Basic Concepts of Cellular Networks and Mobile IP

Aug 31, 2005

• Evolution of Cellular Networks• Architectures

– AMPS– GSM

• Security Mechanisms in GSM

Cellular Networks: Agenda

Origin of Wireless Communications

• Wireless communications gained popularity in 1930’s– Mainly used for public safety by police and other

government organizations– Not connected to the PSTN (Public Switching

Telephone Networks)

• First public mobile telephone service started in 1946 in United States– Using a single high power transmitter and large tower

to cover an area of 50 km

Concept of Cellular Networks• A single high power

transmitter services one larger area multiple low power transmitters service multiple smaller areas (Cells)

• Frequency can be reused by cells far away from each other improve usage

• A set of cells that do not share frequency form a cluster

• The cluster is then replicated throughout the desired communication area

Evolution of Cellular Networks

1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G

Analog

Digital

Circuit-switching Packet-switching

1G Systems

• Goal: To develop a working system that could provide basic voice service

• Time frame: 1970-1990• Technology: FDMA/FDD• Example Systems:

– Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS-USA)– Total Access Communication System (TACS-UK)– Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT-Europe)

• Incompatible analog systems

2G Systems

• Goal: Digital voice service with improved quality and also provide better data services

• Time Frame: 1990- 2000• Technology: TDMA/TDD, CDMA• Example Systems:

– Global System for Mobile (GSM-Europe)– IS-136(TDMA)– IS-95 (CDMA)

• Goal: To provide better data rates and wider range of data services and also act as a transition to 3G

• Time frame: 2000-2002• Systems:

– IS-95B– High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)– General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)– Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

2.5G Systems

• Goal: High speed wireless data access and unified universal standard

• Time frame: 2002-• Two competing standards

– One based on GSM, IS-136 and PDC known as 3GPP

– Other based on IS-95 named 3GPP2

• Completely move from circuit switching to packet switching

• Enhanced data rates of 2-20Mbps

3G Systems

• Future systems• Goal:

– High mobility, High data rate, IP based network

– Hybrid network that can interoperate with other networks

4G Systems

AMPS

• 1G system developed by Bell Labs

• Analog system used FDMA/FDD

• 40Mhz of spectrum

• 842 channels

• rate: 10kbps

Public Switched

Telephone Network

MTSO (MSC)

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

MTSO: Mobile Telecommunication Switching OfficeAlso known as MSC (Mobile Switching Center)BTS: Base Transceiver Station

AMPS: Architecture

Public Switched

Telephone Network

MTSO(MSC)

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

Paging messagePaging

messagePaging

messagePaging

message

AMPS: Conventional Telephone Cell Phone

• Call arrives at MSC via the PSTN• MSC then sends out a paging message via all

BTS on the FCC (Forward Control Channel). • The paging message contains subscriber’s

Mobile Identification Number (MIN)• The mobile unit responds with an

acknowledgement on the RCC (Reverse Control Channel)

• MSC directs BS to assign FVC (Forward Voice Channel) and RVC (Reverse Voice Channel)

AMPS: Conventional Telephone Cell Phone

• Subscriber unit transmits an origination message on the RCC

• Origination message contains– MIN– Electronic Serial Number– Station Class Mark– Destination phone number

• If BTS receives it correctly then it is passed on to MSC

• MSC validates the information and connects the call

AMPS: Cell phone initializes a call

• GSM system consists of three interconnected sub-systems– Base station Subsystem

• Mobile station (MS)• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)• Base Station Controllers (BSC)

– Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)• Home Location Register (HLR)• Visitor Location Register (VLR)• Authentication center (AUC)

– Operation Support Subsystem• Operation Maintenance Centers

GSM: Architecture

Base Station Subsystem

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

•BSCs connect the MS to the NSS

•The BTS provides last mile connection to the MS and communication is between the BTS and MS

•Handover between BTS within same BSC is handled by the BSC

GSM

BSC

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

Base Station Subsystem

MSC

HLR VLR AUC

Public Networks

Network Switching Subsystem

OSS

Operation Support Subsystem

GSM

• Principles– Only authenticated users are allowed to access the

network– No user data or voice communication is transmitted in

“clear text”

• The subscriber identity module (SIM) card is a vital part of GSM security. It stores– International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)– Ciphering Key Generating Algorithm (A8)– Authentication Algorithm (A3)– Personal Identification Number – Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Security in GSM

• Mobile station contains– A5 algorithm and IMEI

• The network stores– A3, A5, A8 algorithms

• The Authentication Center stores– IMSI– Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

– Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Security in GSM

Channel Establishment

Identity (TMSI or IMSI)

Authentication Request (RAND) Run Authentication Algorithm (RAND)

Response (SRES,Kc)

Authentication Response (SRES)•RAND is 128 bit random sequence•SRES is signed response generated for authentication

Security in GSM: Authentication

Network

Mobile Station

SIM

At the Network end

At the Mobile user end in the SIM

A3 Algorithm

RAND (challenge)

Ki (128 bit)

Transmitted to mobile

A3 Algorithm

RAND (challenge)

Ki (128 bit)

A8 Algorithm Kc used for encryption of user data and signaling data

Proper authentication completed if result is zero

Transmitted back to base station

Authentication based on RAND

• Ki is known only to the operator who programs the SIM card and is tied to IMSI

• IMSI should be transmitted as less as possible.• Only TMSI is used for authentication• TMSI is periodically updated

Security in GSM: Authentication

• GSM uses symmetric cryptography– Data is encrypted using an algorithm which is seeded

by the ciphering key Kc

• Kc is known only to base station and mobile phone and is frequently changed

• The A5 algorithm is used for ciphering the data• Along with Kc the algorithm is ‘seeded’ by the

value based on the TDMA frame• Internal state of the algorithm is flushed after a

burst

Security in GSM: Data Encryption

A5 algorithm

Kc (from A8 algorithm)

Count (from TDMA frame)

User Data

Xor

Encoded message

Security in GSM: Authentication

• Why Mobile IP?• Basic Principle of Mobile IP• Route Optimization

Mobile IP: Agenda

• Internet hosts/interfaces are identified by IP address– Domain name service (DNS) translates host name to IP

address– IP address identifies host/interface and locates its network

IP Addressing

Gateway

Host 1 MH

129.168.105.126 129.168.105.124

ISU: 129.168.*.*

Internet

Host 2

Gateway

130.203.4.112

PSU:

130.203.*.*

• A host move to another network requires different network address– But this would change the host’s identity– How can others still reach the moving host? How can on-

going connections to the moving host be not interrupted?

• Applications– GPRS (2.5G), 3G cellular networks– Mission-critical applications

• IP devices held by police, ambulance, coast guards are always connected when moving

– Moving offices, …

Problems

CH

MH

Home network

MH

CHMH = mobile host CH = correspondent host

Home network Foreign network

Foreign network

How to direct packets to moving hosts transparently?

Routing for Mobile Host

• An analogy: what do you do when moving from one apartment to another?– Leave a forwarding address with your old post-office!– The old post-office forwards mails to your new post-

office, which then forwards them to you

• Mobile IP:– Two other entities – home agent (old post-office), foreign

agent (new post-office)– Mobile host registers with home agent the new location– Home agent captures packets meant for mobile host, and

forwards it to the foreign agent, which then delivers it to the mobile host

Mobile IP: Basic Idea

MH = mobile host CH = correspondent hostHA = home agent FA = foreign agent

•MH discovers a FA in the foreign network.

•MH seeks a care-off address from the FA

•MH registers/authenticates its care-off address to the HA in its home network.

HA

CH

Home network Foreign network

FAMH

A MH Moves to a Foreign Network

129.186.*.* 130.203.*.*

129.186.105.216

130.203.4.112

•HA receives packets for the MH.•HA tunnels packets to FA•FA decapsulates packets and delivers them to MH

HA

CH

Home network Foreign network

FA MH

Packets towards MHMH = mobile host CH = correspondent hostHA = home agent FA = foreign agent

Source address = address of CHDestination address = home IP address of MHPayload

Source address = address of HADestination address = care-of address of MHSource address = address of CHDestination address = home IP address of MHOriginal payload

Packet from CH to MH

Home agent intercepts above packet and tunnels it

Packet Addressing

HA

CH

Home network Foreign network #1

FA #1 MH

Foreign network #2

FA #2 MH

•MH registers new address (FA #2) with HA & FA #1•HA tunnels packets to FA #2, which delivers them to MH•Packets in flight can be forwarded from FA #1 to FA #2

If MH Moves Again

HA

CH

Home network Foreign network

FA MH

Mobile hosts also send packets

•Mobile host uses its home IP address as source address-Lower latency-Still transparent to correspondent host-No obvious need to encapsulate packet to CH

-Triangle Routing

Packets from MH

HA

CH

Home network Foreign network

FA MH

•When HA receives a packet (from CH) to tunnel to FA:•It sends a binding message to CH with the care-of address of the MH.•CH caches the address, and forward later packets directly to the care-of address.

Route Optimization

• When a FA receives a tunneled message, but sees no visitor entry for the mobile host, it generates a binding warning message to the appropriate HA

• When a HA receives a warning, it issues an update message to the CH, which removes the care-of address from its cache.

Route Optimization

• Topic of next class: Wireless LAN and Mobile Ad Hoc Network

• Reminder: pick the papers you want to present (with preferred dates if you want) ASAP.

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