basic instruments of interventional bronchoscopy ass. prof. sedat altin pulmonolog, interventional...
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Basic Instruments of Interventional Bronchoscopy
Ass. Prof. Sedat ALTINPulmonolog, interventional bronchoscopist
Rigid Bronchoscope
The newer modifications in the rigid bronchoscope have established it as the ideal instrument for debulking of large tumors in the major airways, dilatation of tracheobronchial strictures, laser bronchoscopy, insertion of airway prostheses (stents), and extraction of tracheobronchial foreign bodies.
Fiberoptic Bronchoscope
Flexible bronchoscopes with a larger working channel enable the bronchoscopist to insert larger biopsy forceps, balloon catheters, laser fibers, and other instruments into the airways to obtain larger and better-quality biopsy specimens.
Videobronchoscope
A flexible bronchoscope equipped with a charge-coupled device at its distal tip. The bronchoscopic images are digitally captured and transmitted to a video processor for display on a television monitor.
The advantage is that the excellent images can be simultaneously visualized by many, making it an excellent tool for teaching purposes. The images can also be stored in several digital formats.
Videobronchoscope
The disadvantages include the added expense of purchasing video equipment and a computer terminal, and the larger working and storage space required.
The major drawback is the loss of ability to view the image through the headpiece of the flexible bronchoscope; the bronchoscopist has to depend on the video monitor to visualize bronchoscopic findings. The image on the monitor is only as good as the monitor.
EndoBronchialUltraSound (EBUS)
The major advantage of this technique is the ability to visualize, via ultrasound, the extra-airway structures that cannot be seen through the bronchoscope. The major technical problem is the inability to consistently provide the coupling of the ultrasound probe to the bronchial wall to generate meaningful images of the extrabronchial structures. To overcome this, flexible bronchoscopes are being fitted with water-inflatable balloons. This will permit constant 360-degree contact between the wall of the airway and the ultrasound probe. Preliminary studies have shown the ability to identify mediastinal structures including lymph nodes, great vessels, and esophagus .The identification of lymph nodes and their relation to airways may help improve diagnostic techniques such as BNA for the diagnosis and staging of thoracic tumors.
Fluorescence Bronchoscopy
When the normal bronchial mucosa is illuminated via the bronchoscope, a higher fluorescence is observed. Mucosa containing abnormal or malignant cells produces decreased autofluorescence. This phenomenon is used to detect mucosal changes suggestive of either premalignant or malignant lesions in the airway mucosa. Mucosal changes observed by routine (white-light) bronchoscopy can be compared with those observed via green-light bronchoscopy. Early reports show that this technique, when used as an adjunct to standard bronchoscopy, may enhance the ability to localize small neoplastic lesions, especially intraepithelial lesions.
Electromagnetic Guidance System
A novel method for guiding transbronchial catheters or forceps is electromagnetic navigation. In comparison to fluoroscopy or CT scanning, electromagnetic navigation as a method not only has minimum technical and spatial requirements, it also indicates the position of the catheter in three dimensions without radiation exposure; all that it needs is the availability of a preprocedure CT data set.
Equipment & p e r s o n e l
Things to Consider
PersonelScope of practiceEquipmentSpace/unitYour financial and practice environment
Minimal equipments
Rigid bronchoscopy systemFiberoptic bronchoscopes and cold light
source/video processorPicture monitorForceps for biopsy, sitology brushes,
transbronchial needlles, baskets for foreign bodies
Cleaning/disinfection equipments
Personel
A bronchoscopist alone is not enoughNursing, ancillary help(minimal 2 nurses)Anesthesiolog, technicianGood relationships with other services
such as pathology, oncology and thoracic surgery
Requirements differ..
Equipment-Diagnostics
BasicsGood brochoscopes, at least 2 (videoscope)Processors, screens etc…. Image processingFull range of forceps, brushes and TBNA
needles
Equipment-Diagnostics
AdvancedAF if lung cancer detection programEBUSEM guidance system
SoonNBIPoss OCT
Equipment-Therapeutics
BasicsTherapeutic and thin flexible scopesChoice of thermal ablation
LaserES/APCCryotherapy
Different diameter stents
Equipment-Therapeutics
AdvancedRigid endoscopy with barrels, optics,
camera and processorPDTCollection of silicone stents
interventional bronchoscopic procedures
Complications, cautions, essential points
Procedures
Mechanical resection with rigid bronchoscopy Dilatation Laser (Nd-YAG, Nd-YAP), Cryotherapy Stent insertion Photodinamic therapy Brachitherapy Argon Plasma Coagulation Electrocautery
Conditions Required for Safety Endoscopic Treatment
Tumour must be accesible with the bronchoscope
Tumour must be spread restrictly in the bronchus and have to do not lymphangitic invasion
The lungs and the airways without stenosis must be functional
The performance of the patient must be enough good!!
Description of Common Practical Problems
Difficult airway managementBleedingIntubationIndications and contraindications Anesthesia and risk management
Which technical for which patient?
The type and the nature of stenosis The localisation of the lesion Available equipment must be preferred! The experience of the physician The condition of distal airways The cost of the technics
Factors reducing the complications
Adequate equipmentEducated personnelSufficient sterilizationGood patient selectionEnough sedation, premedication and
anesthesiaFollow-up after bronchoscopy and if
need be therapy
Rigid Bronchoscopic Procedure-Related Adverse Events
poor insertion techniques, prolonged trauma of the larynx and vocal cords, or failure to heed the warnings of hypercapnia, hypoxemia, or hemodynamic instability
Airway wall perforation posterior wall of the trachea, subglottis, and median walls of the left and right main bronchi just below the carina Luxation or laceration of the vocal cords and arytenoids
Rigid Bronchoscopic Procedure-Related Adverse Events
Other complications can be avoided by a careful inspection of the mouth. Loose teeth should not be dislodged. The gums should not be traumatized, and the lips should not be injured.
Spinal cord injuries are possible in patients with cervical spine disease and severe osteoporosis. In selected instances, these diseases are contraindications to rigid bronchoscopic intubation.
Laser Bronchoscopy Attentions
FIO2 must be kept below 40% because of the risk of endobronchial fire
Avoid curare,pavulon because of post-operative respiratory depression.
Non flammable anaesthetic gases are mandatory. An anesthesiologist experienced in the technique is important. Oximetry monitoring is mandatory. All persons in the room must wear protective glasses to avoid the
risk of laser eye injury. Plumbing- increased water for machine cooling Electrical- special generator for high power needs. RN Laser safety nurse Laser operation-fiber bundle repair Laser- $200,000maintainance- backup?
Laser Equipment
Dumon rigid laser bronchoscope with ventilating port, laser channel and suction channel.
Disposable large bore suction catheters.
Biopsy forceps with telescope.
Flexible bronchoscope. Endobrochial balloon
catheters in case of massive hemorrhage.
Laser Complications:
1. Failure to achieve an adequate airway 2. Hemorrhage usually mild and represents only a
nuisance. 3. Asphyxia 4. Tracheoesophageal fistula can occur in LMB or
tracheal lesions. 5. Mediastinal emphysema, pneumothorax. 6. Delayed hemorrhage (probably results from
necrosis of tumor that had invaded a nearby pulmonary artery)
7. Endobronchial fire 8. Eye injury to the patient or OR staff
Cryo
In addition to the equipment needed for flexible or rigid bronchoscopy, dedicated operators need different probes depending on whether the cryotherapy is delivered through the rigid or flexible bronchoscope. Generally, the area of freezing is larger and the thawing quicker with the rigid probes. The gas most commonly used in cryotherapy and the gas most commercially available is nitrous oxide.
Cryotherapy
This technique is not indicated to achieve immediate debulking of an obstructive tumor.
The tumor will be first cored out mechanically with the tip of bronchoscope after coagulation, after first this step and inthe same session cryotherapy can be applied on the remaining infitrative part of the tumor.
Well vascularized tumor such as bronchial caecinomas, carcinoids,adenoid cystic carcinomas or granulomas
In situ or microinvasive carcinomas CT is useful to remove many foreign bodies from the
airways (pills, foods, clots, peanuts; not bones, metal,or teeth)
CT is not indicated in external compression of the bronchial tree,
CT is not indicated in benign strictures of the trachea or bronchi caused by fibroma, lipomas, or post-intubation stenosis
A transient fever immediately following cryotherapy. This fever can be prevented by corticosteroid administration given during the procedure
Airway sloughing material elimination after CT remains a problem. A bronchial toilet with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is usually necessary 8-10 days after CT
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy
The equipment is less expensive and easier to use than lasers. Subjective improvements have been observed in > 75% of patients with malignant airway lesions.
Complications are few and minor. One disadvantage is the longer duration of therapy required because of the need for frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Repeat bronchoscopy is needed for continued therapy in many patients.
Advantages of Cryotherapy
high penetration depth no vaporization or
carbonization no smoke plume fixation of liquids or
tissue can also be used to treat
patients with cardiac pacemakers
no electrosurgical interference
no combustion risk mobile unit
Advantages of Cryotherapy
Better control of depth effect
Can also be used in the area of coated stents
Does not harm cartilages
Less costs approx. 7000 € /
APC & EC
a dedicated operator needs a high-frequency electrical generator in combination with insulated probes. Different types of probes in terms of shape as well as polarity (monopolar vs bipolar) are available. For patient and staff protection, proper insulation precautions need to be observed. Insulated flexible equipment is also available. For APC, a dedicated operator needs a special catheter allowing for the argon gas and the electrical current flow. This catheter is not used in electrocautery where there is direct tissue contact.
Rigid and flexible HF-contact coagulation probes
Flexible APC Probes
Rigid APC Applicators
Argon Plasma Coagulation
The indication of APC is the same as that for laser: an obstructive endobronchial lesion of airway causing symptoms such as dyspnea, cough or pneumonia
The role of APC as a cure for early stage lung cancer is not yet fully established
In addition benign polyp removal and palliative care in malignant disease, it can also be used for debridement of granulation tissue around endobronchial stents.
APC has no role in removing a foreign body, mucous plug or clot. Precautions: The power setting (<80W) and the application time
(<5 sec)should minimize the risks and keeping the argon flow rate (<2 Lpm) should lessen the chance of gas embolism
Electrocauthery
Lesions considered suitable for the procedure were required to have < 50% luminal obstruction, a visualized size that was < 2 cm in its greatest dimension, limited vascularity, and an estimated procedure time of < 1 h.
Electrocautery
The diameter of the working channel of the scope is 2.6 mm, which allows the insertion of most therapeutic accessories. An electrosurgical unit was the power source for the procedure. This unit is approximately 1 cubic foot in volume and produces the three following current modes: cut, coagulate, and blend. The endobronchial accessories consisted of polypectomy snare, coagulation probe, forceps, and a cutting blade
Complications During Electrosurgery
Bleeding Limited field of
bronchoscope view Transient
desaturation Excessive cough Endobronchial fire Electrical shock
Brachytherapy
Major complications include formation of fistulae between the airways and other thoracic structures in 6 to 8% of patients. Serious hemorrhage has been noted to occur more frequently in patients who receive high-dose radiation. The risk of massive hemoptysis increases dramatically when a fraction size of 15 Gy is used.
PDT
Complications from photodynamic therapy include sunburn involving skin exposed to bright light, hemoptysis, and expectoration of thick necrotic material.
Jean-François Dumon, MD, FCCP
‘’Various types of airway stents available to treat airway stenoses. There is no ideal stent.’’
Stent indications
Inoperable, symptomatic lung cancer• Primary airway tumours• Oesophageal cancer• Thyroid cancer• Head and Neck tumours• Metastases• Postintubation and idiopatic benign tracheal stenosis• Inflammatory lesions• Tracheobronchial malacia• Vascular compression
Stents
Complications seen with silicone stents include migration of stent and inspissation of thick mucous within the stent lumen. Metallic stents seem to promote growth of granulation tissue, which makes it difficult to remove and replace the stent. Uncovered metallic stents should not be inserted in patients with malignant airway lesions because the growth of cancer through the wire mesh negates the benefits of stent placement.
Commercial stents
Stent Type
Manufacturer
Construction Sizes (mm)
Dumon Novatech Molded silicon rubber 9 x 20 – 18 x 70 +
Y
Hood Hood Corp. Molded silicon rubber 6 x 13 – 18 x 70 +
Y
Wallstent Boston
Scientific
Woven cobalt/chrome alloy monofilament coated with silicone
8 x 20 – 24 x 60
Polyflex Rush Inc. Polyester mesh covered with
silicone 6 x 20 – 22 x 80
Ultraflex Boston
Scientific
Single strand woven nitilol With/without silicone coating
8 x 20 – 20 x 80
Dynamic Rush Inc. Silicone with anterolateal
steel struts 13, 15, 17
(trachea)
Bronchoscopic Needle Aspiration
Complications are rare and include pneumothorax and hemomediastinum. Serious bleeding is seldom encountered. More commonly, inadvertent passage of the needle through the wall of the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope leads to expensive damage to the inner lining of the bronchoscope.
Hazards & Problems
Areas of Potential Damage to the FOB
Improper handling Procedural
TBNA Nd-YAG laser photoresection Electrosurgery Radiation Use of lubricants
Patient related Cleaning and maintenance
Ethylene oxide gas sterilization
Damage of the FOB
An educational program was effective in dramatically decreasing the costs of equipment repair after initiating an interventional pulmonology program.
This is the first study to offer budgetary guidelines for equipment repair in an IP program and to demonstrate that an educational program can effectively reduce costs.
Lunn W et al. Chest 2005;127: 1382-1387
Improper Handling
Care must be taken not to allow the distal end of the instrument to strike a hard surface.
Forced angulation or twisting the body of scope may damage its quartz filaments.
Rotation of the body of the scope should be performed by flexing or extending the wrist
Procedural-TBNA
Improperly usedNonretractable TBANThe diameter of the working channel of
the FFBTBAN should be used only by or under
the supervision of experienced bronchoscopist
Procedural-Nd-YAG Laser
Indications: Exophytic, intraluminal, proximal airway lesions that cause symptoms such as hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea, difficulty clearing secretionsor postobstructive pneumonia
Precautions: During laser firing the fraction of inspired oxygen should be kept below 40 percent,
Flammable materials should be kept far away from the operating field and silicone stents should be removed prior to laser firing
The laser should always be placed on standby mode when tissue is removed from the bronchoscope
Power settings greater than 40 watts are never necessary
Procedural-Electrocautery
Airway obstruction caused by bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common indication
Precautions: The power setting (<80W) and the application time (<5 sec)should minimize the risks, like APC
Radiation
Yellowish discloration and darkening of both the fiber bundles and the visual image
FFB should not be syored in areas where fluoroscopy is performed
Use of Lubricants
A water-soluble lubricant should be used to lubricate
Petroleum-based products should be avoided, because may cause premature wear streching and deterioration of the rubber sheath of the FFB.
Patient-Related Damage
Incooperated patientSupine position might lead to grabbing or
pulling the fiberscope by the patient.Mouthpiece must be used the transoral
approach.The patient’ teeth with damage to the
fiber bundles.
Disinfecting in the morning
….the safest practice is to terminally disinfect (endoscopes) at the end of each day’s use, and again before the first and each subsequent use throughout the next day.
The recommended reprocessing steps include
Preprocessing and leak testing the endoscope,
Cleaning the endoscope and each of its components
Disinfecting and rinsing the endoscope with clean water
Drying the endoscope before storing by rinsing its cannnels with 70% alcohol followed by forced-air
Properly handling and storing the endoscope
Bronchoscope Damage
Positive leak test result. Air bubbles emitting from the surface of the bronchoscope indicate a breach in its exterior.
Cleaning
PrecleaningMechanical CleaningDisinfectionPostprocessing procedure
Precleaning
The three most important rules of any effective reprocessing are: clean it clean it CLEAN IT!
If an item cannot be cleaned, it cannot be disinfected or sterilised.
Precleaning
In the examination room immediately after the procedure:
1. Wipe the insertion tube with a disposable cloth dampened in an enzymatic detergent solution.
2. Aspirate enzymatic detergent solution through the suction/biopsy channels
3. Purge air/water channels. 4. Detach removable components
Mechanical Cleaning
1. Make up enzymatic solution 2. Immerse instrument 3. Disassemble removable parts and
clean 4. Brush and wipe exterior 5. Brush all channels
Cleaning
ENZYME SOLUTIONS DETERGENTSULTRASONIC CLEANING
Cleaning & Maintenance
Hand antisepsis plays a significant role in preventing nosocomial infections. When outbreaks of infection occur in the perioperative period, careful assesment of the adequacy of hand hygiene among operating room personnels recommended.
Surgical hand antisepsis using either an antimicrobial soap or an alcohol-based hand rub with persistent activity is recommended before donning steril gloves when performing surgical procedures.
Bronchoscope disinfection
Rigorous procedures should be applied
Double mechanical washing and brushing before an automated washer disinfector cycle
Duration: 40 to 45 minute Continuous monitoring at
each step Glutaraldehyde is replaced
now by peracetic acid
Automatic flexible endoscope reprocessors (AFERs)
The potential advantages of AFERs include:
Standardisation of endoscope reprocessing.
Reduced exposure of HCWs to hazardous chemicals.
Reduction of staff time spent on reprocessing.
Major Sources of Contamination
Ineffective cleaningInadequate cleaningDamaged internal channelSuction channelBiopsy port Sample collection tubing
Bronchoscopy-Related Pseudoinfections
Mycobacterium chelonea, gordonae, abscessus, tuberculosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescensFungi (Rhodotorula rubra, etc)
Bronchoscope storage
After drying bronchoscopes should be stored in special cupboards horizontally or better vertically.
Do not store bronchoscopes in transport luggage
a new cycle in the automated washer disinfector is required after storage before the bronchoscopy.
Staff safety
During bronchoscopy staff should wear gloves, protective clothing, masks and visors
Bronchoscopes should be disinfected in a dedicated, ventilated room.
Staff safety
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION