baseline competencies for differentiated career pathway: group 1 … · 2019. 7. 22. · baseline...
TRANSCRIPT
Philosophy of Education
by: Prof. Dr. Yeo Kee Jiar
School of Education, FSSH, UTM15 July 2019
Baseline Competencies for Differentiated Career Pathway: Group 1
Workshop Learning Outcomes
• To understand what is education, philosophy
and philosophy of education
• To related branches of philosophy with
philosophy of education
• To write “my philosophy of education”
How do you define education?
What is education?
• Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.
• knowledge; skills; student; young; teacher; adults; process …..describe education in two sentences
Eric Berne’s three important questions:
• Who am I?
• Why am I here?
• Who are all these other people, and what do they want of me?
What is Philosophy?
Think – pair –share
• How do you feel about your life as a young /new/junior academic?
• Does you personal/past experience help in your current job? How doe it help?
Your philosophy
attitudePast
experiencebelief
Influence how you
live, work, interact with people, etc
reflected in your teaching and learning
processes.
Philosophy and Philosophy of Education
• The word philosophycomes from the Greek words philo, meaning love, and sophos, meaning wisdom. It is a love of wisdom.
• a search for wisdom
• Philosophy of education– provides a
“framework for thinking” about educational issues and dilemmas, and
– it guides professional practice.
• All teachers have a personal philosophy that colors the way they teach
• Engaging in philosophy helps clarify what they do or intend to do, justify or explain why they do what they do in a logical systematic manner
What is Philosophy of Education?
Fields of Philosophy
• Four branches of philosophy relative to teaching [epistemology, metaphysics, axiology, logic]
• Four Traditional Schools of Philosophy [idealism, realism, pragmatism, existentialism]
• Five philosophies of education [essentialism, existentialism, perennialism, progressivism, social reconstructivism]
➢ Theories of knowledge
➢ Knowing the limits or validity of knowing
Epistemology: Knowing is…?
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Epistemology: Knowing is…?
• “How” we come to know what we know.
• A variety of ways of knowing exist.
➢ Practice and
➢ experience are
important.
➢ What is factual
evidence?
➢ (Ex) examining your
beliefs.
➢ Greek: Meta ta physika
➢ Metaphysics is the study of the basic structures of reality
➢ Basic causes and nature of things
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Metaphysics : Reality is..?
Metaphysics : Reality is..?
Metaphysics-(ontology)- considers “what” we know. Perceive (Debate)
Independent of our perception exists.1) reality is objective and observable2) reality is actually perceived, since our behavior depends on our perception.
Are people basically good?What or who is God?
❖ What s beautiful?
❖ Ethics: study of human conduct and and examine moral values -- What is good and evil? Right and wrong?
❖ Aesthetics : Values beauty, nature, and aedtheticexperience (often associated with music, art, literature, dance, theater, and other fine arts)
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Axiology: values are…..
➢ Aesthetics➢ Ethics
Axiology: “Values Are”
• Values and ethics Debate:
– Character education argues that values, such as honesty and citizenship, should be emphasized, taught, and rewarded.
• Moral education
– emphasizes the development of students’ moral reasoning and doesn’t establish a list of values that learners should acquire.• “What is beauty?
• I’m getting paid to help kids learn. If I don’t do my best, I’m not earning my salary.” (Reasoning, value, moral)
➢ Reasoning➢ Increases with each
stage of cognitive development
➢ the processing of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles.
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Logic
Syllogism is an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions (premises)
Think of one example base on your actual experience
Idealism
• Since the physical world is constantly changing,
• ideas are the only reliable form of reality.
– Ideal situation; what you would like to happen
– Perfect marriage; teaching
Realism
• The features of the universe exist whether or not a human being is there to perceive them.– An oak tree outside the window.
– You can perceive it to be anything you want, but it’s still an oak.
• Philosophy of realism emphasize – observation,
– experimentation, and
– critical reasoning.
Pragmatism
• Pragmatism rejects the idea of absolute, unchanging truth.
• Instead, truth is what works, hence the term pragmatism.– Experience is the key
idea
– Individuals need methods for dealing with changes.
– Pragmatic Solution
Pragmatism
• Pragmatism – doesn’t de-emphasize the importance of
knowledge;
– instead, it attempts to connect it tochildren’s interests.• Constructivism: build knowledge
• Rather than follow the rule, demonstrate.
• Create understanding
Existentialism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqnWNMsWdqM
• Humanity isn’t part of an orderly universe – individuals create their own existence in their
own unique way.
• With freedom comes responsibility
• Emphasis on the individual: – we don’t teach math, science, reading, and
writing;
– we teach people, and the people we teach are at the core of learning.
• Learner-centered curriculum/instruction• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdZaywluk34
The Traditional Schools of Philosophy
Instruction emphasizes
discussion designed to
increase individual
self-awareness.
Curricula and
instruction focus
on problem solving
and the scientific
method.
Curricula focus
on content that
emphasizes
natural laws.
Curricula focus on
content that
emphasizes time-
honored ideas.
Values are chosen
by the individual.
Values are
relative.
Values are
absolute based on
natural law.
Values are
absolute based on
enduring ideas.
Knowing is making
personal choice.
Knowing is the result
of experience based
on the
scientificmk4u0r
method.
Knowing is
observing and
understanding
natural laws.
Knowing is the
personal rethinking
of universal ideas.
Reality is the
subjective
interpretation of the
physical world.
Reality is the
interaction of the
individual and the
environment.
Reality is the
physical world.Reality is the world of
unchanging ideas.
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All Rights Reserved
Philosophies of Education
• Perennialism: suggests that nature, including human
nature, is constant.
• Essentialism: emphasizes a critical core of knowledge and
skills that all students should learn.
• Progressivism: focuses on real-world problem solving and
individual development.
• Social Reconstructionism: contends that schools,
teachers, and students should play a role in addressing the social inequities in our society.
Perennials
• Nature, – including human nature, is constant
• Education – is preparation for future life
• Math, science, and particularly literature are important – they expose learners to
• the rigors of logical thought
• the great ideas that have endured throughout history.
• (Classics)
Perennials
• Ex. Classic works ranging from Homer’s Iliad to Darwin’s The Origin of Species
• Critics question – the value of distant and abstract ideas for
poorly motivated and intellectually unprepared students.
• They also suggest – that it is the elitists that places too much
emphasis on ideas that are unrelated to the student’s lives.
Perennialism
(click on link)
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reserved.
➢ Academic tests➢ Basic skills and
knowledge
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Essentialism
Essentialism
• “Back to the basics”
– learning should focus on essential basic skills,
• reading, writing, mathematics, and to a certain extent, science and geography.
– the belief that core of information existsthat all people should possess.
• Reform aimed at improving teacher training
Essentialism
• A “Nation At Risk” recommended that – all high school students master core
requirements
– in five “basics”-English, math, science, social studies, and computer science
– sequence of courses
– mastery of essential teaching skills
• Core of knowledge exists that all pre-service teachers should master. – Knowledge Base for
– the Beginning Teacher
Essentialism and Perennialism
• Are wary of
– learner-centered education and the focus on learner self-esteem.
• Essentialists
– emphasize knowledge and skills that are useful in today’s world.
Standards ….and Essential Knowledge
• Based on essentialism:– there is a critical core of knowledge all students
should master.– Major role of schools should be to ensure that all
students master a core of knowledge.
• Critics of standards (and essentialism):– crucial knowledge is learned through rote
memorization, soon becoming forgotten or inert, and
– fails to influence students’ current or future lives.
Essentialism
(click on link)
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Progressivism
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Education which moves the students forward and is relevant to the world today and in the future
Progressivism
– Problem solving and learning concepts
– Curriculum that focuses on real-world problem solving and individual development
– Insurance advertised: Progressive Insurance
• Critics say:
– places too much emphasis on student’s interests and self-esteem
– Constructivism (next slide)– http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=progressive+insurance+yo
utube&ei=UTF-8&fr=moz35
➢ Social issues➢ Seek change
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Social Reconstructionism
Social Reconstruction
(click on link)
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reserved.
Classroom Application of Educational Philosophies
• How is an educator’s educational philosophy determined?
Forming a Personal Philosophy of Education
• Philosophy is important – it helps you explain and
defend your educational goals
– explain what you try to accomplish in your classroom
Forming a Philosophy
• First, any philosophy is evolving and dynamic
• Second, your personal philosophy is likely to include elements of more than one traditional and educational philosophy.
• Third, be willing to change your views if you find that they are in error. (Open-mindedness)
Examining Your Beliefs
• Once identified, – beliefs (philosophy) should be examined and
analyzed. (epistemology)
• This is where epistemology becomes important.– How do you know that your beliefs are valid?
• Do they “feel” right?
• Do they make sense intuitively?
– Is feeling or intuition adequate to justify beliefs, or must you have research evidence to indicate that they’re valid?
Educational Philosophies p. 161
Educational Goals
Assessment
Learning
Environment
Teaching Methods
Role of the Teacher
Curriculum
ExistentialismPragmatismIdealism, RealismIdealism, RealismTraditional
Philosophy Most
Closely Related
ReconstructionismProgressivismEssentialismPerennialism
Critically examine today’s
institutions; elevate the
status of marginalized
people (women and cultural
minorities).
Acquire ability to
function in the real
world; develop problem-
solving skills.
Acquire basic skills;
acquire knowledge
needed to function in
today’s world.
Train the intellect; moral
development.Educational Goals
Collaborative between
teacher and student;
emphasis on the exposure of
hidden assumptions.
Continuous feedback;
informal monitoring of
student progress.
Frequent objective,
essay, and
performance tests.
Frequent objective and
essay tests.Assessment
Community-oriented; self-
regulated.
Collaborative; self-
regulated; democratic.
High structure; high
levels of time on task.
High structure; high levels
of time on task.Learning
Environment
Discussion; role play;
simulation; personal
research.
Problem-based learning,
cooperative learning;
guided discovery.
Lecture; practice and
feedback; questioning.
Lecture; questioning;
coaching in intellectual
thinking.
Teaching Methods
Facilitate discussions that
involve clarifying issues.
Guide learning with
questioning; develop and
guide practical problem-
solving activities.
Deliver clear lectures;
increase student
understanding with
critical questions.
Deliver clear lectures;
increase student
understanding with critical
questions.
Role of the Teacher
Emphasis on the works of
marginalized people.
Emphasis on problem
solving and skills needed
in today’s world.
Emphasis on basic
skills.
Emphasis on enduring
ideas.Curriculum
ExistentialismPragmatismIdealism, RealismIdealism, RealismTraditional
Philosophy Most
Closely Related
PostmodernismProgressivismEssentialismPerennialism
©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Classroom Applications of the Educational Philosophies
Your Educational Philosophy
What is the role of the
student: Educational
Goals?
What Assessments
would you use.?
How would you set up
the Learning
Environment?
What Teaching
Methods should be
used?
What is the role of the
Teacher?
Curriculum: What
should be taught?
ExistentialismPragmatismIdealism, RealismIdealism, RealismWhich aspect best
describes you?
And …Why?....
Which philosophy best
describes you?
Statement of Teaching Philosophy
Philosophy of teaching statements are concise statements of what you believe about the teaching and learning
Examples