Research

It is a process if gathering information to answer a question

Induction

Induction involves observation and investigation into the relationship between meanings and actions of human subject

Deduction

Deduction involves the formulation of hypotheses

Basic research

Research done mainly to enhance the understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in an organization setting and seeking method of solving is called basic research

Applied research

Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to solve

Specific problems currently being experience in an organization

Exploratory research

The perpose of exploratory research is to seek new insights and find out what is happening

Explanatory research

This research explain a situtaion or problem usually in the form in the form of casual relationships

Discriptive research

This type of research sets out to provide an accurate profile of situation, people, or events

Quantitative research

Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which nomarical data is utilized to obtain information about the world

Qulitative research

In formal, subjective research approch that usually emphasis words rather than numbers in the collection

Mix method research

In approch is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge, claims on pragmatic grounds

Paradigm

Term paradigm describe as essentialy a collection of belive shared by scientists, a set of aggrements about how problems are to be understood, how we view the world and thus go about conduc ting research

Theory

In psychology and education, a common definition of learning is a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views

Concept

An extensional definition of a concept or term formulates its meaning by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the concept or term in question

Variable

An operational definition is a demonstration of a process – such as a variable, term, or object – in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity.

Proposition

A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false. In philosophy, particularly in logic, a proposition is identified ontologically as an idea, concept, or abstraction whose token instances are patterns of symbols, marks, sounds, or strings of words

Analysis

Is the job of systematically braking down something into its constituents parts and describing how they relate to each other it is not random dissection but a methodological examination

Syntheses

Is the act of making connection between the parts identified in analysis

Subjectivity

A definition is a formal passage describing the meaning of a term (a word or phrase). The term to be defined is the definiendum (plural definienda). A term may have many subtly different senses or meanings

Formal and informal research

In formal research, researcher use agree on definitions of variables on the other hand in informal research, researcher write in literary, informal style

Litrature review

Is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic

What is meant by paradigm and what on basis they differ from each other elaborate on the basis of philosophical assumptions?

Term paradigm describe as essentially a collection of believe shared by scientists, a set of agreements about how problems are to be understood, how we view the world and thus go about conducting research

sr.# Philosophical assumptions

positivism interpretivism pragmatism

1 ontology Singular reality (objectivism)

Multiple realities (constructionism)

Both singular and multiple realities.

2 epistemology Distance and impartiality (objective)

Closeness (subjective)

Practicality

Objective + subjective

3 axiology Unbiased biased Multiple stances

4 Rhetoric Formal style Informal style Both informal and formal style

5 methodology deductive Inductive Both qualitative and quantitative data and mix them

6 Strategies of inquiry

We do survey experiment and field work

Grounded theory, ethnography, case study and narratives

Sequential, concurrent and transformative

7 Methods Close ended questions, numerical data statisticalanalysis

Open ended questions image analysis (qualitative)

Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis

What is meant by research process and what are its elements discussed in detail how they differ in qualitative and quantitative research?

Elements of qualitative research Process of research Elements of quantitative research

Interpretivism Paradigm Positivism

Point of view of participant

Understand meaning individuals give to a phenomena inductively

Contextual understanding

Intent of research Point of view of the researcher

Test a theory deductively to support or refute it

Generalization

Minor role

Justifies problem

How literature is used Major role

Justifies problem

Ask open ended questions How intent is focused Ask close ended questions

Test specific variables that forms hypotheses or questions

Words and image

Natural settings

Data is collected at micro level

How data collected Numbers

From many participants at many research sites

Data is collected at macro level

Artificial settings

Text or images analysis

Themes

How data is analyzed Numerical statistical analysis

Rejecting hypotheses

Researcher is close

Identifies personal stance

Role of researcher Researcher is distant

Remains in background

Take step to remove bias

Using validity procedures that rely on the participants, the researcher, or the reader

How data is validated Using validity procedures based on external standards, such as judges. Past research, statistics.

Differentiate between qualitative, quantitative and mix method research?

Qualitative Quantitative Mix method

Constructivist paradigm Positivist paradigm Pragmatic paradigm

Grounded theories case study narratives

Surveys and experiments Sequential, concurrent and transformative

Open ended questions

Emerging approaches

Close ended questions numeric data

Both open ended and close ended questions

Theory generation

Collect participants meanings

Make interpretation of data

Collaborate with participants

Test a theory and verify theory

Use undecided approaches

Employs statistical procedure

Collect both quantitative and qualitative data

Elements of research design

Introduction

Objectives of study

Purpose statement

Research questions

Significance of research

Literature review

Research method for data collection

Ethical considerations

Limitations and delimitations

References