging Page 1
Introduction to Basic Logging
Introduction to Basic Logging
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Contents
1- Overview2- Classical Reservoirs3- The Logging Process4- Fundamentals of Log Interpretations
- Porosity- water Saturation- Permeability- The Invasion process
5- Vertical Resolution
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Contents
1- Overview2- Classical Reservoirs3- The Logging Process4- Fundamentals of Log Interpretations
- Porosity- water Saturation- Permeability- The Invasion process
5- Vertical Resolution
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OverviewWhat you should know
•Basic hydrocarbon geologyWhat you will learn
•What logging means•Different measurements we make•Understanding of log analysis•And how we use them•Simple log analysis
Tools you need
•Calculator or Excel•Ruler and pencil
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Contents
1- Overview2- Classical Reservoirs3- The Logging Process4- Fundamentals of Log Interpretations
- Porosity- water Saturation- Permeability- The Invasion process
5- Vertical Resolution
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Classical Reservoirs
Anticline Pinch-out
Angular UnconformityFault TrapSalt Dome
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GASGAS
OILOIL
WATERWATER
ShaleSandstone
Drilling Rigs
Salt
ShaleSandstone
Salt
ShaleSandstone
GasOilWater
sandstonesandstonepinch outpinch out
Mudstone
Oil and Gas Wells
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Contents
1- Overview2- Classical Reservoirs3- The Logging Process4- Fundamentals of Log Interpretations
- Porosity- water Saturation- Permeability- The Invasion process
5- Vertical Resolution
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The LoggingProcess
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Cased hole logging
CasingCement
Perforation & Production logging
Early
life o
f a w
ell
Open hole logging
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Why we log ?• Lithology (reservoir rock?)• Resistivity (HC,water,both?)• Porosity (how much HC?)• What type of HC
• Formation mech. properties• Permeability / cap pressure• Shape of the structure• Geological information• Geothermal• Unconventional applications
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Cond
ucto
r Cab
le
Tool-1Tool-2Tool-3Tool-4
What does logging mean?
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What does logging mean?
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Tool string is moving at a certain logging speed, and data are recorded at certain intervals called sampling rate.
MovingUp
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What does logging mean?
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MovingUp
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What does logging mean?
MovingUp
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What does logging mean?
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And we get a group of wiggly lines called a “log”
What does logging mean?
MovingUp
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First well logs recorded in 1927
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Modern logs have more measurements but the principle is the same
Gamma Ray (GR)
0 (GAPI) 150
SP (SP)
0 (MV) 200
FXND
50 (PU) 0
1:220 Ft Pad
-180 180
Rt from HALS
RX18
1 1000
1 1000
Rt from AITH
1 (OHMM) 1000
Mud Resistivity from HALS
1 1000
Mud Resistivity from AITH
1 (OHMM) 1000
AHTPR
5.007.75
12.0118.6228.8544.7269.81
107.43166.51258.08400.00
90 0 90
1700
1600
Gamma Ray (GR)
0 (GAPI) 150
SP (SP)
0 (MV) 200
FXND
50 (PU) 0
1:220 Ft Pad
-180 180
Rt from HALS
RX18
1 1000
1 1000
Rt from AITH
1 (OHMM) 1000
Mud Resistivity from HALS
1 1000
Mud Resistivity from AITH
1 (OHMM) 1000
AHTPR
5.007.75
12.0118.6228.8544.7269.81
107.43166.51258.08400.00
90 0 90
1700
Gamma Ray (GR)
0 (GAPI) 150
SP (SP)
0 (MV) 200
FXND
50 (PU) 0
1:220 Ft Pad
-180 180
Rt from HALS
RX18
1 1000
1 1000
Rt from AITH
1 (OHMM) 1000
Mud Resistivity from HALS
1 1000
Mud Resistivity from AITH
1 (OHMM) 1000
AHTPR
5.007.75
12.0118.6228.8544.7269.81
107.43166.51258.08400.00
90 0 90
1700
1600
Some times a large group of log curves are grouped and color coded into an “Image”.More on this later
Shading is often added to make the log curves easier to read.
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The Early Years—1912–1927
1912: Conrad conceives the idea for electrical measurements
1919: Marcel joins his brother–first work in Normandy
1921: Office opens in Paris, rue Saint–Dominique
1927: First electrical downhole log in Pechelbronn, France
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Logging Truck
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Maxis (MCM) acquisition system
Winch man
Wireline Engineer Acquisition Equipment
Wireline cable todownhole toolsCable drum
Unit EngineClient (“Witness”)
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Logging Tools
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Standard Logging String (Triple Combo)
Formation Gamma RayNeutron PorosityDensity (Porosity)Caliper (hole size)Pad Resistivity (good v.resolution)Resistivity (good depth investigation)Spontaneous PotentialMud Resistivity
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Open Hole Measurements :
• Wireline Logging.• LWD (Logging While Drilling)• Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)
Open Hole Measurements :
• Wireline Logging.• LWD (Logging While Drilling)• Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)
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Multiwell Plots
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Contents
1- Overview2- Classical Reservoirs3- The Logging Process4- Fundamentals of Log Interpretations
- Porosity- water Saturation- Permeability- The Invasion process
5- Vertical Resolution
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Fundamentals of Quantitative Log Interpretation
Log Interpretation is the process by which logging measurements are translated into the desired petrophysical parameters (porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, permeability, producibility, lithology etc)
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Objective of a Well
H= Constant . φ . (1−Sw ) . h . Α
whereH = initial oil in place
φ = effective porosity (How do we measure Porosity? )
Sw = initial water saturation (how do you get Sw ? )
h = productive interval
A = drainage area
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Porosity - Definition
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A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains but have the same porosityPorosity depends on grain packing, not the grain size
Porosity (Continued)
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Primary (Original) Porosity
Developed at deposition
Typified byIntergranular sandstonesIntercrystalline, oolitic carbonates
Usually more uniform than induced porosity
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Secondary (Induced) Porosity
Developed by geologic process occurring after deposition
Typified by Fracture development in some shales and carbonates Vugs and solution cavities in limestones and dolomites
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Pore-Space Classification
Total porosity, φt =
Effective porosity, φe =
VolumeBulkSpacePoreTotal
VolumeBulkSpacePorectedInterconne
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Comparison of Total and Effective Porosities
Very clean sandstones : φt = φe
Poorly to moderately well -cemented intergranular materials: φt ≈ φe
Highly cemented materials and most carbonates: φe< φt
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SaturationThe saturation of a formation represents the amount of a given fluid present in the
pore space.
The porosity logs react to the pore space.The resistivity logs react to the fluids in the pore space.The combination of the two measurements gives the saturation
Matrix
water
oil
Sw = S w irr + Sw "free"
So = S oresidual + So"free"
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Saturation Definitions – how do we obtain Sw?
HydrocarbonWater
Matrix
Φ.SwΦ. (1-Sw)
(1- Φ)
Φ. Sw = amount of water per unit volume
Φ. (1-Sw) =amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume
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Archie’s EquationArchie’s Equation
n
t
mw
wR
RaS =Water saturation, fraction
wSResistivity of formation water, Ω-mwR
Resistivity of uninvaded formation, Ω-m
tRPorosity, fraction
Empirical constant (usually near unity) a
Saturation exponent (also usually near 2)
n Cementation exponent (usually near 2)
m
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PermeabilityPermeability is a measure of the ease with which fluids can flow through a formation.
Note: To be permeable, a rock must have some interconnected pores, capillaries, or fractures. Hence, there exists some rough relationship between porosity and permeability. Greater permeability, in general, corresponds to greater porosity, but this is not an absolute rule.
Shale and some sands have high porosity but the grains are small that the paths available for the movement of fluid are quite restricted and tortuous; thus their permeabilities may be very low.
Limestone may be composed of a dense rock broken by a few small fractures of great extent. The porosity can be low but the permeability of a fracture can be enormous.
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The Invasion process
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Invasion
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InvasionInvasion
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Contents
1- Overview2- Classical Reservoirs3- The Logging Process4- Fundamentals of Log Interpretations
- Porosity- water Saturation- Permeability- The Invasion process
5- Vertical Resolution
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Volume of measurement
Sampling rateDepth of investigationVertical resolution
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Volume of measurement – vertical resolutionSpike response function
90% of response
FWHM(Full Width at Half Maximum)
Good vertical resolution Poor vertical resolution
FWHM used for statistical measurements, 90% point used for instantaneous measurements
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Volume of measurementvertical resolution+ sampling rate
Coarse sampling rate
Fine sampling rate
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Good VR
Poor VR
Real Signature
Enhanced VROf poor VR measurement
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SP
GR
GR has better vertical resolution compared with SP