basic ecology. what is ecology? ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and...
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Basic Ecology
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What is ecology?
Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer
• It is a science of relationships.
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What do you mean by environment?
The environment is made up of two factors:
Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth
Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)
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Organism
Population
Community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
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Organism- any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual.
•The lowest level of organization
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Population-a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter)
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Community- several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.
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Ecosystem- communities and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)
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Biosphere- life supporting portions of Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water.
•The highest level of organization
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Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in a community (job)
Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life (address)
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Feeding Relationships
Producer- AKA Autotrophs
• Get their energy by making glucose through photosynthesis
• Bottom of the food chain
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Feeding Relationships
Consumer- all heterotrophs: they ingest food containing the sun’s energy
•Herbivores•Carnivores•Omnivores
•Decomposers•Scavengers
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Feeding RelationshipsConsumer-
Herbivores– Eat plants
•Primary consumers
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Feeding Relationships
Consumer-Carnivores-eat meat
• Predators– Hunt prey animals for food.
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Feeding Relationships
Consumer- Carnivores- eat meat
•Scavengers– Feed on carrion, dead animals
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Feeding Relationships
Consumer- Omnivores -eat both plants and animals
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Feeding Relationships
Consumer- Decomposers
•Breakdown the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be absorbed
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- Good/Don’t Careone species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. orchids on a treeEpiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called aerophyte, air plant.
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- Good/Don’t Careone species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Ex. Whale and barnacle
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- Good/Badone species benefits (parasite)
and the other is harmed (host)
•Parasite-Host relationship
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-hostEx. lampreys, leeches, fleas,ticks,tapeworm
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism- Good/Goodbeneficial to both species
Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism- beneficial to both species
Ex. lichen
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Fungus living on the roots of plants
Mutualism
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Type of relationship
Species harmed
Species benefits
Species neutral
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species
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Trophic Levels
•Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level.
•Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
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Trophic Levels
Biomass- the amount of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat.
• As you move up a food chain, both available energy and biomass decrease.
• Energy is transferred upwards but is diminished with each transfer.
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Trophic Levels
Producers- Autotrophs
Primary consumers- Herbivores
Secondary consumers-small
carnivores
Tertiary consumers-
top carnivores
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Less Energy
Than
MOST AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE ENERGY
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Trophic LevelsFood chain- simple model that
shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
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Nature’s Recyclers
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Trophic Levels
Food web- shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level
•Represents a network of interconnected food chains
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Food chain Food web(just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy
paths)
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MARSH ECOSYSTEM
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Succession
• Succession is a gradual development of a community over time.
• Succession occurs in predictable stages.
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Primary Succession- When a small community of living things begin to live in an area that did not previously contain plants or animals.
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Secondary Succession- When an existing community is destroyed and the original plant community regrows.
A disturbance is any event that interrupts life in an ecosystem.
Examples: A forest fire, cutting down trees, animals grazing in a field, farming.
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1.Tropical Rainforest – hot, humid, heavy rainfall, tall trees, occur around the equator, many different species; most live in the canopy, birds, frogs, snakes, monkeys
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2. Taiga – coniferous forest; long cold winters; Canada; usually only one or two types of conifers- evergreen trees like pines, bear, caribou, deer, elk, beaver
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3. Temperate Deciduous Forest – Eastern U.S. ; leaves of trees change color, warm summers and mild winters; maple, oak, and elm trees, squirrel, deer, fox
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4. Desert – hot in the daytime, cold at night; dry; Africa; U.S.; Australia, plants and animals exhibit adaptations and behaviors that help them conserve water; cactus, short shrubs, scorpions, rodents, and snakes.
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Tundra
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5. Tundra – Cold; permafrost- soil is permanently frozen; little rainfall; soggy soil, Arctic; lichen and moss grow, caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare, owl.
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6. Savanna- tropical grassland with a few scattered trees; Africa; wet & dry season, have large grazing animals like zebra, elephants, giraffes
Prairie – North American Grassland; U.S- very fertile soils