basic electronics
DESCRIPTION
ths useul to know abt basic electronicsTRANSCRIPT
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APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS
OFOF
ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS
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Beauty of ElectronicsBeauty of Electronics- Sophistication in miniaturizationSophistication in miniaturization
- If you know it then you are a doctor and if you don’t then If you know it then you are a doctor and if you don’t then you are a patientyou are a patient
- Datasheets are boons for dealing with any component or IC, Datasheets are boons for dealing with any component or IC, you are unaware ofyou are unaware of
- Most versatile in technological applications- a single IC can Most versatile in technological applications- a single IC can sometimes perform hundreds of different operationssometimes perform hundreds of different operations
- A driving force of few watts controls the activities of the A driving force of few watts controls the activities of the giantsgiants
- Machinery, automobiles, all household appliances,- Machinery, automobiles, all household appliances, whole communication system, automization, whole communication system, automization,
defense, defense, weaponry and many more damn things….weaponry and many more damn things….
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BASIC DEVELOPMENT TOOLSBASIC DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
BreadboardBreadboard
MultimeterMultimeter
PCB, ECBPCB, ECB
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ResistancesResistances
a) a) FixedFixed - carbon- carbon - wire wound- wire wound
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b) b) VariableVariable
- - Rheostat, Pot, PresetRheostat, Pot, Preset
App.App. – tuning, voltage curves, – tuning, voltage curves,
voltage dividersvoltage dividers
--Photoresistors (LDRs), thermistors--Photoresistors (LDRs), thermistors
App.App. – sensors, safety devices, – sensors, safety devices,
volumevolume
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CapacitorsCapacitors
- polarised (electrolytic, tantalum)- polarised (electrolytic, tantalum)
- unpolarised (small value) - unpolarised (small value)
App.-App.- storing elec. energy, storing elec. energy,
filters, timing circuits filters, timing circuits
-- -- VariableVariable (very small value)(very small value)
App.-App.- radio tuning ckts radio tuning ckts
-- -- TrimmersTrimmers (like presets) (like presets)
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DiodesDiodes ( conduct in one dir)( conduct in one dir)
- SwitchingSwitching- - (p-n junc)(p-n junc)
App.- switch, rectificationApp.- switch, rectification
- SchottkySchottky- - (M-SC contact) (M-SC contact)
App.- high speed switching, App.- high speed switching,
RF, low loss rectifierRF, low loss rectifier
- ZenerZener- - (rev breakdown)(rev breakdown)
App.- vol reg, safety cktsApp.- vol reg, safety ckts
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- PhotoPhoto (rev current increases linearly)(rev current increases linearly) App.-App.- solar cells, photometry, solar cells, photometry, auto lighting, camera auto lighting, camera
- LaserLaser-- in optical devices and in optical devices and disco lightsdisco lights
- LEDsLEDs- (emits light in FB)- (emits light in FB) App.-App.- opto-isolator with photo opto-isolator with photo diodes, sensors, lighting, diodes, sensors, lighting, power status, flashpower status, flash
- Tunnel, point contact, step recovery, Tunnel, point contact, step recovery, varicap, pin, crystal, avalanche, gunn, varicap, pin, crystal, avalanche, gunn, peltier, clamping, welding….peltier, clamping, welding….
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TransistorsTransistors-- (building blocks of circuitry)(building blocks of circuitry)
App.-App.- amplification, switching, amplification, switching,
all ICs and productive ckts,all ICs and productive ckts,
super beta, high vol, audio….super beta, high vol, audio….
-- BJT, FET (JFET, MOSFET), -- BJT, FET (JFET, MOSFET),
unijunc, avalanche, photo, unijunc, avalanche, photo,
darlington, alloy junc….darlington, alloy junc….
- BJTBJT-- (majority/minority carriers, (majority/minority carriers,
E-B-C, two p-n junc, current E-B-C, two p-n junc, current
operated, NPN-PNP)operated, NPN-PNP)
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- VHF-UHFVHF-UHF (2N3866/4427) (2N3866/4427)
Si-NPN, TO-39, low powerSi-NPN, TO-39, low power
- Small SignalSmall Signal (BC-327/328, (BC-327/328,
BC-556/57/58/59/60)BC-556/57/58/59/60)
Si-PNP, TO-92, switching, amplificationSi-PNP, TO-92, switching, amplification
- General purposeGeneral purpose (BC-546/7/8) (BC-546/7/8)
Si-NPN,TO-92, amplifier, 625 mWSi-NPN,TO-92, amplifier, 625 mW
SL/CL-100 (TO-39)SL/CL-100 (TO-39)
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- - FETFET-- (unipolar, n/p-channel, S-G-D)(unipolar, n/p-channel, S-G-D)
a) JFETS b) MOSFETSa) JFETS b) MOSFETS
App.-App.- precision, comp logic, precision, comp logic,
Digi ICs, MUXingDigi ICs, MUXing
- PhototransistorsPhototransistors- - photodetector, camera, photodetector, camera,
cd players, VCRs, TVcd players, VCRs, TV
- - Darlington/arrayDarlington/array-- huge amplification, huge amplification,
buffering, motor drivers, buffering, motor drivers,
touch sensitive switchtouch sensitive switch
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- - Some ckt app.Some ckt app.
BiasingBiasing cascadingcascading
tuned amptuned amp power amppower ampmultivibratormultivibrator
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TRANSFORMERSTRANSFORMERS
generally for step-down from AC-mains generally for step-down from AC-mains
to 18/12/9/6 V etc.to 18/12/9/6 V etc.
- current rating is important- current rating is important
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LINEAR ICsLINEAR ICs
- Amplifiers-- Amplifiers- for increasing voltage or power for increasing voltage or power
(audio, video,(audio, video, radio freq, wide band, differential)radio freq, wide band, differential)
Op-AmpsOp-Amps (high gain voltage amp) (high gain voltage amp)
- LM-741 (mono op-amp, 8 pin)- LM-741 (mono op-amp, 8 pin)
- LM-158/258/358/2904 (low power dual op-amp, 8 pin)- LM-158/258/358/2904 (low power dual op-amp, 8 pin)
- LM-124/224/324 (low power quad op-amp, 14 pin)- LM-124/224/324 (low power quad op-amp, 14 pin)
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- - ApplicationsApplications-- diff. amp, oscillator, voltage follower, diff. amp, oscillator, voltage follower, inverter,inverter,
adder, subtractor, AC vol amp, rectifiers, peak adder, subtractor, AC vol amp, rectifiers, peak detector, detector,
clipper, clamper, S/H, comparator, clipper, clamper, S/H, comparator, multiplier/divider, multiplier/divider,
differentiator/integrator, zero crossing detector, differentiator/integrator, zero crossing detector, phase phase
detector, schmitt trigger, square/triangular/sine detector, schmitt trigger, square/triangular/sine wave wave
generator…generator…
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555 Timer555 Timer (TO-99 can or 8 pin mini DIP)(TO-99 can or 8 pin mini DIP)
- Generates accurate time delay and oscillationGenerates accurate time delay and oscillation
a) astable b) monostable c) bistablea) astable b) monostable c) bistable
- App.-App.- power on delay in appliances, oscillator, power on delay in appliances, oscillator, pulse/ramp/square wave generator, traffic light pulse/ramp/square wave generator, traffic light control,control,
burglar alarm, timed-bombs, missing pulse burglar alarm, timed-bombs, missing pulse detector,detector,
frequency divider, PWM, FSK generator, PPM, frequency divider, PWM, FSK generator, PPM, schmitt schmitt trigger, lifts…..trigger, lifts…..
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Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator zener, op-amp, SCR, 78XX, 723, 317, switchingzener, op-amp, SCR, 78XX, 723, 317, switching
- 78XX/79XX78XX/79XX (TO-3 metal, TO-220 plastic)(TO-3 metal, TO-220 plastic)
XX=05,06,08,12,15,18,24XX=05,06,08,12,15,18,24
-2 and -5.2 too in 79XX -2 and -5.2 too in 79XX
App.-App.- fixed series regulation, adjustable reg,double fixed series regulation, adjustable reg,double voltage voltage supply, IC supplies, precision meterssupply, IC supplies, precision meters
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- 723723 (14 pin DIP, 10 pin metal can) (14 pin DIP, 10 pin metal can)
App.- general purpose, low/high voltage reg, App.- general purpose, low/high voltage reg, appliances appliances
- SwitchingSwitching-- (2653, 2727, 64 42)-by PWM (duty cycle) (2653, 2727, 64 42)-by PWM (duty cycle)
high power eff, even higher voltage than i/p, opp high power eff, even higher voltage than i/p, opp polarity toopolarity too
App.-App.- portable comps portable comps
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ADCADC- - converts analog signal to several line/bit digital converts analog signal to several line/bit digital valuevalue
- - ADC 0803/04-ADC 0803/04- (CMOS 8 bit, 20 pin,5v, 100 microsec., (CMOS 8 bit, 20 pin,5v, 100 microsec., microP microP compatible, 0-5 v range)compatible, 0-5 v range)
- - AD 7824/28-AD 7824/28- (4/8 analog channel, Linear Compatible (4/8 analog channel, Linear Compatible CMOS CMOS high speed, 8 bit,24/28 pin 5v, high speed, 8 bit,24/28 pin 5v, 2.5 microsec/channel)2.5 microsec/channel)
- - App.App.-- microprocessor interface, interfacing linear ckts, microprocessor interface, interfacing linear ckts, digital digital meters/displays, sensor ckts……meters/displays, sensor ckts……
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- Common cktsCommon ckts
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- DACDAC-- converts several line digital value to analog converts several line digital value to analog equivalentequivalent
AD7524AD7524- - (8 bit, 100 ns settling time, 80 ns prop (8 bit, 100 ns settling time, 80 ns prop delay) delay)
0830/1/20830/1/2- (CMOS, 8 bit, double buffered, 1 microsec - (CMOS, 8 bit, double buffered, 1 microsec sett time)sett time)
App.-App.- audio players, sound cards, video, computer audio players, sound cards, video, computer interfaceinterface
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SENSORSSENSORS
LIGHTLIGHT-- LED, laser, LDR, photo transistors/diodesLED, laser, LDR, photo transistors/diodes
LDR- resistance varies with intensity of light hence givesLDR- resistance varies with intensity of light hence gives
variable output voltage in the ckt which is tracked for variable output voltage in the ckt which is tracked for
sensing purposes- led, lasers are light sources sensing purposes- led, lasers are light sources
App.-App.- burglar alarms, robotics, light operated clocks, shadowburglar alarms, robotics, light operated clocks, shadow
detector, automatic lighting, dimmer, LCDs, mobilesdetector, automatic lighting, dimmer, LCDs, mobiles
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IR- IR- IR led, TSOP 17XX, PIR, pyroelectricIR led, TSOP 17XX, PIR, pyroelectric - - TSOP 1730/36/38/56-TSOP 1730/36/38/56- (receiver- (receiver-
photodetector+preamplifier,photodetector+preamplifier,
-0.3-6 v, 1200 bits/sec data transmission)-0.3-6 v, 1200 bits/sec data transmission)
- - Passive IR (PIR)-Passive IR (PIR)- measure IR light radiated from objects in measure IR light radiated from objects in field of viewfield of view
- Pyroelectric- (IRA-E700/900/940)- highly sensitive- Pyroelectric- (IRA-E700/900/940)- highly sensitive
- - App.-App.- motion detector, burglar alarms, remote motion detector, burglar alarms, remote thermometer, thermometer,
night vision, IR camera, surveillance/monitoring, night vision, IR camera, surveillance/monitoring, diagnosticsdiagnostics
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TemperatureTemperature-- thermistor, AD590, LM335thermistor, AD590, LM335
- - AD590-AD590- constant current source dependent on constant current source dependent on temperaturetemperature
- - LM135/235/335LM135/235/335- precision sensors, 2 terminal zener, - precision sensors, 2 terminal zener, brekdown brekdown
voltage proportional to temp, -40 to 150 deg Cvoltage proportional to temp, -40 to 150 deg C
- - App.-App.- appliances, overheat protection, fire alarms, appliances, overheat protection, fire alarms,
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PressurePressure-- diaphragm, liquid level, gaugediaphragm, liquid level, gauge
- pressure transduced into electrical quantity- pressure transduced into electrical quantity
- variable capacitance- one plate is diaphragm of sensor- variable capacitance- one plate is diaphragm of sensor
- piezoresistive- piezoresistive strain induces voltage- piezoresistive- piezoresistive strain induces voltage
- - App.-App.- pressure sensing, altitude sensing, density, pressure sensing, altitude sensing, density, weighing weighing machines, impact sensing, security, liftsmachines, impact sensing, security, lifts
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SwitchesSwitches
- Binary devices which interrupt the flow of electrons in - Binary devices which interrupt the flow of electrons in a ckt a ckt
by any physical or chemical processby any physical or chemical process
- - LimitLimit-- (machine motion operated switch)- lever (machine motion operated switch)- lever actuator, actuator,
proximity (energised by moving magnet), opticalproximity (energised by moving magnet), optical
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- - ProcessProcess-- pressure (gas/liquid-piston/diaphragm), pressure (gas/liquid-piston/diaphragm), speed (rotory speed of shaft), temperature speed (rotory speed of shaft), temperature (bimetallic, brass bulb) , liquid level, liquid flow, tilt (bimetallic, brass bulb) , liquid level, liquid flow, tilt (mercury), reed (magnetic field)(mercury), reed (magnetic field)
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HandHand- - rocker, toggle, pushbutton, slide, joystic, tact, rocker, toggle, pushbutton, slide, joystic, tact, DIP,DIP,
snap action, rotary, key lock, navigation, leafsnap action, rotary, key lock, navigation, leaf
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- - PolePole- - no. of contacts/leversno. of contacts/levers
- - ThrowThrow-- no. of contact positions/ways/switching positionsno. of contact positions/ways/switching positions
break before makebreak before make make before breakmake before break
- ApplicationsApplications-- ckts, robotics, machines, alarms, all ckts, robotics, machines, alarms, all industries/industries/
appliances, automatic/property controlled switching, appliances, automatic/property controlled switching, robotic robotic
toys, multiple/secure/compact/easy switching, toys, multiple/secure/compact/easy switching, changers…..changers…..
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RelaysRelays-- solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contactscontacts
- controls a large amount of current and/or voltage with - controls a large amount of current and/or voltage with small electrical signalsmall electrical signal
- acts as binary amp (controls one electrical signal with - acts as binary amp (controls one electrical signal with other)other)
- coil and contact ckts are electrically isolated- coil and contact ckts are electrically isolated
- pull in current- min current for actuation- pull in current- min current for actuation
- drop out current- max current at which- drop out current- max current at which
contacts come in normal statecontacts come in normal state
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- Latching (bistable states) Latching (bistable states) - Contactor (electric motors starter)Contactor (electric motors starter)- Reed (contact in gas tube- no corrosion) Reed (contact in gas tube- no corrosion) - Mercury wetted (no bounce), Mercury wetted (no bounce), - Solid state (no movables – SCR, opto triac - optically Solid state (no movables – SCR, opto triac - optically
coupled)coupled)- Overload protection (bimetallic) Overload protection (bimetallic) - Time delay (shock absorber attached to armature by Time delay (shock absorber attached to armature by
pneumatic dashpots/fluid filled piston/RC ckts)pneumatic dashpots/fluid filled piston/RC ckts)
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- App.-- App.- automatic switches/changers, telephone automatic switches/changers, telephone exchange, exchange,
industries, protection, electronic ckts, interfacing, industries, protection, electronic ckts, interfacing, decoupled decoupled
ckts interaction….ckts interaction….
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DIGITAL ICSDIGITAL ICS
- Bit (binary digit)- two discrete values for more reliability (0-- Bit (binary digit)- two discrete values for more reliability (0-1)1)
- Codes- BCD(8421), 84-2-1, 2421, excess 3, biquinary - Codes- BCD(8421), 84-2-1, 2421, excess 3, biquinary (5043210)(5043210)
- Binary logic follows boolean algebra and represented by Binary logic follows boolean algebra and represented by truth tablestruth tables
- Three basic operations- AND, OR, NOTThree basic operations- AND, OR, NOT
- Digital IC types- Digital IC types- SSI- few gates, basic logic operationsSSI- few gates, basic logic operations MSI- 10-100 gates, performs complete logic functionMSI- 10-100 gates, performs complete logic function LSI- more than 100 gatesLSI- more than 100 gates VLSI- thousands of gatesVLSI- thousands of gates
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GatesGates
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Decoders/demultiplexersDecoders/demultiplexers – – combinational ckt combinational ckt which converts n bit binary information to one of 2^n which converts n bit binary information to one of 2^n unique outputsunique outputs
- demux is a decoder with an enable input - demux is a decoder with an enable input
- 3-8 line- 7411238, 74138- 3-8 line- 7411238, 74138
- 4-16 line- 74154, 744514, 74159 - 4-16 line- 74154, 744514, 74159
- dual 2-4 line- 74139 - dual 2-4 line- 74139
- bcd-decimal- 7442 ……………..- bcd-decimal- 7442 ……………..
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Encoder – MUX/Data Selectors-Encoder – MUX/Data Selectors- reverse of reverse of decoderdecoder
2^n – n line, IC packages- priority encoder2^n – n line, IC packages- priority encoder
- Multiplexing- transmitting large no. of information - Multiplexing- transmitting large no. of information units overunits over
smaller no. of linessmaller no. of lines
- 74147 - 10 line decimal to 4 line bcd- 74147 - 10 line decimal to 4 line bcd
- 74148, 4532 B - 8 data lines to 3 lines binary- 74148, 4532 B - 8 data lines to 3 lines binary
- 74157 - quad 2 line to 1 line MUX- 74157 - quad 2 line to 1 line MUX
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- App.-- App.- code conversion, interfacing, selecting lines code conversion, interfacing, selecting lines from a ckt,from a ckt,
electronic locks, ROM (decoder + programmed Ors ), electronic locks, ROM (decoder + programmed Ors ), buses, buses,
BCD – 7 Segment display driver/decoderBCD – 7 Segment display driver/decoder
CD 4511 and 7447CD 4511 and 7447
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Computer designComputer design
- - Digital Computer is a discrete information processing Digital Computer is a discrete information processing systemsystem
- discrete elements of information are represented by signals- discrete elements of information are represented by signals
- two (binary) discrete values- 0/1- two (binary) discrete values- 0/1
- Gates Gates << adders/decoders/MUX/ROM/PLA/binary cells adders/decoders/MUX/ROM/PLA/binary cells
(flip flops/ferrite cores/punched cards) (flip flops/ferrite cores/punched cards) < < registers/counters registers/counters < < memory/ALU/CU/processors memory/ALU/CU/processors << CPU CPU < < digital/microcomputerdigital/microcomputer
Sequential logicSequential logic- - MemoryMemory
ALUALU
Micro-processorsMicro-processors
Micro-controllers/PICMicro-controllers/PIC
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Latke-jhatkeLatke-jhatke
DarlingtonsDarlingtons
Thyristors (SCR), diac, triac Thyristors (SCR), diac, triac
VaricapsVaricaps
Digital thermometerDigital thermometer