basic botany select “picture” locate your logo file click ... · translocation xylem carries...
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BASIC BOTANY
Wythe Morris, Presenter
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Taxonomy
• Classification of Landscape Plants
• Scientific Classification
• Analytical Keys
Taxonomy- the science of biological classification of plants and animals
Classification of Landscape Plants
• Trees
• Shrubs
• Groundcovers
• Vines
Classification of Landscape Plants
• Annual
• Perennial
• Biennial
Classification of Landscape Plants
• Deciduous
• Evergreen
• Semi-evergreen
Classification of Landscape Plants
• Hardiness
• Order of Bloom
• Ornamental Fruits
• Foliage Colors
• Trees for Various Purposes
From: Trees for American Gardens by Donald Wyman
Scientific Classification
• Kingdom-- Plant
• Division or Phylum-- Spermatophyta (seed plants)
• Class-- Angiospermae (seeds in fruit)
• Order-- Accruals
• Family-- Aceraceae
• Genus-- Acer
• Species-- rubrum
• Variety or cultivar-- var. ‘October Glory’
Taxonomy Chart: Hierarchy of Specification
Analytical Keys
Analytical Keys- a step by step process of elimination, beginning with the most general characteristics ( for example, evergreen vs. deciduous) and progressing to the most specific characteristics.
Analytical Keys
Holly (Ilex) Family Aquifoliaceae
Leaves not evergreen, never spiny-margined. Black Alder
Leaves evergreen, often spiny-margined.
Leaves never spiny-margined.
Low shrub, not usually over 6 feet high. Inkberry
Taller shrube, 8-20 feet high. Japanese Holly
Leaves always more or less spiny-margined.
Leaves distinctly paler beneath than above. American Holly
Leaves uniformly green and shining both sides.
Leaves ovalish, not rectangular, with several spiny teeth. English Holly
Leaves more or less rectangular, with 3 strong spines toward the tip. Ilex cornuta
Analytical Keys
Anatomy
Plant Parts and Functions
• Stems
• Leaves
• Roots
• Flowers
• Fruits
• Seed
Anatomy
Stems
Leaves
Roots
Roots
Flowers
Fruits
Seed
Seed
SEED
Physiology: Plant Growth and Development
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Transpiration
• Translocation
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Leaves act as the plant’s food producing factory. It takes in raw materials and converts them into food with oxygen and water as bi-products.
Respiration
The energy needed for plants to survive is produced when stored food is burned in the process of respiration. This is the opposite reaction from photosynthesis.
Absorption
Absorption- process by which water and nutrients are moved into the plant.
Transpiration
It has been estimated that a single corn plant may transpire up to 54 gallons of water in one growing season.
Cummings (1941) has estimated that a single 48-foot high open-grown silver maple tree may transpire as much as 58 gallons per hour.
Translocation
STEMS
Translocation
XYLEM carries the water and nutrients up from the soil to the leaves.
PHLOEM carries food from the leaves to parts of the plant to be stored.
Physiology: Plant Growth and Development
Think about it… • The plant manufactures food ( simple sugars) in the
leaves in the presence of sunlight during the day.
• The plant burns food (simple sugars) stored in the leaves, stems, roots, and fruits when it cannot manufacture food-- at night.
• If the plant manufactures the same amount of food during the day that it burns during the night, it is considered to be alive and surviving.
• If the plant manufactures more food during the day than it burns at night, not only is it considered alive and
surviving, but it is GROWING!!!
Physiology: Environmental Factors
• Light
• Temperature
• Water
• Nutrition
Light
Temperature
High?
Low?
Ideal?
Water
Too Much?
Too Little?
Nutrition
The “essential elements” are those which the plant must have for growth, and without any one of them the plant would die.
.
Nutrition
Nutrition
There was an old man named C HOPKNS, (spelled his name without an I) He owned a CaFe in Missouri (Mo) and also one in Minnesota (Mn). Both were Mighty Good (Mg). He kept a CuB bear in a zinc (Zn) covered, wire (galvanized) pen to entertain the customers.
Nutrition
• Found in nature (C,H,O) are supplied from air and water.
• Major nutrients (N,P,K) must be replenished on a regular basis.
• Minor nutrients (S, I, Ca, Fe, Mo, Mn, Mg, Cu, B, Zn) are available in most natural soils with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0
Nutrition
Nutrition
Questions?
Wythe Morris, Consultant
AG Con Agricultural Consulting
Wytheville, VA
Email [email protected]