basic course in friulan

8/13/2019 Basic Course in Friulan

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Sandri Carrozzo


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Following the ratification of Regional Law no.15/96, the spelling standard devised by

professor Xavier La!ela, which had been already approved by the provincial

a!thorities of "din, #!ri$e and %ordenon, was adopted as the official spelling standard

of the Fri!lian lang!age. &his decision was ta'en on the gro!nds that the La!ela

spelling was ore consistent than its copetitor, the spelling adopted by the (ociet)

Filologica Fri!lana, and wo!ld be easier to learn. *owever, the (ociet) Filologica

appealed against the decision of the Region, aintaining that their spelling was ore

widely eployed by Fri!lian a!thors. &he two parties event!ally fo!nd an agreeent in

late 199+ the La!ela spelling was partially odified to accoodate s!ggestions

ade by the (ociet) Filologica Fri!lana, who withdrew their appeal. &he new spelling

standard for Fri!lian co!ld now be effectively !sed by all.

*ere is a short s!ary of the differences between the three spelling conventions.

New official spelling (FF La!ela

ducj d!c- d!c

cjase case case

zovin-$ovin $ovin

b b$ b0

bs b$ b0s

frut fr!t fr!t

fruts fr!$ fr!ts

piul pi$$!l pi0!l

nazionna$ion natsion

zucar $!car ts!car

&here are two 'inds of accents ar's in Fri!lian grave )2 and circ!fle3 42.


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The grave accent is used:

12 in polysyllabic words which are stressed on the last syllable and end in a vowel

l!i al viodar

2 in polysyllabic words which are stressed on the last syllable and end in vowel

followed by s

patrs

crodars

fins

bobors

cats

72 in polysyllabic verb fors ending in in, when the in ending is stressed

n8 o angn

l8r a angin

n8 o finn

l8r a finissin

2 in soe onosyllabic words where the spelling witho!t an accent ar' represents

another word

l!i al -he has- apreposition2

ladverb2 e laarticle2

The circumflex accent is used:

12 on long vowels when they occ!r in onosyllabic words or in the last syllable of

polysyllabic words

vocl

frt

in$ignr

disegnadr

brt

2 in infinitives and infinitives !sed as no!ns2 ending in accented vowels

ipar

cap

12 cis prono!nced soft as in -cherry-2 when followed by e and i


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:place: -s;!are-

or as the $ in the #eran word -$one-

+2 say indicate the voiceless s li'e in -rose-2, or the voiced s -s!n-, -star-2

&here are no do!ble consonants in Fri!lian, e3cept for the do!ble s which is !sed to

indicate a voiceless s in intervocalic position.

12 Fri!lian has preserved a distinction between short and long vowels> a circ!nfle3

accent ?2 indicates a long vowel

:crot: -na'ed-

:o crt: -< believe-

2 is !sed to represent the seivocalic i so!nd at the beginning of a word

:jerbe: -grass-


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"riulianis not a dialect of


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&here are no do!ble consonants in Fri!lian.

#talian "riulian

prograa pro!ra$e

Ss is !sed to represent the voiceless socc!ring in intervocalic position.

#talian "riulian

rosa rose

rossa rosse

Fri!lian words have preserved the Latin consonant cl!sters bl, cl,fl,pl,!lwhich have

becoe bi% c'i% fi% pi% !'i%in


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an ans

case cases casis

Hasc!line adectives/no!ns for the pl!ral in the sae way e3cept with words ending

with Lwhich change the Lin


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singular il / l- la / l-

plural i lis

indefinite articles a, an2

masculine femininesingular !n !ne

Personal pronouns

&hey vary according to the person, the n!ber, and the logical f!nction

person subjectstressed

e,yo!...2

direct object

e,yo!...2

indirect object

to e,to yo!...2

reflexive

< o e i i i

yo! t! te ti ti ti

he/yo! foral l!i l!i l! i si

she/yo! foral le i si

we n8 n8 n!s n!s si

yo! v8 v8 !s !s si

they 2 l8r l8r ! !r si

they f2 l8r l8r lis !r si

(tressed prono!ns are !sed after prepositions cun me, par te, in e3claations puar

me!'poor me!', or for ephasis in preference to the !nstressed direct obect prono!ns

mi ti lu... ti clami te no lui'I'm calling you, not him'.

Pleonastic pronouns

&he pleonastic prono!n is !sed between the s!bect and the verb as a reenforceent of

the s!bect.


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n o

v o

lr a

xample:

right:o i ipari il F!rlan

wrong:o o i ipari il F!rlan

Possessives

%ossessive adectives/prono!ns (my, your... mine, yours...)always agree in gender and

n!ber with the obect possessed. &he fors are the sae for adectives and prono!ns.

person masculine "s# masculine "pl# feminine "s# feminine "pl#

1st sing gno iei s

nd sing to tiei t8 t8s

7rd sing so siei s8 s8s

1st pl!ral nestri nestris nestre nestris

nd pl!ral v!estri v!estris v!estre v!estris

7rd pl!ral l8r l8r l8r l8r

$emonstratives

&here are two deonstrative adectives/prono!ns in Fri!lian. %hest(this)and chel(that). %hel chi, chel cahave the sae eaning as chest.

masculine feminine masculine feminine

singular chest cheste chel ch

plural chesc chestis chei chs

&ndefinites

&he indefinite adectives/prono!ns alc ogni ognisei cualchi cualsisei , ... have onlyone for> ciert diviers putrop dut nissun p'c tant altri stes t(l,change for

according to gender and n!ber.

The relative pronoun

&here is only one relative prono!n in Fri!lian, chethat, which, who, whom2.


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xamples:

s!bect o o ai !n ai cheal K i os furlans> la feine

furlane> lis feinis furlanis.

Adectives ay also be odified by s!ffi3es. &wo of the ost coon are )onand

)onon, eaning very, a lot> they are !sed in alternative to the for une vore

adective.

biel (eautiful)

bielonon

bielon

une vorebiel

(very eautiful)

&wo other s!ffi3es, )utand )in, are !sed as diin!tives, or to iply affection orsypathy. A third s!ffi3, )at, is !sed as a peorative.

&hese s!ffi3es ay be !sed with no!ns as well as with adectives.

casone (a ig house)

case (house) casute (either a po"y house, or a small and pretty house) casate (an ugly house)

Coparatives are fored by preceding the adectives by the adverbs plui(more)and

mancul(less).plui alt(higher)mancul alt(less high).

&he second ter of the coparison is introd!ced by di*che no

al + plui "mancul# alt di te * che no te he's taller (less tall) than you

&he for as ... asis e3pressed in a variety of ways


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al K alt compagndi te / compagn chete / tant chete / comete / sicutehe's as tall as you


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n!bers cardinals ordinals

@ $ero

1

!n 2

!ne f2

prin 2

prie f2

doi 2

d8s f2

seont, secont 2

seonde, seconde

f2

7 tr

tier0 2

tierce f2

c!atri c!art/e

5 cinc c!int/e

6 ss sest/e

+ siet seti/e

M vot

ot4f 2

otave f2

9 nEf novesi/e

1@ ds diesi

11 !ndis

!ndicesi

diesi prin 2

diesie prie f2

1 dodis dodicesi/e

17 tredis tredicesi/e

1 c!t!ardis c!t!ardicesi/e

15 c!indis c!indicesi/e

16 sedis sedicesi/e

1+ disesiet disesietesi/e1M disevot disevotesi/e

19 disenEf disenEfesi/e

@ vinc vincesi/e

1 vince!n vince!nesi/e

vincedoi vincedoiesi/e

7@ trente trentesi/e

n!bers cardinals ordinals

@ c!arante c!arantesi/e

5@ cinc!ante cinc!antesi/e

6@ sessante sessantesi/e

+@ setante setantesi/e

M@ otante otantesi/e

9@

nonante

novante

nonantesi/e

novantesi/e

1@@ cent centesi/e

11@ centeds centediesi/e

1@ centevinc centevincesi/e

@@ d!sinte d!sintesi/e7@@ tresinte tresintesi/e

@@ c!atricent c!atricentesi/e

5@@ cinccent cinccentesi/e

6@@ sscent sscentesi/e

+@@ sietcent sietcentesi/e

M@@ votcent votcententesi/e

9@@ nEfcent nEfcentesi/e

1@@@ il ilesi/e

1@@1 ile!n il!enesi/e

1@@ iledoi iledoiesi/e

1@1@ ileds ilediesi/e

@@@ doiil doiilesi/e

7@@@ tril trilesi/e

1@.@@@ dsil dsilesi/e

1@@.@@@ centil centilesi/e

1.@@@.@@@ !n ilion ilionesi/e

1.@@@.@@@.@@@ !n iliart iliardesi/e

Arithmetical s,mbols


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- pl!i, e

) anc!l, gave

x par, voltis

: dividEt

. al ven, av!4l, venast4i, al f4s

The infinitive

to be to 'ave )st conju!ation *nd conju!ation +rd conju!ation

essi, sei v scolt plas%crodi fin

The past participle


st4t vEt scolt4t plasEt, crodEt fint/finEt

The present tense "active#


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o o

t! t!

l!i al

en8 o

v8 o

l8r a


soi ai scolti pl4s, cr8t fins

ss 4s scoltis plasis%crodis finissis

K ) scolte pl4s, cr8t fins

e ) scolte pl4s, cr8t fins

sin vin scoltn plasn, crodn finin

ss vs scoltais plass, crods fins

son an scoltin plasin, crodin finissin

The present tense "passive#

Nerbjessi past participle

o o soi

t! t! ss

l!i al K

e K

n8 o sin

v8 o ss

l8r a son

scolt4t crodEt fint

scolt4t crodEt fint

scolt4t crodEt fint

scoltade crod!de finide

scoltats crodEts fints




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d!ar Er sc!en, sc!gni sint ten vai ven

d!aris !eris sc!gnis sintis tegnis vais vegnis

d!ar Er sc!en, sc!gne sint ten vai ven

d!rOn !rOn sc!gnOn sintOn tignOn vaOn vignOn

d!rs !rs sc!gns sints tigns vas vigns

d!arin !erin sc!gnin sintin tegnin vain vegnin

dur$t $uart scu!nt sintt% sintt ti!nt vat% vait vi!nt

P!estions ay be phrased in two ways in Fri!lian either following the odel

C, #S-./

or the odel

C, C0, -. ,1 /


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&he iperfect tense

&he only verbs to behave irreg!larly in the iperfect are f((to do, to ma"e)and d3(to

say, to tell)which for the iperfect on the e3tended stes fas)and dis)fasevi disevietc2 and act as if they belonged to the nd con!gation fasevi disevietc2.

o o

t! t!

l!i a

e

n8 o

v8 o

l8r a

essi, sei v scolt4 plas, crodi fin

eri vevi scoltavi plasevi, crodevi finivi

eris vevis scoltavis plasevis, crodevis finivis

ere veve scoltave plaseve, crodeve finive

ere veve scoltave plaseve, crodeve finive

erin vevin scoltavin plasevin%crodevin finivin

eris vevis scoltavis plasevis, crodevis finivis

erin vevin scoltavin plasevin, crodevin finivin

&he iperfect is !sed

1 to describe habit!al actions in the past, in the sae way as the =nglish -!sed to- for

di frut o lavi al m(r il m4s di 5ui

as a child I used to go the seaside in #uly

to describe incoplete actions in the past, siilarly to the =nglish past contin!o!s

alis d3s o spietavi ancjem6 l7autobusat ten o'cloc" I was still waiting for the us

7 to describe past states and sit!ations

al ploveve e la strade e jere bagnade

it was raining and the road was wet

al someave strac

he loo"ed tired

&he perfect tense


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Bifferently fro


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Qeside the perfect tense, Fri!lian also feat!res other copo!nd past tenses s!ch as the

pl!perfect o vevi st(t'I had een', o vevi v9t'I had had', o vevi scolt(t'I had heard'

etc2 and the past anterior o foi st(t, o vei v%t, o vei scolt(tetc2. A characteristic ofFri!lian are the bicopo!nd past tenses, fored by adding the past participle of the

verb to the perfect tense of 'to have'o ai v9t st(t o ai v9t scolt(tetc2 or to the

pl!perfect tense of 'to have'o vevi v9t st(t o vevi v9t scolt(tetc2.


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fasarai v!elarai disarai sc!gnarai sintarai tignarai vaiarai vignarai

fasar4s v!elar4s disar4s sc!gnar4s sintar4s tignar4s vaiar4s vignar4s

fasar) v!elar) disar) sc!gnar) sintar) tignar) vaiar) vignar)

fasarOn v!elarOn disarOn sc!gnarOn sintarOn tignarOn vaiarOn vignarOn

fasars v!elars disars sc!gnars sintars tignars vaiars vignars

fasaran v!elaran disaran sc!gnaran sintaran tignaran vaiaran vignaran

The present subjunctive

o o

t! t!

l!i al

n8 o

v8 o

l8r a

jessi 3 sei v scolt plas crodi fin

sedi vedi scolti plasi, crodi finissi

sedis vedis scoltis plasis, crodis finissis

sedi vedi scolti plasi, crodi finissi

sedin vedin scoltn plasn, crodn finn

sedis vedis scoltaisplass%crods fins

sedin vedin scoltin plasin, crodin finissin


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&rregular present subjunctives

4able )

f d d l st pod vol cir

fasi disi dedi ledi stedi p!edi v!eli ciri

fasis disis dedis ledis stedis p!edis v!elis ciris

fasi disi dedi ledi stedi p!edi v!eli ciri

fasOn disOn dedin ledin stedin podOn volOn cirOn

fass diss dedis ledis stedis pods vols cirs

fasin disin dedin ledin stedin p!edin v!elin cirin

4able *

dur$ $ur scu!n sint va ti!n vi!n

d!ari !eri sc!gni sinti vai tegni vegni

d!aris !eris sc!gnis sintis vais tegnis vegnis

d!ari !eri sc!gni sinti vai tegni vegnid!rOn !rOn sc!gnOn sintOn vaOn tignOn vignOn

d!rs !rs sc!gns sins vas tigns vigns

d!arin !erin sc!gnin sintin vain tegnin vegnin

4'e i$perfect subjunctive

o o

t! t!l!i al

n8 o

v8 o

l8r a

j essi 3 sei v scolt plas% crodi fin

fos ves scolts plass, crods fins

fossis vessis scoltassis plasessis%crodessis finissis

fos ves scolts plass, crods fins

fossin vessin scoltassin plasessin, crodessin finissin


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fossis vessis scoltassis plasessis, crodessis finissis

fossin vessin scoltassin plasessin, crodessin finissin

&rregular imperfect subjunctives

f d

fasKs disKs

fasessis disessis

fasKs disKs

fasessin disessin

fasessis disessin

fasessin disessin

Qeside the present and iperfect, there are also a perfect and a pl!perfect s!b!nctives,

fored by adding the past participle of the verb respectively to the present and

iperfect s!b!nctives of the a!3iliary verbs. ote that the present s!b!nctive is also

!sed to for a polite iperative with the second person foral.

Present conditional

o o

t! t!

l!i al e2

n8 o

v8 o

l8r a

sarKs varKs scoltars plasars, crodars finirs

saressis varessis scoltaressis plasaressis, crodaressis finiressis

sares varKs scoltars plasars, crodars finirs

saressin varessin scoltaressin plasaressin, crodaressin finiressin

saressis varessis scoltaressis plasaressis, crodaressis finiressis

saressin varessin scoltaressin plasaressin, crodaressin finiressin

&here is also a past conditional fored by adding the past participle of the verb to the

present conditional of the a!3iliary verb.

&rregular conditionals

f vol d scu!n sint ti!n va vi!n

fasarKs vorKs disarKs sc!gnarKs sintarKs tignarKs vaiarKs vignarKs

fasaressis voressis disaressis sc!gnaressis sintaressis tignaressis vaiaressis vignaressisfasarKs vorKs disarKs sc!gnarKs sintarKs tignarKs vaiarKs vignarKs


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fasaressin voressin disaressin sc!gnaressin sintaressin tignaressin vaiaressin vignaressin

faseressis voressis disaressis sc!gnaressis sintaressis tignaressis vaiaressis vignaressis

fasaressin voressin disaressin sc!gnaressin sintaressin tignaressin vaiaressin vignaressin

The gerund

tense jessi3sei v scolt plas% crodi fin

present sint vint scolt4nt plasint, crodint finnt

past sint st4t,vint st4t2 vint vEt vint scolt4t vint plasEt, vint crodEt vint finEt/fint

The imperative

t!

n8

v8

scolte pl4s, cr8t finOs

scoltOn plasOn, crodOn finOn

scoltait plast, crodt fint

&o for a polite iperative with the second person foral, Fri!lian !ses the present

s!b!nctive preceded by che che al scolti asc!line2, che e scolti feinine2.

&he negative of the iperative is e3pressed by the periphrases

t!2 no st4 a

n82 no stin a the infinitive

v82 no stait a

basic course in friulan

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