basic design elements of diesel pv micro grid...1mw system output- no based on cairns data losses...

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Basic Design Elements of Diesel PV

Micro Grid


WORLD FIGURES


Global Energy Supply


New Installed Power Plants


IEA PVPS Trends Report 2016


WHY AND HOW?


Reasons for Diesel PV Micro

Grid

• Save fuel?

• PV cheaper than diesel?

• Do not want to be dependent just on diesel?

• What to increase use of RE.

• Want to include batteries and not having diesel

operating 24/7.

• ??


How

• Central power systems and one central array using fuel saver inverter system

• Just centralised systems owned by utility or private.

• Just decentralised systems with feed in tariff structure

• Combination of both.

• No storage

• With Storage:

– Only for ride through e.g. cloud cover

– Aim to have time with battery supporting one diesel instead of having two (or similar)

– Allow no diesel operation.


COMPONENTS OF DIESEL PV MICRO GRID


Elements of Systems

• Diesel Generators

• Grid Connected Solar System

• Storage

• BOS


Diesel Power Stations

• Could be single generator or multiple generators.

• When multiples could be different sized generators to allow for different demand levels.

• Could be several locations on larger grids.

• Control

– Manual start up based on demand or

– Automatic

• Monitoring:

– Logged by computer

– Recorded manually


Solar System Solutions

• Centralised (solar or utility scale)

– Who owns? government-utility private

– How funded? capital upfront-loans or private investment with PPA’s

• Decentralised

– Are they allowed?

– Connected as gross or net metering?

– Feed in tariffs?

• Or Both

• Plus BOS see following two slides


Centralised Solar Systems


Decentralised

creating sustainable change through education, communication and leadership © 2010 GSES P/L Sustainable change through education, engineering and communication © 2017 GSES P/L creating sustainable change through education, communication and leadership © 2010 GSES P/L Sustainable change through education, engineering and communication © 2017 GSES P/L

Energy storage –typically

batteries

• Storage with inverter provide AC power


DESIGN PRINCIPLES


First- What type of grid

• Grid just feeding small number of buildings (LV

distribution)

• Grid supplying a village (possibly just LV distribution)

• Grid supplying number of villages (HV and LV?)

• Is it on 24hrs per day or only night and morning.

• Will a generator operate all the time or do you want

to have time no generation?


Initial Steps

• What is the objective of having a diesel PV micro

grid?

• How is going to be implemented?

• Many different answers but the answers will dictate

the solutions..

However one overall question:

• how much PV penetration?

• This requires data collection


Measuring Penetration

• Energy- amount of energy being supplied by PV

compared to total energy being supplied by system.

– Without storage the Maximum can only be the energy

that is being sued daylight hours

• Power- amount of power provided by PV compared

to maximum power required from system at that

point of time.


What type of data?

• Generation

– How many

– What size?

– Location if more than one site

– How are they controlled

– What is the spinning reserve policy

• Power and Energy

– Maximum /Peak Power demand

– Minimum power demand

– Profile over the day

• Solar Irradiation

– Yearly

– Monthly

– Hourly

– Is data reliable

• available sites for array(s)

– If centralised-land availability issues

– If rooftops –size, how many, who owns


Grid Stability Studies

• Depending on type of grid a grid stability study could

be beneficial.

• KEMA and Digsilent two companies with experience

doing grid stability studies in pacific. Their software

will model the grid and do a dynamic analysis

looking at energy flows and effect on voltage,

frequency


SYSTEM DESIGN OVERVIEW


Designing a System involves:

• Undertaking a site inspection.

• Determining size of array–

• could be based on available funds, available area or level of grid penetration or even periods of no generator operation.

• Matching the array to the inverter(s)-voltage window-power ratings and maximum currents.

• BOS including cable sizing, protection and isolation, voltage drop considerations.

IT IS NOT THE OBJECTIVE OF TODAY TO TEACH YOU TO DESIGN THAT TYPE OF SYSTEM- AVAILBLE IN MANY COURSES


Objective is :

• Understanding

penetration issues

with diesel PV

micro grids

• However firstly

important to

appreciate the PV

array output

characteristic


Output of Array is effected by

• Level of irradiance

• Temperature

• Dirt

• Module mismatch

• Inverter losses

• Cable losses

• transformer losses if large system

TOTAL LOSSES CAN BE BETWEEN 15% and 30%

(or worse).


1MW system output- No

Losses Based on Cairns Data

Time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

5

6 0.011 0.003 0.008 0.012 0.003

7 0.077 0.057 0.05 0.034 0.021 0.014 0.018 0.029 0.05 0.084 0.097 0.101 0.052

8 0.275 0.227 0.26 0.214 0.209 0.175 0.211 0.243 0.271 0.283 0.265 0.26 0.241

9 0.465 0.4 0.459 0.406 0.422 0.368 0.406 0.449 0.493 0.503 0.462 0.441 0.44

10 0.637 0.559 0.63 0.577 0.596 0.536 0.585 0.626 0.686 0.693 0.634 0.594 0.613

11 0.768 0.672 0.736 0.705 0.717 0.656 0.703 0.741 0.83 0.85 0.764 0.726 0.739

12 0.831 0.732 0.8 0.785 0.781 0.75 0.758 0.843 0.94 0.949 0.878 0.808 0.821

13 0.83 0.734 0.794 0.794 0.781 0.739 0.773 0.831 0.94 0.947 0.886 0.801 0.821

14 0.727 0.66 0.715 0.707 0.713 0.674 0.708 0.771 0.865 0.868 0.803 0.719 0.744

15 0.564 0.528 0.589 0.56 0.581 0.534 0.565 0.617 0.705 0.709 0.653 0.592 0.6

16 0.388 0.36 0.425 0.382 0.398 0.359 0.38 0.416 0.505 0.496 0.461 0.413 0.415

17 0.212 0.191 0.227 0.195 0.185 0.16 0.172 0.2 0.258 0.265 0.241 0.229 0.211

18 0.071 0.058 0.052 0.028 0.017 0.012 0.016 0.026 0.037 0.042 0.057 0.073 0.041

19 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.002

20

Total 5.86 5.19 5.75 5.39 5.42 4.97 5.31 5.81 6.58 6.69 6.22 5.78 5.75


1MW system output- 15%

Based on Cairns Data

Time jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

5

6 0.009 0.003 0.007 0.010 0.003

7 0.065 0.048 0.043 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.015 0.025 0.043 0.071 0.082 0.086 0.044

8 0.234 0.193 0.221 0.182 0.178 0.149 0.179 0.207 0.230 0.241 0.225 0.221 0.205

9 0.395 0.340 0.390 0.345 0.359 0.313 0.345 0.382 0.419 0.428 0.393 0.375 0.374

10 0.541 0.475 0.536 0.490 0.507 0.456 0.497 0.532 0.583 0.589 0.539 0.505 0.521

11 0.653 0.571 0.626 0.599 0.609 0.558 0.598 0.630 0.706 0.723 0.649 0.617 0.628

12 0.706 0.622 0.680 0.667 0.664 0.638 0.644 0.717 0.799 0.807 0.746 0.687 0.698

13 0.706 0.624 0.675 0.675 0.664 0.628 0.657 0.706 0.799 0.805 0.753 0.681 0.698

14 0.618 0.561 0.608 0.601 0.606 0.573 0.602 0.655 0.735 0.738 0.683 0.611 0.632

15 0.479 0.449 0.501 0.476 0.494 0.454 0.480 0.524 0.599 0.603 0.555 0.503 0.510

16 0.330 0.306 0.361 0.325 0.338 0.305 0.323 0.354 0.429 0.422 0.392 0.351 0.353

17 0.180 0.162 0.193 0.166 0.157 0.136 0.146 0.170 0.219 0.225 0.205 0.195 0.179

18 0.060 0.049 0.044 0.024 0.014 0.010 0.014 0.022 0.031 0.036 0.048 0.062 0.035

19 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.002

20

Total 4.98 4.42 4.89 4.58 4.60 4.23 4.51 4.93 5.60 5.69 5.29 4.91 4.89


1MW system output- 30% Based on Cairns Data

Time jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

5

6 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.008 0.002

7 0.054 0.040 0.035 0.024 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.020 0.035 0.059 0.068 0.071 0.036

8 0.193 0.159 0.182 0.150 0.146 0.123 0.148 0.170 0.190 0.198 0.186 0.182 0.169

9 0.326 0.280 0.321 0.284 0.295 0.258 0.284 0.314 0.345 0.352 0.323 0.309 0.308

10 0.446 0.391 0.441 0.404 0.417 0.375 0.410 0.438 0.480 0.485 0.444 0.416 0.429

11 0.538 0.470 0.515 0.494 0.502 0.459 0.492 0.519 0.581 0.595 0.535 0.508 0.517

12 0.582 0.512 0.560 0.550 0.547 0.525 0.531 0.590 0.658 0.664 0.615 0.566 0.575

13 0.581 0.514 0.556 0.556 0.547 0.517 0.541 0.582 0.658 0.663 0.620 0.561 0.575

14 0.509 0.462 0.501 0.495 0.499 0.472 0.496 0.540 0.606 0.608 0.562 0.503 0.521

15 0.395 0.370 0.412 0.392 0.407 0.374 0.396 0.432 0.494 0.496 0.457 0.414 0.420

16 0.272 0.252 0.298 0.267 0.279 0.251 0.266 0.291 0.354 0.347 0.323 0.289 0.291

17 0.148 0.134 0.159 0.137 0.130 0.112 0.120 0.140 0.181 0.186 0.169 0.160 0.148

18 0.050 0.041 0.036 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.011 0.018 0.026 0.029 0.040 0.051 0.029

19 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.001

20

Total 4.10 3.64 4.03 3.77 3.79 3.48 3.71 4.06 4.61 4.69 4.36 4.04 4.03


East and West Arrays

• In some system in Australia the designers are now

using both east and west arrays so that they have

less of a peak from the array—trying to get more

even power though middle of day and higher

morning/afternoon


East and West Arrays


HOW MUCH RE ON TO GRID?


How Much variable RE in a

grid?

• Many studies and reports—

• IRENA,

• IEA-PVPS Task 14

• NREL

• Country or location specific studies—Germany, Hawaii etc


IEA Task 14 Reports

• Power System Operation and Augmentation Planning with PV Integration

• Transition from Unidirectional to Bi-directional Distributions Grids

• High Penetration of PV in Local Distribution Grids—Case Study collection

• Characterization of the spatio-temporal variations and ramp rates of solar radiation and PV

• Photovoltaic and Solar Forecasting: State of the Art

• Do It Locally: Local Voltage Support by Distributed Generation – A Management Summary

• Network driven demand side management


Transition from Uni-Directional to

Bi-Directional Distribution Grids

• Stage 1: Low/ medium PV penetration in a few

distribution grids- Local consumption exceeds local

generation (uni-directional distribution grids)

• Stage 2: High PV penetration in a few distribution grids

- Local generation exceeds local consumption (bi-

directional distribution grids) (Note some people call

this moderate level)

• Stage 3: High PV penetration in many distribution

grids - PV as a major electricity source


Penetration Levels and effects

• Low Penetration of 10 -20% can typically be tolerated.

• Threshold where problems will occur depends on:

– Configuration of the network

– Line impedances

– Concentration and time dependence of the load and

generation in the area

• NOTE: Two ways of measuring penetration- power

and energy. These figures relate to power.


Moderate Penetration

• Above 20% of connected load more significant issues may arise in some networks.

• Some network changes might be required including:

– Minimising VAR flows

– Power factor correction

– Increased voltage regulation

– Consideration of protection issues (fault current levels, ground fault overvoltage issues)

– Voltage imbalance

• Many reports say storage should be considered once 40-50% penetration has been reached


High Levels of Penetration

• Exact point is

dependent on network

• Can be accommodated

but will probably

require significant

overall design and

communications

infrastructure changes

to accommodate

coordinated protection

and power flow control.

102MW Nyngan Solar plant, NSW


What are the Potential Negative Impacts

• Voltage fluctuation;

• Voltage rise and reverse power flow;

• Power fluctuations;

• Impacts on power factor;

• Frequency regulation and harmonics; and

• Fault currents

Source: Christian Pinatel de Salvator


Potential Positive Impacts

• Reduced network flows

• Reduced losses and voltage drops

• Diesel fuel savings


Why negative impacts?

PV output :

• can fluctuate significantly over time scales from

seconds through hours to days and seasonally;

• Only partially predictable;

• No inherent energy storage;

• If connected to grid with low loads at time of

generation then voltage rise could occur.


Issues for solar

Source- Jaquelin Cochran- NREL


Issues

Source- Jaquelin Cochran- NREL


South Australia


Inverters Addressing the

Issues

• Inverters can provide Power factor correction by being

oversized—injecting VARS can be an advantage to the

utility

• Voltage Rise—Inverters ramp down power output of

array based on voltage set points

• Maximum Solar Power injection- Inverters have

maximum power output setpoints for grid—rest is used

onsite or inverter ramps down power output of the

array power


Power Fluctuations

• Some Methods to minimise effect;

– Geographical dispersion

– Solar Forecasting

– storage


Forecasting-Critical (Jessica

Katz-NREL)


Key things to consider

• Modelling of your grid

• As penetration increases Investigate how to establish

solar forecasting and also monitoring of all generation.

• Have solar geographically dispersed.


IRENA Report

Renewables Integration into Power Grids – The integration of a significant share of variable renewables into power grids requires a substantial transformation of the existing networks in order to:

a) allow for a bi-directional flow of energy; that is top-down (from generators to users) and bottom-up (with end-users contributing the electricity supply) aimed at ensuring grid stability when installing distributed generation;

b) establish an efficient electricity-demand and grid management mechanisms aimed at reducing peak loads, improving grid flexibility, responsiveness and security of supply in order to deal with increased systemic variability;

c) improve the interconnection of grids at the regional, national and international level, aimed at increasing grid balancing capabilities, reliability and stability;

d) introduce technologies and procedures to ensure proper grid operation stability and control (e.g. frequency, voltage, power balance) in the presence of a significant share of variable renewables; and

e) introduce energy storage capacity to store electricity from variable renewable sources when power supply exceeds demand and aimed at increasing system flexibility and security of supply.


SOME COUNTRY EXPERIENCES WITH HIGH

PENETRATION


Can grid support high levels of

variable RE? (source Jaquelin

Cochran-NREL)


Higher shares technically

feasible—from IEA


Gross Electricity production from

renewables- Germany 30% in

2015


Experience from Germany-

Christoph Menke


Summary of Experiences and

Lessons Learnt from Germany (Christoph Menke-GIZ Senior Policy Advisor)

1. High share of vRE are no problem to stability and grid in Germany, as the growths took place over 10 years so TSO/DSO could adjust and learn!

2. Base load power is outdated in Germany soon and has no economic future, flexible power plants are required.

3. The whole electricity market must adopt to the higher vRE share, e.g. reserve power market, grid services, forecasting, etc.

4. There are many tools and options to balance the grid now tested in Germany since 10 years and are proven and cost effective.

5. Storages becomes important when vRE reaches more than around 40% in a grid.


Recommendations based on

German experience: :

1. Develop and improve forecasting for wind and for solar (PV) now!

2. Start now with learning, because TSO/DSO and regulation needs at least 5 years to adopt to new situation.

3. Test smart grid applications in grid, like storage at low and medium voltage level; like DSM and load management, etc.

4. Transform energy market, so that vRE can be integrated and can offer system services, like ramping, active power control, inertia, etc.

5. In near future technically more than 25% - 30% of energy can come from vRE if grid is managed right and energy market design is adequate. In long term much more is possible.


PV IN THE REGION


Solar in Australia

• Installations:

• 1 038 MW in 2012,

• 811 MW in 2013,

• 862 MW in 2014,

• 1 022 MW in 2015

• 840 MW in 2016

• 5.8 GW of PV systems

• More than 1.7 million buildings now have a PV system;

• an average penetration of 20% in the residential sector, with peaks up to 50%)


Systems Above 100kW

• 166 between 100kW and 1MW

• 17 systems between 1MW and 10MW

• 7 systems between 10MW and 100MW

• 1 system above 100MW


Renewable Energy Targets

(Source PPA)

62

Country Current RE Level Target

Tokelau 100% RE - 2013

Cook Islands 15% 100% RE - 2020

Niue 40%+ 100% RE - 2020

Tuvalu 100% RE - 2020

Fiji 80% RE - 2030

Vanuatu 100% RE - 2030

Solomon Islands 100% RE - 2030

Marshall Islands 2% 20% RE - 2020

Federal States of

Micronesia 5% 50% RE - 2030

Samoa 48% 100% RE - 2017

Tonga 13% 50% RE - 2020


Singapore

• Information can be found at :

• http://www.solar-repository.sg

http://www.solar-repository.sg/




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Grid Connected PV Systems

Design and Installation

A comprehensive guide to the design and

installation of grid connected PV systems.

Standard text for universities, technical colleges and

training organisations in Australia and the Asia-

Pacific.

Country specific editions written around standards,

available products and locations. Editions include:

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Stand Alone Power Supply System, Design and Installation.

A comprehensive guide to the design and installation of remote area and standalone power systems.

Includes:

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Seventh edition published in 2012

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Installation of Solar Electric Systems

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Neill, this international

publication has been

written as an addition

to the EARTHSCAN

Expert Series. It

covers the general

principles of the design

and installation of a

grid connected solar

system based on

European and US

applications.


Solar Entrepreneur's Handbook

Written to support the development of

renewable energy in developing

countries:

• This book brings teaches the skills

necessary to sell and supply solar

systems

• This book teaches the importance of

customer relationships, reliable

products, and customer education

• The book is supplied with worksheets

and a voltage drop program.


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A new Solar Sales Book has been created in 2011.

This new book aims to:

• Fill the knowledge gap created by the dramatic

growth in the solar industry

• Give salespeople a sound understanding of the

technology and industry with which they work

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attain better outcomes.

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We offer engineering services including:

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basic design elements of diesel pv micro grid...1mw system output- no based on cairns data losses...

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