basic aerodynamics - aviation human factors€¦ · ppt file · web view · 2016-01-10author:...
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![Page 1: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 1
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General• To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in
all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE
• STABILITY is the characteristic of an airplane in flight that causes it to return to a condition of equilibrium, or steady flight, after it is disturbed.
![Page 2: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 2
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General• To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in
all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE
• MANEUVERABLILITY is the characteristic that permits the pilot to easily move the airplane about its axes and to withstand the stress from these moves
![Page 3: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 3
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General• To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in
all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE
• CONTROLLABILITY is the capability to respond to the pilot’s control inputs
![Page 4: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 4
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General• Unfortunately, these characteristics are at odds with
each other• Increase in one leads to a decrease in another• = all airplane designs are compromises
• If make it too stable = it’s hard to control
![Page 5: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 5
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General Types• 2 TYPES OF STABILITY• STATIC
• The ability of an object to return to its equilibrium state after being disturbed
• DYNAMIC• The way the object moves after being
disturbed
![Page 6: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 6
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General Types• 3 CONDITIONS OF STABILITY:• POSITIVE
• The disruption of an object gets less over time• NEGATIVE
• The disruption gets greater over time• NUETRAL
• The disruption neither increases or decreases over time
![Page 7: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 7
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General Types• Positive Stability:• The tendency to return to
the original equilibrium• Example: Ball in a trough• Generally desirable in an
airplane but does decrease maneuverability
![Page 8: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 8
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General Types• Negative Stability:• The tendency to move
away from the equilibrium
• Example: Ball on a hill• Undesirable in an
airplane
![Page 9: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 9
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: General Types• Nuetral Stability:
• The tendency for the correcting forces to neither increase or decrease over time
• Example: Ball on a flat surface
• Somewhat OK in an airplane
![Page 10: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 10
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes• Since we have 3 main
axes of an aircraft, we also have 3 main types of Stability:• LONGITUDINAL• LATERAL• DIRECTIONAL
![Page 11: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 11
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes• LONGITUDINAL
STABILITY
• Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE LATERAL AXIS
• Is PITCH STABILITY• Or keeping the
Longitudinal Axis stable
![Page 12: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 12
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• Since the CENTER OF PRESSURE (or CENTER OF
LIFT) moves with Angle of Attack changes
![Page 13: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 13
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• We need to be sure the Center of Gravity doesn’t get
behind the Center of Pressure or severe flight problems will occur (such as can’t lower the nose)
![Page 14: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 14
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• Airplanes are designed so the Center of Pressure or Lift
is behind of the Center of Gravity = a downward pitching moment on the nose of the aircraft at all times
![Page 15: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 15
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• This, coupled with the downward TAIL LOAD created
by the HORIZONTAL STABILIZER, create a balanced set of conditions to keep the Longitudinal Axis stable
![Page 16: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 16
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• If the aircraft gets disturbed so the nose goes up, the
Horizontal Stabilizer’s Angle of Attack is decreased and creates less Down Load to compensate• Hor. Stabs. are usually symmetrical airfoils
![Page 17: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 17
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• If the aircraft gets disturbed so the nose goes down, the
Horizontal Stabilizer’s Angle of Attack is increased and creates more Down Load to compensate
• This is Positive Longitudinal Stability
![Page 18: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 18
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LONGITUDINAL STABILITY• The Horizontal Stabilizer will be installed at some
particular Angle of Incidence so it can do its job correctly• This may be negative, positive, or zero
![Page 19: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 19
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes• LATERAL STABILITY
• Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS
• Is ROLL STABILITY• Or keeping the Lateral
Axis stable
![Page 20: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 20
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LATERAL STABILITY• Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL
• This is the upward angle between the wing and the Lateral Axis
![Page 21: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 21
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LATERAL STABILITY• Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL• As an airplane is upset so a wing drops, it starts to
SIDESLIP toward the low wing
![Page 22: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 22
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LATERAL STABILITY• Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL• This slipping motion plus the downward movement of
the wing add downward vectors to the Angle of Attack production and lead to an increase in on the lower wing = more lift on that wing
![Page 23: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 23
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LATERAL STABILITY• Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL• On the wing moving up, the upward vector reduces the = less lift
![Page 24: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 24
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LATERAL STABILITY• Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL• These two changes to lift create a rolling force in the
direction to restore the wings to level = Positive Lateral Stability
![Page 25: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Author: Harry L. Whitehead 25
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• LATERAL STABILITY• A HIGH-WING Airplane will not need as much Dihedral
as a LOW-WING Airplane • since the Center of Gravity is below the Center of Lift it
tends to right itself naturally (it’s inherently more Laterally Stable)
![Page 26: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 26
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
• Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE VERTICAL AXIS
• Is YAW STABILITY• Or keeping the Vertical
Axis stable
![Page 27: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 27
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• Provided by the VERTICAL STABILIZER and Fuselage• To be Directionally Stable, an aircraft must have more
surface area behind the CG than in front so it acts like a Weather Vane
![Page 28: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 28
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• Provided by the VERTICAL STABILIZER and Fuselage• When the aircraft yaws (= SIDESLIP), the Vert. Stab.
creates lift in the restoring direction and the sides of the fuselage offer a surface for the wind to push against
![Page 29: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 29
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• Is also improved by SWEEPBACK of the wings
![Page 30: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 30
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• Is also improved by SWEEPBACK of the wings• When yawing (SIDESLIP), the wing which is moving
forward has a larger effective wing area = more drag to push it back
![Page 31: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 31
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
• If the aircraft’s wing drops it will tend to yaw into the low wing and the dihedral and sweepback will combine to return the wings to level quickly
![Page 32: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 32
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
• As the low wing moves up the Lateral Stability will return the aircraft to straight flight = the low wing will be moving faster than the high wing = more lift
![Page 33: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 33
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
• = that wing will now rise and the process will repeat in the opposite direction
![Page 34: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 34
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
• The resulting low level oscillation (“Dutch Roll”) doesn’t affect aircraft flight safety but is uncomfortable for passengers
![Page 35: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 35
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability• Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
• DIRECTIONAL STABILITY• But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
• Aircraft susceptible to this usually have YAW DAMPERS connected to the rudder controls to automatically apply corrective rudder action
![Page 36: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 36
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls• Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the
same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical• Major differences:
• More control surfaces • Hydraulic actuated
• Power-boosted• Hydraulic cylinder in parallel with
control rods• Pilot moves surface and valve to
actuate hydraulic cylinder to help
![Page 37: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 37
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls• Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the
same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical• Major differences:
• More control surfaces • Hydraulic actuated
• Power-boosted• Boosting is typically about 14:1 ratio• Disadvantage: in transonic speed range shock
waves form on controls and cause buffeting which is fed back into cockpit
![Page 38: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 38
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls• Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the
same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical• Major differences:
• More control surfaces • Hydraulic actuated
• Irreversibles• Used to keep buffet from reaching cockpit• Hyd. Cylinders in series with control rods• Also need “feedback” system to give pilot the
feel of the controls
![Page 39: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 39
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727
![Page 40: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 40
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727
• Uses Irreversible system with 2 separate hydraulic systems, Standby system, and manual backup of Primary Controls (servo tabs)
![Page 41: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 41
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Primary Controls: Roll
• Ailerons and Spoilers• 4 ailerons and 14 spoilers
![Page 42: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 42
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Primary Controls: Roll
• Inboard ailerons and 10 flight spoilers do high speed flight with outboard ailerons locked in neutral position
![Page 43: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 43
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Primary Controls: Roll
• When trailing edge flaps are deployed, outboard ailerons unlocked = all ailerons and flight spoilers work
![Page 44: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 44
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Primary Controls: Pitch
• Elevators for normal pitch action• Movable Horizontal Stab. for trim action
![Page 45: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 45
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Primary Controls: Yaw
• 2 independent rudders with anti-balance (anti-servo) tabs
![Page 46: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 46
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Primary Controls: Yaw
• Also receives input from the Yaw Dampers to counteract Dutch Roll
![Page 47: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 47
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Auxiliary Lift Devices: Trailing Edge Flaps
• Triple-slotted Fowler Flaps• Take-off = only back, Landing = back and down
![Page 48: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 48
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Auxiliary Lift Devices: Leading Edge Flaps
• Krueger-type• Increase area and camber
![Page 49: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 49
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Auxiliary Lift Devices: Leading Edge Slats
• Increase camber• Inboard flaps stall first = retain aileron control
![Page 50: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 50
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Secondary Controls (Tabs):
• Ailerons have Balance Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs
![Page 51: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 51
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Secondary Controls (Tabs):
• Elevators have Servo Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs
![Page 52: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 52
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Secondary Controls (Tabs):
• Rudders have Anti-balance (anti-servo) Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs
![Page 53: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 53
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 727• Secondary Controls (Tabs):
• These Tabs also serve as manual backups in case of total hydraulic failure
![Page 54: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 54
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 747
![Page 55: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 55
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Boeing 757
![Page 56: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 56
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Lockheed L-1011
![Page 57: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 57
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
• Example: Airbus A320
![Page 58: Basic Aerodynamics - Aviation Human Factors€¦ · PPT file · Web view · 2016-01-10Author: Harry L. Whitehead. Basic Aerodynamics. III. Basic Aerodynamics. The Atmosphere. Physics](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081507/5aee8c337f8b9a572b8cde11/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
05/08/2023 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 58
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
Controls