barriers to unemployment - federal reserve bank of chicago/media/others/events/2016/... · 2016. 4....
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Barriers to Unemployment:
Who Are Milwaukee’s Unemployed Jobseekers?
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Primary Research Questions
Are certain barriers to employment particularly common among the chronically unemployed in Milwaukee? If so, what policy changes could be considered?
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Unemployment & Labor Force Participation - 2013
22%
12% 10% 8%
49%
38% 39%
27%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Black/African American
Hispanic/Latino Asian White/Caucasian
Unemployed
Unemployed OR Not in Labor Force
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Male Unemployment & Labor Force Participation - 2013
26%
12% 9% 9%
54%
28% 35%
27%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Black/African American
Hispanic/Latino Asian White/Caucasian
Unemployed
Unemployed OR Not in Labor Force
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Female Unemployment & Labor Force Participation - 2013
19% 13% 11%
6%
45% 48% 43%
27%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Black/African American
Hispanic/Latino Asian White/Caucasian
Unemployed
Unemployed OR Not in Labor Force
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Educational Attainment by Race 2014
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
All Races/Ethnic Groups
Black/African American
Hispanic/Latino
Bachelor's degree or higher
Some college/Associate degree
High school diploma/GED
Less than HS diploma/GED
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Milwaukee Area Workforce Investment Board Ø WIOA Adult Ø WIOA Dislocated Worker Ø FoodShare Employment and Training Ø Windows to Work
Wisconsin Department of Children and Families Ø Transform Milwaukee Jobs YWCA Southeast Wisconsin Ø Enhanced Transitional Jobs Demonstration
Data Sources/Programs Analyzed
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Limited education/skills
• No high school diploma or GED
Limited transportation options
• No valid driver’s license
Criminal backgrounds
Parental status and responsibilities
• Head of household / Non-custodial parent
Employment Barriers
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Mawib Program Participants (N = 6,948)
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Participation 1,295 total participants in 2014 Qualifications • 18 years of age or older • Citizen or noncitizen authorized to work in US • Meet military registration requirements (males only)
Priority is given to recipients of public assistance, other low-income individuals, and veterans and eligible spouses.
Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) – Adult
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WIOA Adult – Demographics
90%
73%
68%
59%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Head of household
African American
Under age 40
Female
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WIOA Adult Participants – Barriers
15%
31%
38%
7%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Multiple barriers
Criminal background
No driver's license
No high school diploma or GED
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FoodShare Employment & Training Program (FSET)
Participation 3,915 total participants in 2014 Qualifications • 18 years of age or older • FoodShare recipient • Citizen or noncitizen authorized to work in US
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FSET – Demographics
64%
80%
64%
52%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Head of household
African American
Under age 40
Female
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FSET – Barriers
42%
28%
66%
29%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Multiple barriers
Criminal background
No driver's license
No high school diploma or GED
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Participation 964 total participants (January 2014 – June 2015) Qualifications • 18 years of age or older
o If age 24 or older, at least one dependent child • Unemployed for previous four weeks or longer • Ineligible for unemployment compensation and not receiving W-2
At least one of the following: • Child support order in place • Child reunification plan in place • Ex-offender
Transform Milwaukee Jobs
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Transform Milwaukee Jobs
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89%
95%
77%
85%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Non-custodial parents
African American
Under age 40
Male
Transform MKE Jobs Demographics
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61%
95%
58%
20%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Multiple barriers
Criminal background
No driver's license
No high school diploma or GED
Transform MKE Participants Barriers
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All 6 Programs – Demographics N = 8,668
72%
58%
54%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
African American
Under age 40
Male
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All 6 Programs – Barriers N = 8,668
39%
42%
50%
23%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Multiple barriers
Criminal backgrounds
No driver's license
No high school diploma/GED
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All 6 Programs – Barriers
60%
19%
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Male Female
Criminal Background No Criminal Background
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• Limited education/skills • Limited transportation options • Criminal backgrounds and incarceration • Parental status and responsibilities • Lack of work history • Length of unemployment • Poor basic employment (“soft”) skills • Physical and mental health issues/disabilities • AODA issues/drug testing • Lack of stable housing/affordable housing near jobs • Limited spoken and/or written English • Discrimination for any reason
Potential Barriers
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1. Half (50%) of the unemployed Milwaukee residents who take part in workforce development programs lack valid driver’s licenses.
2. Criminal backgrounds are an issue for a majority of men (60%) who participate in workforce programs in Milwaukee.
3. Lack of high school diploma/GED is an issue for fewer people (23%), but may be more difficult to overcome with new GED exam.
4. Data on many workforce barriers is not tracked by agencies, and in some cases, would be difficult to measure.
Observations
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Transit Research
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Transit Research
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Last mile challenge • Oak Creek, Mequon
Trip time on transit is prohibitive • Brookfield
Bus service was attempted before but eliminated • New Berlin, Menomonee Falls, Franklin
Transit exists, but not designed for reverse commuters
• Menomonee Falls
Common Transit Challenges
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• Bus stop consolidation
• Transit signal prioritization
• Bus-only lanes or shoulders
• Bus rapid transit (BRT)
Possible Solutions to Improve Transit Speed & Efficiency
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Marijuana Laws in Milwaukee
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MarijuanaLawsinMilwaukee1st Time Marijuana Possession Cases
January 2012
March 2015
4,554 total (first-time) marijuana possession cases
12 cases (11 individuals) resulted in jail sentences
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Small-Scale Marijuana Arrests
1,085
974
779
536
223
123 106 77
2012 2013 2014 2015
Municipal
State
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Median HH Income Marijuana Arrests Violent Crime
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NextSteps
§ Transit“lastmile”study
§ Researchonpolicyop6onstoaddresscriminalbackgrounds