barras_an experiment

Barras: An Experiment

Jo GimenezLynn Amabile

Suzanne C. Graham

Barras: An Experiment

This publication and its data are the copyright of Amabile, Gimenez and Grahamand must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it was intended.Any reference to this work should be at the discretion of the above authors and

document appropriate acknowledgement.

Contents

Preface

Introduction p1-7 Stage One: Thesis - The Master Plan Stage Two: Masters - The Experiment

Stage One: Thesis - The Master Plan p8-19

Plot Based Urbanism Analysis and Strategies Concept Plan Local Urban Code Foundation Master Plan Master Plan

Stage Two: Masters - Barras: An Experiment p20-31

Christopher Alexander - A Critical Analysis Responsive Parameter Design index - Approach and Rules

The Experiment p32-207

Community Consultations SocialProfiling The Projects

Conclusion p208-209Bibliography p210-211Appendices p211-225

List of Figures

Figure 1. Photograph of Thesis project exhibition. (Authors’ own photograph) p2Figure 2. Image from Thesis project demonstrating public space and block density on Kent Street. (Authors’ own image) p3Figure 3. Master Plan from Thesis project. (Authors’ own image) p4Figure 4. Photograph of experiment model - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own photograph) p6Figure 5. Photograph of site – Market shed on Moncur Street. (Authors’ own photograph) p7Figure 6. Photograph of site – Barras Arch on Kent Street. (Authors’ own photograph) p7Figure 7. Photograph of site – Barrowlands Ballroom. (Authors’ own photograph) p7Figure 8. Street Sections from Thesis project demonstrating change in streets and density. (Authors’ own image) p10Figure 9. Master Plan from Thesis project (section). (Authors’ own image) p11Figure 10. Block Density Diagram - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p12Figure 11. Network Connectivity - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p12Figure 12. Vehicular Movement - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p12Figure 13. Vehicular Connectivity - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p13Figure 14. Pedestrian Connectivity - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p13Figure 15. Pedshed - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p13Figure 16. Sky View Factor (Ground Map) - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p13Figure 17. Street Shadows (December) - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p13Figure 18. Street Shadows (June) - Barras site as existing. (Authors’ own image) p13Figure 19. Spitalfields, London. (Various) p14Figure 20. Spitalfields, London - Pedshed. (Authors’ own image) p14Figure 21. Kirkgate, Leeds. (Various) p15Figure 22. Kirkgate, Leeds - Pedshed. (Authors’ own image) p15Figure 23. Portobello Road, London. (Various) p15Figure 24. Portobello Road, London - Pedshed. (Author’s own image) p15Figure 25. Concept Plan from Thesis project. (Authors’ own image) p17Figure 26. Foundation Master Plan from Thesis project. (Authors’ own image) p17Figure 27. Sample use of Local Urban Code from Thesis project - Street Front Typology. (Authors’ own image) p18Figure 28. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:41) p22Figure 29. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:42) p22Figure 30. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:45) p23Figure 31. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:46) p23Figure 32. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:48) p23Figure 33. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:128) p24Figure 34. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:131) p24Figure 35. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:132) p24Figure 36. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:168) p25Figure 37. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:169) p25Figure 38. The Berkeley Experiment. (Alexander, C 1987:193) p25

‘Urban’ relates to the density and physical character of the built environment; its economic and societal functions; and the nature of its climatic conditions.

This publication looks to address an intermediate scale of design subsequent to master planning through the means of an experiment. The experiment aims to developresponsesfromthemasterplanningstageof theEastEndof Glasgowthroughtheinfluencesof theconceptof PlotBasedUrbanismandthetheoriesof ChristopherAlexander.Bydelineatingtheirsimilaritiesandfocusingof thepotentialof each,thebuiltenvironmentcanbedevelopedbyreflectingontestedand examined physical processes of urban design.

Through the process of designing a successful urban environment, this experiment aspires to aid in the cultivation of a legacy of the Commonwealth Games, Glasgow, 2014. This can be achieved by improving the accessibility, connectivity and urban realm of the area through the development of a series of small projects, together with the support of Glasgow City Council, Rock DCM, the Barras Enterprise Trust and the immediate community.

Preface

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Introduction

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This publication discusses the second part of a developed body of work which is outlined as a two stage process. Stage One: Thesis – The Master Plan outlines the pro-gression of a Master Plan, highlighting improvements for the regeneration of the East End of Glasgow, through the methodology of Plot Based Urbanism. This Master Plan was developed over a period of nine months from initial analysis work, through to the developed planning of streets and spaces and to show a calculated and struc-tured approach to designing the city.

Stage Two: Masters – Barras: An Experiment demon-strates the progression of a section of the Master Plan in greater detail; specifically between the Gallowgate and London Road, Glasgow Cross and Bain Street; an area more commonly referred to as ‘The Barras’. This scheme has materialised through an experimental process in the development of a series of projects over a two month period. The approach to this experiment derives from a combination of considered calculations of Plot Based Urbanism, and the applied theory of Christopher Alex-ander’s text A New Theory of Urban Design. Alexander’s theory depicts a piecemeal approach to planning, allowing the city to develop gradually.

In addition, the 2014 Commonwealth Games, which will be based in the East End of Glasgow, will predictably be a catalyst to enhance the economy of the Barras, the East End and in turn the city of Glasgow. Although only present for two weeks, the anticipation of the Games will attract capital investment and increase exposure over what is perceived by the local community and city officials as a ‘forgotten’ part of the city. This will inevitably provide a foundation to which further development can be based within the area.

In order to sustain an appropriate level of interest and growth out with the two week time period, development needs to be proliferated and maintained subsequent to the games. As mentioned, the Barras and its neighbouring district ‘Calton’ are positioned between London Road and

the Gallowgate, two of the key routes to the Common-wealth Games from the City Centre. The Barras site currently forms a void in the urban fabric of the city; therefore, it is imperative that this site is improved, not only for the Commonwealth Games to be a well function-ing part of the city, but for its success to be maintained. The Barras can give continuity to the perception of the city during the Commonwealth Games and join the Games site to the City Centre in a more uniformed, well developed fabric.

Therefore, the purpose of this publication is to examine the ways in which the combination of Plot Based Urban-ism and Christopher Alexander’s theories can be used to develop the area into a safe and pleasant community in time for the Commonwealth Games initiating develop-ment, which in turn will successfully reconnect the East End to the City Centre.

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Stage One: Thesis - The Master Plan

Stage One: Thesis – The Master Plan, is the preceding body of work to this publication. Working alongside Glasgow City Council, Rock DCM and the Barras Enter-prise Trust, the Urban Design Studies Unit at Strathclyde University focused its MSc in Urban Design and unit 4 of the PGDip in Advanced Architectural Design on the East End of Glasgow as a study area for the studio project. The overall objective of the course was to create a Master Plan of the East End, which would demonstrate the physical, social and economic changes needed within the area along with long term strategies for its sustainable development.

The work was carried out in a design studio in the Barras Centre, located within the heart of the Barras Market, where public lectures were hosted to which the local com-munity, stakeholders, councillors and MPs were involved.

As previously mentioned this Master Plan was developed through the process of Plot Based Urbanism (PBU). PBU is a developed idea, which allows for future adapt-ability through the arrangement of plots that are formed along a street front. This progressive approach allows for the city to be transformed gradually as opposed to com-plete renovation. Each plot can be developed in succes-sion allowing for further modifications in the future.

Analysis and strategy phases were developed prior to the Master Plan. These outlined the limitations of the site and highlighted the main areas in need of development. Therefore, a foundation was set to which the Master Plan could be based, which involved the development of long term strategic plans for its regeneration including infra-structure and accessibility, aspirations of its residents/users and the study of the relationship between street networks and urban form. From this, street front analy-sis was carried out in order to understand the distinctive physical properties that make street fronts in Glasgow characteristic in relation to street hierarchies in terms of

plots. Typical street fronts in Glasgow were studied and a number of format indicators were measured. This data was then compiled to form a Local Urban Code (LUC) to which the development of street fronts within the Master Plan was based.

The objective of our Master Plan proposal, as pictured was to ‘Regenerate the East End of Glasgow as an easily acces-sible, retail and residential extension of the city centre, which is safe andreflectsthevibrancyof itshistoricalcontextwhileaimingtomeet Glasgow’s 2050 goal of a 60% reduction in carbon emissions’.(a) It aims to improve connectivity through the increase in permeable streets and the fragmentation of larger blocks. Density should be increased where possible in order to improve the economy of the area, occupy vacant sites and create a more vibrant community. The Barras Market is proposed to trade on a 7 day a week basis with a commercial link to Argyle Street, which will lead directly from the City Centre. A number of derelict train sta-tions will be reopened, complimenting the refurbishment of those that are currently still in use, the aim here is to improve accessibility through the site.

The work carried out in Stage One acts as a foundation for the experiment, which compiles a detailed design boundary of the condensed study area. The study will be concentrated to the immediate East End, linked directly to the City Centre and follows a set of identified rules that will aim to improve the urban fabric promoting Glas-gow as a whole.

(a) Objective taken from Thesis project proposalL. Amabile, J. Gimenez,, S. Graham 2011

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Stage Two: Masters - Barras: An Experiment

With close reference to Stage One, the second stage of the project focuses on a section of our Master Plan located between Glasgow Cross and Bain Street, the Gal-lowgate and London Road, concentrating primarily on the Barras Market. The theories and approaches of Plot Based Urbanism and Christopher Alexander will be tested in order to enhance the area of development.

Christopher Alexander outlines within his theories that the city should be designed and progressed through a piecemeal approach. Each development should follow on from the previous with each complementing its predeces-sor. Although his theories appear to have little structure, each development must adhere to his predefined rules and patterns. It is his belief that the end user is the most important contributor to the design process and that their input should guide the development of each building and space. Public spaces should be the main focus of atten-tion and should be realised before the built form of the city. This suggests that spaces produce buildings rather than the usual circumstance, where urban space is formed from what is remaining.

The study of Christopher Alexander has delineated simi-lar and converging theories of Plot Based Urbanism, to which the outlined experiment can benefit. Prior to the delivery of Barras: An Experiment, in terms of design,

constructive rules have been outlined depicting the po-tential advantages drawn from both Plot Based Urbanism and Christopher Alexander’s A New Theory of Urban De-sign. These recommendations depict relevant approaches from both methodologies, which should be applied to the design of each project throughout the experiment.

As proposed plots have already been defined through the Master Plan, although site specifics have not, the experi-ment sets a boundary to which detailed designs can be produced. As with A New Theory of Urban Design the basis of this experiment has been conceived around a working model, with each project aiding in the development of the next.

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Stage One: Thesis - The Master Plan

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Gallowgate - Existing Gallowgate - Proposed

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Plot Based Urbanism

Plot Based Urbanism (PBU) is not a new theory in urban design but more of an understanding of a combination of previously tested theories from recognised contribu-tors, including: Jane Jacobs, Christopher Alexander and Kevin Lynch. It is not about creating something new but rather about looking at previous success and failure, analysing what can be positively taken forward to enliven and improve our cities.

Within the remit, the PBU approach looks to outline spatial principles that are necessary in the creation of public spaces while also considering their applicability and adaptability to support future generations. It is this com-pliance which is crucial to the success of the city, allowing for change over future years without the requirement for absolute transformation.

Plot Based Urbanism is place making made time conscious. (Porta, S and Romice, O 2010:15)

In addition, Plot Based Urbanism allows the possibility to deal with urbanism on a much smaller scale, as plots can be developed gradually over time, allowing the city to evolve. The concept has in time developed to place emphasis on the design of the street front, rather than the entire block and more importantly the plots to which the street front is composed. By considering previous Master Plan proposals, most recently the regeneration project of Govan, Glasgow 2010, it became apparent that the study of the street front was more significant in developing the city than the 2010 study of the urban block. This broad-ened scope to document at a human scale an in-depth relationship to the street. The public realm is experienced and understood at street level rather than through the dis-tribution of blocks, therefore the emphasis has reformed to deliver considered characteristics along a street front rather than the urban block.

At the heart of Plot Based Urbanism is the understanding that streets and street fronts require diversity and adaptability to support urban life; in design terms this implies, very simply, smaller units. (Porta, S and Romice, O 2010:17)

With this in mind it is understood that the emphasis of Plot Based Urbanism is placed on the plot and in turn a gradual design of the street front. This approach some-what differs from the traditional creation of urban blocks, instead it focuses on the adaptability and growth of the street front, allowing for future change as deemed neces-sary. Over the years block sizes within our cities have grown dramatically due to the increase in private vehicles, which has resulted in the gradual sprawl of our urban fab-ric and the steady reduction of density within the cores of our cities. It is therefore rendered vital that when design-ing the urban form we consider the length of the street front, ensuring that accessibility and connectivity are not compromised in the process, therefore delivering a more beneficial Master Plan.

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Analysis and Strategies

The master planning stage was initiated through an in-tense level of analysis including; street networks and per-meability; planning frameworks (appendix ii) of the East End of Glasgow, in particular future plans for the Com-monwealth Games; the history of the site; the existing urban fabric; and the communities experiences, opinions and visions for the area. This work has been developed in order to reinforce decisions made in the subsequent strat-egy and master planning phases. Revisiting this analysis work whilst delineating plans for the experiment, has allowed for a better perception of the area. Decisions for the detailed design of each project within the experiment are influenced by this understanding, allowing for more lucrative proposals. A selection of integral analysis has been illustrated below on the adjacent pages.

Through conducting comparitive studies on different types of urban fabrics, we could begin to make conclu-sions by evaluating specific characteristics related to the quality of urban space. The following identifies and quantifies a set of indicators in order to calculate and measure connectivity and accessibility of the urban fabric, and solar admittance on the urban morphology.

Historically the Barras is a site with very strong links to the city centre. In latter years the area has beenleft underdeveloped and untouched by funding. The selection identified the strong north and south boundaries that enclosed the ‘island’ habitat. Through investigating the role of the urban texture, the function of the site was measured thus identifing its performance in terms of sustainability, connectivity and accessibility. From this it was possible to develop strategies that aimed at improving these limitations of the site. These strategies included; better permeability through the implementation of more connected streets and the fragmentation of oversized urban blocks; better accessibility through the addition of train stations and; higher density through housing devel-opments.

No. Blocks: 46 Average Block Area: 7574.0sqm Average Block Length: 125.5mBlock Density: (Total Block Area/Unit Area) - 348411.5/640000 = 0.54

4 Way Intersections: 15 x 3 = 453 Way Intersections: 45 x 2 = 90Cul de Sacs: 6 x -1 = -6Total: 129External Connectiviy: 139.1 (23 Points of ingress/egress

Block Density

Network Connectivity

Vehicular Movement

Number of Intersections: 72Number of Cul de Sacs: 18Number of Vehicular Links: 139Link to Node Ratio: 139/72 = 1.86

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Vehicular Connectivity

Pedestrian Connectivity

Pedshed Analysis

Street Density: (Total Linear Extension/Unit Area) = 23784.1/640000 x 1000 = 37.16km per unit area Link to Node Ratio: 574/497=1.15Network Permeability (All possible pedestrian movements at intersections): 1395

Street Density: (Total Linear Extension/Unit Area) = 9785.5/640000 x 1000 = 15.30km per unit areaNetwork Permeability (All possible vehicular movements at intersections): 395

% of area reachable within 200m: 84%% of area reachable within 400m: 60%

Street Shadows - June

% of green areas with perma-nent shadow: 0.18% of streets with permanent shadow: 0.26Average number of hours of shadow on streets: 4.82

Street Shadows - December

% of green areas with perma-nent shadow: 20.71% of streets with permanent shadow: 27.89Average number of hours of shadow on streets: 3.62

Sky View Factor - Ground Map

Average Sky View Factor on the ground: 0.93Average Sky View Factor on the green spaces: 0.96Average Sky View Factor on the streets: 0.92

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Market Research

Additional market analysis was completed to attain a com-prehensive understanding of successful market places and how these could be applied to the Barras.

In comparison to other markets in the UK, the Barras is the least successful in terms of trader / user ratio, con-nectivity and accessibility. Given it’s demogrpahic to the City Centre and some of its attractions; Glasgow Green, the People’s Palace, Templeton Carpet Factory, this sug-gests that the Barras Market has potential to be a more lucrative market place.

From this analysis work a number of strategies were deduced for the improvements to the urban fabric of the East End of Glasgow. These included better accessibility through the site through the implementation of new rail-way stations, improved permeability through the fragmen-tation of large urban blocks and better links to the City Centre. As a result, the East End would have the poten-tial to be a safer, more vibrant place to live and work.

The Barras Market East End, Glasgow 1916Operating: 1 day, Saturday

Saturday - 150-200 Traders: craft/ produce/fashion/ antiques/ childrens toys/ electrical/ entertainment1,000 PeopleMonday - 5-10 Units: general trade/ electrical/ foodFriday - 5-10 Units: general trade/ electrical/ food

Situated 15 minutes walk from High Street Station/ Belgrove Street Station and Bridgeton Station Local Bus Routes - 255,8, 65, 165, 65A Underground connection- no underground connection in the East End of Glasgow

Promotion - Local Music Venue - Barrowlands/ Local Meetings/ Barras Enterprise Trust

Spitalfields Market East London 1638Operating: 6 days, Sunday- Friday

Sunday - 170 Traders: vintage/craft/ fresh produce/fashion25,000 PeopleMonday - 35 Traders: general trade/ antiques/ vintage/ 5,000 PeopleFriday - 100 Traders: fashion/ craft/ record fair3,000 People

Situated 5 minutes walk from Liverpool Street Station. Local bus routes - 8, 242,149 and 67Underground connection- lines BR, Central, Hammer-smith and City, Circle and Metropolitan.

Promotion - Free Publicity/ Local Articles/ Events/ Published Tourism Guides

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Kirkgate Market Leeds 1857Operating: 6 days, Monday-Saturday

Saturday - 600 Traders: general retail trades/ meat/ antiques4,000 PeopleMonday - 400-500 Traders: second hand clothing/ antiques/ vintage/ produce2,000 PeopleWednesday - 300-400 Traders: no open market general trade/antiques/ meat/ fresh produce3,000 People

Situated 5 minutes walk from Leeds City Station. Local bus routes- main city centre bus station adjacent to market/ regular shuttle bus to Leeds and Bradford International Airport. Promotion- CornExchange/ Grand Theatre/ Playhouse

Portobello Road West London 1850Operating: 7 days, Saturday Street Market

Saturday - 170 Traders: vintage/antiques/ fresh pro-duce/fashion/ second hand100,000 PeopleMonday - Units: general trade/ antiques/ produce/ 5,000 - 10,000 PeopleFriday/Sunday - Units: outdoor market/general trade/ antiques/ produce/ public house10,000 People

Situated 5 minutes walk from Nottinghill Gate Station Local bus routes- 7,12,23,27,28,31,52,70,328Underground connection- lines Central, Circle, District

Promotion - Free Publicity/ Local Articles/ Tourism Guides/ Film Set / Tourist Location

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Concept Plan

The Concept Plan has a spatial nature and is aimed at de-tailing the ideas that are identified in the Strategic Plan. It defines how these ideas will materialise and how they relate to one anothetttr. Firstly an existing Concept Plan was produced, mapping the site in its current state. This dem-onstrated existing nodes, densities, road networks, trans-portation links and ecological networks already present within the site. It also aided in outlining the restraints of the site and where improvement was required. This led to the development of the proposed Concept Plan. The proposed Concept Plan illustrated aspirations for the site; the location of nodes and therefore district centres, relevant networks and densities in a diagrammatic format. This allowed for a basic understanding to how the site could be developed. From this study a more detailed plan could be deciphered; the Foundation Master Plan. How-ever, before the Foundation Master Plan could be gener-ated, it was imperative that the nature of proposed street fronts was understood and so the Local Urban Code was developed.

Local Urban Code

As discussed, Plot Based Urbanism deals with an adap-tive approach to Master Planning, in which the Master Plan is developed through the application of data as calculated through the Local Urban Code (LUC). Typi-cal street fronts in Glasgow were studied and from this a number of indicators were deduced. This informa-tion was calculated in terms of plot indicators and street front indicators and included; plot areas, perimeters, front length, number of units, together with, building typol-ogy, percentage of covered areas, built volume, building heights and number of storeys. Permeability of the street front was also measured; with street widths, vehicular and pedestrian gates also being calculated. This informationwas then collated and condensed in to what formed the LUC. The LUC then became the fundamental resource for the development of the Master Plan. Cross refer-

enced with the Foundation Master Plan, the LUC al-lowed for the street to be divided into plots, which would achieve the density and street typology envisaged for the final Master Plan.

Foundation Master Plan

The Foundation Master Plan, a detailed adaptation of the Concept Plan, demonstrated densities outlined through the nodes on the Concept Plan, but in the form of street fronts. While information on proposed density is sche-matically represented on the Concept Plan, the Founda-tion Master Plan demonstrates these densities through zones. Therefore, each street front is designated a density which relates directly to its position in terms of road hierarchy and nodes. To clarify, the higher the importance of the road and the closer the proximity to a district node, the denser the street front should be. Once this has been refined, street typologies are assigned as per the Local Urban Code. This then set a foundation to which the Master Plan was based.

The Master Plan

The Master Plan demonstrates a document that estab-lished strategies at a structural level in a spatially detailed composite of representations. The Master Plan does not account for the final stage of the depiction of a city but should illustrate a series of changes that could be imple-mented in order to contribute to the evolution of the city. These changes are based on regulatory frameworks outlined through the Local Urban Code and follow the principles outlined by Plot Based Urbanism. Through studying the characteristics of each street front in the Lo-cal Urban Code, it is possible to implement each street on the Master Plan by comparing their spatial characteristics and their fundamental measures. This process was initiat-ed by outlining the proposed density as demonstrated on the Foundation Master Plan. This density was matched with a street front of a similar nature within the LUC and subsequently its indicators and characteristics.

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These characteristics were then duplicated to form new street fronts within the Master Plan.

A conscious decision was made in the development of the Master Plan to include an ecological initiative, which would aspire in aiding Glasgow’s goal of achieving a 60% carbon reduction by 2050. For this to be realised existing buildings were preserved and highlighted for refurbish-ment or retrofitting, reusing building materials where feasible. Any increase in density in such areas would be implemented through the addition of low emission devel-opment supported by effective policies and programmes outlined later in the text. This structured approach looked to directly address the related problems of unsustainable activities and environmental pollution ultimately resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions and supporting exist-ing form. Existing tenants would therefore remain in their homes, retaining the tight community which is already present in many neighbourhoods within the identified site.

This increase in density could be supported by the requirement to relocate to the city due to increased fuel prices. It is becoming less viable for people to inhabit Glasgow’s neighbouring new towns, therefore it is more apparent that people will choose to reside within the city; subsequently sustaining the proposed increase in density.

The Master Plan proposal links the composition of built structures with human activities that are often destruc-tive within a natural environment; specifically transporta-tion. In order to promote functioning centres within our master planned boundary, transportation infrastructures will be linked intrinsically; it is proposed to reinstate two historical train stations at Glasgow Green and Glasgow Cross and refurbish the existing stations. Car parking will be kept to a minimum, in particular for plots immediately adjacent to transportation hubs; train and bus stations. The Master Plan has set a guideline for the strategic devel-opment of the East End as a ‘legacy’ marking of Glas-gow’s 2014 Commonwealth Games, and in turn

contributing to the progression of the economy and the promotion of the infamous Barras Market.

Until now, Plot Based Urbanism is an idea which has yet to be tested in the form of a live project, however thus far it has been well received by many including Glasgow City Council and developers. Considering today’s current climate, Plot Based Urbanism makes economic sense as it allows for the gradual alteration of the city; smaller and more manageable developments can be realised and set precedent for future construction. By investigating the principles of PBU against the theories of Christopher Al-exander, the benefits of both can aid in achieving a more successful urban realm.

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Sample use of Local Urban Code

Pictured here is an example of the use of the Local Urban Code (LUC) on a sample of the proposed Master Plan. This section of the Master Plan demonstrates a diversity of street fronts, with a mix of densities and typologies. Prior to the Master Plan stage, streets are split aaccording to density and typology on the Foundation Master Plan. Once these propsosed densities have been deciphered they can be compared to those on the LUC with similar densities. From this other indicators can be drawn from the LUC and can be applied to the proposed street fronts on the Master Plan.

1 High Density 1.A Mixed Use 1.A.a Aggregated 1.A.b Isolated 1.B Mostly Residential 1.B.a Aggregated 1.B.b Isolated

2 Medium Density 2.A Mixed Use 2.A.a Aggregated 2.A.b Isolated 2.B Mostly Residential 2.B.a Aggregated 2.B.b Isolated

3 Low Density 3.A Mixed Use 3.A.a Aggregated 3.A.b Isolated 3.B Mostly Residential 3.B.a Aggregated 3.B.b Isolated

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PROPOSED STREET FRONTS Type

Street Front TypeProposed Street Type

Units per Street Front (num/ha) No. Storeys

Average Plot Area (m²)

Average Plot Front Length (m)

Percentage Coverage (%) Commerce

Semi - Detatched Terrace Flats

BarrasS1 1Aa 260 4 281 18 75 20 0 0 0S2 1Ba 240 3 409 23 60 0 0 0 20S3 1Aa 260 4 288 15 72 24 0 0 0S4 1Aa 250 4 894 23 70 11 0 0 0S5 1Aa 240 3 529 19 55 0 0 0 10S6 1Ba 230 3 423 26 60 0 0 0 9S7 1Ba 230 3 520 19 60 0 0 0 9S8 1Aa 250 4 401 27 77 19 0 0 0S9 2Aa 240 2 650 25 50 1 0 0 0S10 1Aa Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 5 0 0 0S11 2Aa 240 4 367 16 60 4 0 0 0S12 1Ba Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 1 0 0 0S13 2Aa Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 1 0 0 0S14 3Aa Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 16 0 0 0S15 2Aa Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 1 0 0 0S16 1Ba 220 4 420 22 58 3 0 0 12S17 2Aa 120 3 176 9 53 20 0 0 0S18 1Ba Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 5 0 0 0S19 1Aa Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 36

Dovehill / East Cambell StreetS20 1Aa 270 5 375 17 70 0 0 0 20S21 1Ba 230 4 1927 65 60 0 0 0 16S22 1Ba 230 4 1927 65 60 0 0 0 16S23 2Ba 130 4 482 18 55 0 0 0 40S24 1Ba Existing 7 Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 56S25 1Ba Existing 3 Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 29S26 1Ba Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 8 0 0 0S27 1Aa 260 5 542 22 42 0 0 0 35S28 1Aa 250 4 448 19 52 0 0 0 20S29 1Ba Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 21S30 1Ba 190 3 320 16 54 0 0 0 15S31 2Ba 130 3 165 7 38 0 0 10 0S32 2Ba 130 3 165 7 38 0 0 27 0S33 2Ba 150 3 314 18 63 0 0 0 18S34 1Ba Existing Specialist Existing Existing Existing 1 0 0 0S35 1Ba Existing Specialist Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 0S36 1Aa 240 4 590 22.25 43 0 0 0 16

CaltonS37 1Aa Existing 4 Existing Existing Existing 5 0 0 44S38 1Ba Existing 3 Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 34S39 2Ba Existing 3 Existing Existing Existing 0 0 0 12S40 2Aa 150 4 500 22 47 0 0 0 60S41 2Ba 140 3 351 20 47 0 0 0 12S42 2Ba 110 2 98 5.5 40 0 0 27 0

Barrack Street / Sydney StreetS43 2Aa 150 3 505 22 54 1 0 0 18S44 2Ba 130 2 160 7.8 43 0 4 16 0S45 2Ba 130 3 520 25 50 0 0 10 36S46 2Aa 150 3 528 22 27 0 0 11 42S47 3Aa 80 3 612 20 30 0 0 0 21S48 3Aa 70 2 145 8 36 0 10 0 0S49 3Bb 70 2 180 7 29 0 8 0 0S50 3Bb 60 2 370 19 29 0 8 0 0

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Stage Two: Masters - Barras: An Experiment

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As outlined, Plot Based Urbanism is the basis for Stage One of this project. The principles of PBU are the foundation to which the Master Plan was based and so is therefore the initiative behind the development of Stage Two. PBU aims to develop the city through a structured process, which is cultivated through a series of calcula-tions and a high level of data. In contrast, Christopher Alexander’s theories depict a more fluid approach to which the city is developed through a piecemeal concept. It is our intention to combine both outlined principles for the development of Stage Two: Barras – An Experiment in order to deliver an approach that draws on the poten-tial of both methodologies.

Christopher Alexander is an architect and urban theorist who grounds the majority of his work on the theories and experiments outlined in his publications, which were writ-ten throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These publications summarise his ideology through a series of experiments and rules to which he reasons that the thoughts and in-spirations of the end user are crucial to the success of an urban space or building. His writings, which include; A Pattern Language (1977), The Production of Houses (1987), The Timeless Way of Building (1979) and A New Theory of Urban Design (1987), set to encourage architects and urban de-signers alike to perceive spaces, buildings and cities of any scale through a piecemeal approach, aided by a complex

Christopher Alexander - A Critical Analysis

Images taken from the experi-ment undertaken as outlined in ‘A New Theory of Urban Design’. This project was the initial test for Christo-pher Alexander’s ‘7 rules of growth’ and the basis for ‘Barras - An Experiment’ and the development of the ‘Responsive Parameter Design index’ (RPDi)

series of rules and induced community input. Communi-ty input is an aspect which appeals directly to the develop-ment of the Barras and the East End of Glasgow due to its close knit society, especially with its demographic to the city centre.

Christopher Alexander outlines a discourse that the city and its built form should be developed through a gradual approach, where each increment lends itself to the next, influencing the nature and design of the previous. A New Theory in Urban Design (1987) denotes that an urban structure should be formed without having first produced a plan. This theory was expressed through means of an experiment in which students from the University of Cali-fornia, Berkeley developed a stretch of waterfront east of downtown San Francisco.

In comparison PBU suggests that plots are delineated through the Master Plan. These plots are then acquired by individual architects or developers and designed to a set of guidelines developed by the master planner. The evolution of a plot by plot sequence can create a diverse level of design throughout a single street front. How-ever, there is no limitation to how many may be assigned to a block entity. In order for variation to be perceived, a certain ratio of designers to a single block should be regulated.

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However, the regimented use of the LUC allows little cre-ativity and a less than organic fluid disposition. Although it depicts the correct deliverance of amenities, this may be formed in a way which is too prescribed. In contradic-tion, A New Theory of Urban Design has issues with scale and architectural style of buildings, without a prescribed planning method from the offset, the unity in method of design and scale is not apparent. It is suggested that there should be a variety of building scales and functions throughout the process of the design of an area, but no indication is given to how this could be formed. Al-though the percentage of facility typologies are outlined to some degree, it is not specified how these are placed in relation to the remainder of the urban fabric. This leaves a predicament of clustering amenities positioned where they are perhaps unnecessary. Although applied in a somewhat diverse manner the ‘patterns’ of each meth-odology aim to create boundaries in the development of successful public spaces and urban form.

These patterns can be interlinked to produce what Chris-topher Alexander describes as a whole. These wholes are what Alexander depicts as a fundamental part of the structure of the city. In parallel with theorist Jane Jacobs, Alexander saw the importance of the fluidity of an organ-ic city, which was nurtured over time. Jacobs proposed that over time, with the involvement of people, buildings,

Christopher Alexander outlined the seven rules of growth in order to aid the fluid development of the city for the above experiment, to which each increment was required to adhere to (appendix iii). The seven rules of growth set to aid the design of each increment in a sinuous manner. In addition to these rules as outlined in A New Theory of Urban Design, Christopher Alexander discussed a series of patterns that could be constructive in the development of the city. A Pattern Language (1977) previously expresses the provision of a language used in planning and con-struction; patterns or wholes interlink, one pattern cannot be successful without the implementation of the previous. From a series of patterns the end user must select those that are most significant to their project. Each pattern represents the current conjecture to what arrangement of physical environment will work to solve the presented problem. Furthermore, in order for the intervention of one pattern to be successful, it must determine which patterns are connected. Only then can the associated language be formed as patterns cultivate in parallel with each other.

Similarly PBU engages the Local Urban Code for its rules. As discussed, the LUC is derived from the study of existing street fronts to which a number of indicators are deduced. These indicators are then applied to the devel-opment of proposed street fronts within the Master Plan.

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streets and public spaces would change in response to how people interacted with them (Jacobs 1961). Centres are achieved through gradual spontaneously developed increments, coinciding and uniting to produce an intricate yet rational environment. The development of these cen-tres is the result of smaller wholes, which when conjoined to other smaller wholes create larger wholes; as each centre is cultivated the city begins to recover.

PBU delineates a similar strategy to which centres are crucial to the development of place. However, these centres are those that are deciphered through the concept plan as nodes. Nodes and centres are deciphered by their proximity to significant specialist functions such as large shopping malls and transportation hubs. Throughout both methodologies centres are focal to the understand-ing of the urban form and the structure of its networks.

The most fundamental component of Alexander’s theory was that the community and end user had an integral part in the design process. Alexander’s 1980’s Mexicali Project, The Production of Houses (1987) demonstrates the success of community input to the design of a series of houses that were planned for construction on a small plot of land. It was Alexander’s concern that;

Houses are identical, machinelike, stamped out of a mould, and almost entirely unable to express the individuality of differ ent families. (Alexander, C. et al 1977:24)

He proposed that the way in which these houses were assembled should differ from modern day conventions. The end user of each house must have the sole jurisdic-tion to the design of their home, in which the builder/architect merely aids the detail design and construction of the project. This is a discipline that allows language and patterns to be utilised in order to create a building or eventually a town.

Christopher Alexander was not alone in his criticism of the industrialisation of residential building. Leon Krier (1984) disclosed the same apprehension; industrialism had demolished thousands of years of human culture and left the city lifeless and uninteresting. It was Krier’s belief that urban spaces required the input of a human scale and impulse, and as with Alexander, he understood that ‘buildings become creators of public space’ (Alexander 1987:66). It is agreed within the text that urban space should be the main focus of attention, reversing the normal situation where buildings are the dominant focal point.

Christopher Alexander’s theory implies that the impor-tance of the position of roads and buildings is out-weighed by the significance of public space. Although this is perhaps accurate, a more defined road network is required in order to produce a coherent definition of public space. The connectivity and accessibility of an area is what sets the foundation to the success of these individual spaces. Without a prescribed road network,

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these spaces can regress despite good design. Well con-nected streets and roads are required to promote the city as a whole. The importance of this is acknowledged through the principles of PBU. The concept of PBU depicts that as with the development of nodes and road networks, ecological networks are also outlined through-out the Concept Plan process before proposed plots are even envisaged. This suggests that public space has prior-ity over built form.

Plot Based Urbanism depicts a theory which, if applied effectively, can develop lucrative blocks and street fronts into precedents for a successful city. Plot Based Urban-ism limits the level of design and so the intensity of crea-tivity, blocks can appear uninspired. This would suggest that a latter phase of development would be required to deal with the fragmentation of the block and in turn the street front, to allow for a degree of originality. In terms of the following experiment, Stage One: Thesis – The Master Plan, sets a foundation to which Stage Two can be implemented. It is within Stage Two that blocks will be divided into projects and a set of parameters established. In turn, streets fronts can be developed through a piece-meal process, yet will retain a level of order associating each to the wider and complete process.

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Responsive Parameter Design index - Approach and Rules

Through the study of Christopher Alexander’s theory and practiced experience of Plot Based Urbanism the strengths and limitations of each methodology have be-come clear. In order to successfully present the following, it is essential that any basis to which this theory prevails is fully understood. As discussed, it is our intention to com-bine the qualities of both principles in order to develop a proposal of how the Barras site could be developed. This initiative outlines a set of ‘rules’ or recommenda-tions to how this could be achieved. For the purpose of this publication, these rules have been outlined as a Responsive Parameter Design index; RPDi. Stage Two: Masters – Barras: An Experiment outlines a number of projects that have been highlighted for development from the established Master Plan. These projects have then been designed following the outlined recommendations through a piecemeal process. This aims to demonstrate how the Master Plan could progress from its current state.

Stage One has delineated through the development of the Concept Plan, Foundation Master Plan and Local Urban Code to form a comprehensive Master Plan. This dem-onstrates the position of roads, district centres, ecological networks, which have been condensed in to an inclu-sive layout of the East End of Glasgow. Through the use of the LUC, street front have been deciphered and subsequently their plots. It is now the objective of Stage Two: Masters – Barras: An Experiment to demonstrate a method to how this could be progressed.

Due to the current economic climate, there are a number of financial restraints on many urban regeneration projects therefore, a piecemeal approach seems appro-priate in order to develop the city. Each project can be implemented over a long period of time and so they can evolve in order to be pertinent to their point of insertion.

Input from the local community has allowed for clear ownership of space and place. In an area where the com-

munity is close knit, there are certain social boundaries that need to be understood. This refers to belonging to and so developing an attachment to a place;

‘Somewhere becomes a place because people share their knowl- edge about its stories, can read its subtle cues, understand their significance.’(Hall,P2002:353)

Each project within the following outlined experiment considers the public or private connections of the land and space before the commencement of any proposal.

The projects outlined within Stage Two: Barras – An Ex-periment will never be absolute until construction. As the community and the city are always evolving, there should be scope for each project to progress if necessary prior to completion. The outlined Master Plan becomes frag-mented in to projects, thus each space and building will be designed through a piecemeal process following the set of recommendations and refined parameters. Through the assistance of a physical model, it will be clear to see how this area could evolve over time.

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Christopher Alexander has outlined a single overriding rule, which prevails over all other rules in the considera-tion of each increment;

‘Every act of construction, every increment of growth in the city, works towards the creation of wholeness’ (Alexander, C 1987:29)

Through the development of this experiment and its as-sociated projects, it has become apparent that the Re-sponsive Parameter Design index would benefit from an overriding rule. This means that although each project will be developed through different processes due to their nature; whether it is the construction of a building or the design of a public space, each has one single entity to which it must adhere to.

The Overriding Rule: Each plot willing lends and adapts patterned considerations and constructive parameters for an approved procedure to be attained in the development of a sustainable city

Rule 1 – Approved Densities and Networks

In order to decipher successful public spaces within the urban fabric a substantial structure needs to be deter-mined. The first rule establishes a hierarchy of road networks and required density. A proportional scale is de-rived from the proximity of a plot to the District Centre and thus the mix of small, medium and large projects can be subdivided between nodes at a Local and District level. Subsequently buildings that are closer to district centres require a progressively higher density. It is possible that through the detailed development of these centres that a new focus on public realm can materialise to encourage positive urban public space.

Streets are sub dived thrice with direct connection to the District Centres/Nodes. Urban Main Streets (primary streets) are key routes linking District Centres to one

another; Local Main Streets (secondary streets) link Urban Main Streets to one another and provide further connec-tion to private or tertiary streets.

Nodes and streets are applied in congruence to pedestrian space; their position, although not design, is arranged through the development of the Concept Plan. The required density also forms a base for each related space to subsequently be developed.

- Road networks must be developed as a direct response to Nodes and Centres.

- Primary streets link to District Centres; secondary streets link primary streets and provide access to terti ary streets.

- Commerce is primarily located at District Centres, with additional retail at Local Centres. However dispersal of a mixed use typology is dependent on community scale; a combination of workspace, living and retail will pro vide for more than one individual need. Each area should thus have a steady balance of building typology. - Placement of specialist buildings must be dispersed to maximise the use of available building area to keep the required density and offer a rich variety of func tions integrated with proportionate green space. This ensures a sustainable balance in the habitat and consid ers promotion of movement across the site outlined.

- Transportation amenities should be available at each District Centre; ideally this should be in the form of a train or bus station. Bus links must permeate primary streets, whilst train routes must link District Centres.

- Although densities have been prescribed through the development of the Concept Plan and the Founda tion Master Plan, there is scope for slight adjustment to

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how these are structured. It is imperative however, that the correct degree of density is achieved per street front and consequently per hectare. District Centres must remain the most built up, with densities dispers ing from these centres.

- An ecological network is stipulated at the Concept Plan stage; this provides placement and linkage of pub lic green spaces. This network must be closely adhered to with these spaces creating catalyst to the develop ment and design of their immediate surroundings.

Rule 2 – Prescribed to Progressive

The combination of prescribed and piecemeal develop-ment allows for a balanced level of order and disorder to create an intricate yet rational environment; the city requires a structured foundation on which its urban fabric is established. From this foundation each plot can be developed on an idiosyncratic level.

Each project must begin with a level of regulation in or-der to set a base for its fluid relationship with the conjoin-ing city.

- Plots are outlined around road networks and existing plots; they are developed in conjunction with the Local Urban Code in terms of density and should be closely adhered to.

- Plots must first be delineated before the design public space is conceived, both of which should precede build ing design and final built form. It is from these public spaces that the development of buildings is conceived.

- Plots are defined through the guidance of the Lo- cal Urban Code and the Master Plan to form street fronts and blocks. These blocks are then fragmented in order to develop individually. This allows for a piecemeal approach to be adhered to, develop ing the site and so the city on a more distinctive

level, with each plot obtaining its own disposition.

- Built form should cover the prescribed percentage of land within the plot as per the Local Urban Code. The front edge of this built form must always comply with street front as delineated by the Master Plan; however, there is the opportunity to modify the remaining built edges so long as densities are adhered to.

- Buildings should relate to their existing surroundings yet be sympathetic to their historic urban grain. The narrative of the building must correlate to both inter nal and external public spaces and consider the natural environment in terms of orientation, material choice and construction technique.

- It should be noted that although these plots are designed to progress from one another they may not be constructed in the same manner. Therefore although a project may be designed in succession to another it may be built through a different time frame. For example, public space is designed prior to building design; however, for this to be perceived physically, building construction must precede public space com position.

- Number of entrances and vertical circulation must be adhered to as per the Master Plan; however their posi tion may be altered.

Rule 3 – A Collaborative Response

Large developments stem from a series of building applications; once plots within a block have been deci-phered, they have the ability to be designed separately or in clusters by a collaboration of architects. Excerpt considerations are made where there is already a histori-cal canvas; existing buildings, industry and climate must be taken in to consideration when outlining and applying further rules.

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Allowing the community to have an input into the devel-opment and construction of each increment takes away the sole control of the architect/developer and so the lack of heartfelt vision. The Master Plan is a prescribed article to which blocks look similar and public spaces are developed as a derivative of densities as required through the Local Urban Code. Community input is required from the end users, consequently creating the vibrant, inimita-ble spaces that are needed.

- When the Master Plan is conclusive, in terms of outlined public space, plot scale and built boundaries, each plot or selection of plots will then be acquired by an architect/developer. It is then the responsibility of the architect/developer to incorporate the views of the end users.

- A maximum of 30% of plots within a block may be designed by a single architect or developer entity in order to achieve a variety of design and fabrication.

- As a street front has the potential to be designed by a number of developers or architects, there may be an overlap in time scales of projects. As plots are required to be conceived to relate to the existing urban fabric, projects that have been ‘designed’ although not constructed must also be considered. Once a project has been approved for planning, it can then be identi fied as ‘designed’.

- The end user must have a contribution to the final design resolution. Local city officials must also par ticipate in the design process in order to ensure the city develops successfully as an entirety.

- No design of any building or urban space is complete until inhabited, as the end user may vary over time subsequent to completion of Stage Two.

Rule 4 – Affirmative Urban Space

It is important to remember that urban space should be the main focus of attention, reversing the normal situa-tion where buildings are the dominant focal point.

- Urban space should be the main focus of attention. This is only contradicted where the urban space con tains a specialist building; in this instance both space and building have equal levels of importance.

- Where possible, gardens should take advantage of natural light and weather protection, however, as a result of the Local Urban Code, it is not always possi ble for the private garden to be south facing. The sig nificance of the position of the urban block in relation to the permeability of its surrounding streets out- weighs the importance of the orientation of a private garden.

- As street layouts have already been established at the Concept Plan and Foundation Master Plan stages, the detailed design of these streets is key. Primary, second ary and tertiary streets should all have the same nature respectively and relate to the public urban spaces that they adjoin, through materiality and disposition. Main streets that link particular elements of the city must be associative and be understood as one entity.

- The provision for privately owned vehicles should be kept to a minimum in order to help meet a required 60% reduction of carbon emissions; outlined districts will have minimum provision of car parking. Where commercial buildings reside out with a 200m radius from a transport hub, there should be a preferred addi tion of parking facilities. Every attempt should be made in concealing these parking facilities from the view of public urban spaces. The reduction of vehicu lar traffic will encourage bicycling and walking. Em phasis should be put on pedestrian access and the walk able city.

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Rule 5 – Core Climate Considerations

Climatically responsive urban design is fundamental to sustainability; design decisions should be planned to pro-mote carbon free economic growth.Climate change cannot be treated as a solely environmen-tal objective, there are economic and social imperatives that are fundamental to creating long term successful places.

To almost contradict previous synopsis, climate change cannot be addressed through a piecemeal approach. To explain, each stage and implementation must embed the principle in the process from strategic output; climate change adaption and mitigation are linked securely to the wider force of place and community. It has already been iterated that habitation should be linked to transportation which is perhaps one of the first considerations; location.

It is advised that where possible the current ecological footprint of the city and the area examined should be recorded, this allows the strategy to work against a bench-mark for improvement.

The design of buildings in particular should take in to consideration their impact on the environment, both during construction and use. Each project should take into account Glasgow’s outlined goal of a 60% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050. It is pointed out that at this stage each development that is not residential should con-sider the future possibility that an Environmental Impact Assessment will become regulatory in order to achieve a sustainable urban environment.

- Buildings should be retained where possible and retrofitted to meet current u-value standards.

- Process and built structure should be designed to maxi mize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency in all aspects of development.

- Immediate context should influence appropriate pas sive design responses; natural systems should be en couraged where possible to provide for durability and not immortality. It must also be considered however that a building that can be easily adapted to serve different purposes during its lifetime reduces the need for premature demolition and rebuilding serving changing economic needs.

- Building mass, orientation to the sun should create balance when examining the appropriate density height and depth of buildings in the located plot thus highlighting their relationship to private and public open spaces.

- Materials and energy that enter each life cycle stage of every project and process have their own life cycle. Life cycle should be considered and documented from commencement of design patterns for construction in particular material choices and construction techniques that could offset any energy gains. The complexity of materials should correspond to reuse and recycling.

The urban fabric, which takes the model of blocks, has limitations of shading and wind effects due to its built form. This should be taken in to consideration when designing buildings within plots, in particular aperture placement. It is considered useful at this stage to refer back to analysis of the area in question using software such as Mat Lab.

- The percentage of green space assigned within plots should aid to offset carbon emissions of built structure within the block directly relating to its surroundings. Green areas and the planting of foliage are encouraged over grey or brown sites.

- Plots positioned adjacent to large areas of public green space can reap the benefits of carbon sequestration and in this instance should adhere to comply.

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- Any new green infrastructure must complement and enhance the function of existing green areas which will increase shared resources amongst species.

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The Experiment

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Ownership Plan

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which allowed them to express their thoughts more clearly. For the purpose of this publication, a selection of community consultations has been illustrated to show a clear progression of mapping throughout the day. It should be noted that regular consultations were arranged with the Barras Trust, Rock DCM and the Glasgow City Council for their continuous input in to all stages of the project.

Although a large quantity of research was carried out throughout Stage One of this project with regards to the local community. Through the analysis phase, thoughts and aspirations were gathered from the local community to how they envisaged the East End of Glasgow could progress, however it was apparent that this was a proce-dure that was required to be on going. In order to achieve projects that were viable for an area within such a tight knit community, it is imperative that they were involved throughout the entire process. As stated in rule 3 of the Responsive Parameter Design index (RPDi); ‘No design of any building or urban space is complete until inhabited. As the end user may vary over time subsequent to completion of Stage Two’.

Therefore, we arranged a number of community consul-tations over the course of the trading weekends of the Barras Market. We corresponded with the local commu-nity, visitors and traders alike to obtain specific details of their aspirations for the area. If these projects were to be realised, the appropriate end user must be consulted on the detailed progression through to construction. Given that there was only a short allocation of time for ideas to be obtained, it was only possible to acquire a limited amount of feedback from the community.

We achieved this by allowing each individual who car-ried out a consultation to record their thoughts on an interactive map. This allowed them to place appropriate coloured pins in to the map to express the type of change that they would envisage at that point. This was dem-onstrated under 4 categories; black –work; red – home; blue – social interaction; and green – open space. This al-lowed us to understand on basic terms the wider context of what people’s desires were and distinguish through clusters of pins the most significant areas to the local community. These significant areas became projects that would require the most thought and detail.

In order to attain more detailed results from the consulta-tions, social profiling was carried out. Those who tookpart in the consultations completed a short questionnaire,

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Name : Nicola DugganAge : 40Sex : Female

Time : 10:15Location : Moncur StreetDate : 31/07/11

Occupation : Shop OwnerLive : Hamilton

Why are you here today? / What are you doing? : Shop Keeper

Identification with the area : As above

Memories : Glasgow Institution, busy vibrant market

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : Unusual stalls, friendly atmosphere

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : Glasgow’s Covent Garden!

Comments: n/a

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Name : Samantha CoulterAge : n/aSex : Female


Occupation : IT TechnicianLive : Rutherglen

Why are you here today? / What are you doing? : Working

Identification with the area : Weekend Trader

Memories : n/a

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : I actually hate it here. It’s very run down. However, I like the Barrowlands, it’s a great music venue.

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : n/a

Comments : Its rep is really bad, fake goods, dodge DVD/games. Very seedy.

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Name : Derek PearsonAge : 49Sex : Male

Time : 11:30Location : 64 Moncur StreetDate : 31/07/11

Occupation : SalesmanLive : Glasgow


Identification with the area : Work

Memories : Busy, vibrant market

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : The people and diversity of goods

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : Regenerate but keep the vibe

Comments: n/a

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Name : Tommy SmithAge : 62Sex : Male

Time : 12:00Location : BarrasDate : 31/07/11

Occupation : Glasgow ArtistLive : Gorbals

Why are you here today? / What are you doing? : I work here

Identification with the area : As above

Memories : Was a great place, has fell away

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : The Barras real character

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : It’s got to improve

Comments: They can’t take the Barras off the map. The Barras is Glasgow

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Name : Owen MeharryAge : 57Sex : Male


Occupation : n/aLive : Saltmarket

Why are you here today? / What are you doing? : Shopping

Identification with the area : I live here

Memories : n/a

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : People

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : More rented accommodation.

Comments: n/a

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Name : AnonymousAge : 49Sex : Male


Occupation : n/aLive : Stirling

Why are you here today? / What are you doing? : Shopping

Identification with the area : n/a

Memories : Good

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : People watching

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years :

Comments: Long gone

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Name : Isabella CampbellAge : 48Sex : Female


Occupation : Youth WorkerLive : Gallowgate

Why are you here today? / What are you doing? : Walking

Identification with the area : Live in the East End

Memories : A life time

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : Open, friendly

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : More community, meeting places for the weans

Comments: n/a

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Name : Jennifer CoyleAge : 25Sex : Female


Occupation : DesignerLive : Battlefield


Identification with the area : Work

Memories : Shells

What do you enjoy/love about this area? : Banter/character

Can you express how you would like to see this area develop in the next 5-10 years : Back to former glory

Comments: n/a

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The Projects

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Project Plan

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Astheruleshavebeencultivatedandprojectboundariesdefined,thephysicaldevelopmenttotheBarrasMarketcancommence.Throughthispiecemeal approach, the site can evolve in a progressive nature utilising the basis of a plot derived Master Plan as a foundation. From this, we aim to achieve a thriving district that will be socially, physically and economically viable to aid the regeneration of the East End over a 5 year period. The Commonwealth Games 2014 and its following cessation will shape what will be the legacy of the Commonwealth Games and widen the scope for further development.

It should be noted that this experiment demonstrates how these projects will be developed through a design process; the timeline reveals a suggested construction time frame. Projects 1-52 will run in parallel to projects A-R in terms of both design and construction.

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Project 1 : Demolition of 46-54 Moncur Street and boundary wall of The Square YardProject 2 : Square at Calton EntryProject 3 : Retrofittingof theSquareYardProject 4 : Construction of Skills Base Workshop BuildingProject 5 : Future FacadesProject 6 : TheUpgradeof StreetfinishesonMoncur,Gibson,KentandStevensonStreetandrestorationworkstothered‘Barras’archesProject 7 : Demolition of 13 Gibson Street, 258-260 Gallowgate and 30-40 Bain Street Project 8 : Retrofittingof 270-290Gallowgate,4-28BainStreet,15-25GibsonStreet,71-99MoncurStreetProject 9 : Retrofittingof 257LondonRoadandDemolitionof adjacentSingleStoreyBuildingProject 10 : Construction of Building at 30-40 Bain Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)Project 11 : Public Space at 258-260 GallowgateProject 12 : Construction of Building at 13 Gibson Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)Project 13 : Retrofittingof CaltonParishChurch–openasaCommunityCentreProject 14 : Public Space adjacent to Calton Parish Church and continuation of Millroad StreetProject 15 : Major Crossing Points at the Gallowgate, London Road and Bain StreetProject 16 : Retrofittingof CoveredMarketonMoncurStreetProject 17 : Retrofittingof theBarrowlandsBallroomProject 18 : Demolition of 34 Stevenson StreetProject 19 : Link between Moncur Street and Monteith Row and behind the Square YardProject 20 : RetrofittingandRedevelopmentof AntiquesMarketProject 21 : Upgrade of External Space surrounding Public ToiletsProject 22 : Public Green Spaces between London Road and Monteith Row Project 23 : Construction of Building on 70 Bain Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial) Project 24 : Construction of Building on 74-76 Bain Street and 34 Stevenson Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)Project 25 : Retrofittingof 52-68BainStreetand64-72MoncurStreetProject 26 : Demolitionof 37-49KentStreetand215LondonRoadProject 27 : Constructionof 37-49KentStreetand215LondonRoadProject 28 : Demolitionof 25-35KentStreetand1-9StevensonStreetProject 29 : Opening in to Barras Centre and Construction of 7-9 Stevenson StreetProject 30 : PublicOutdoorMarketSpaceatKentStreetProject 31 : Retrofittingof CoveredMarketonKentStreetandSuffolkStreetProject 32 : Demolitionof 6-28KentStreetand3RossStreetandadjacentbuildingProject 33 : Constructionof NewCoveredMarket,KentStreetProject 34 : RelocateSuffolkStreetandupgradestreetfinishesontocomplywithMoncur,Gibson,KentandStevensonStreetProject 35 : Square on Suffolk Street Project 36 : Demolition of 150-216 Gallowgate and 202 Ross Street Project 37 : Construction of 150-216 Gallowgate and 202 Ross Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)Project 38 : Retrofittingof 224-226GallowgateProject 39 : Additional Car Parking directly adjacent to Barras Market

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Project 40 : Construction of Buildings on 3 Ross Street (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)Project 41 : Demolition of 179-195 London RoaProject 42 : Demolition of 149-177 London RoadProject 43 : Demolition of 182-212 London RoadProject 44 : Adjustment to road layout of London Road Project 45: Construction of Buildings on 179-195 London Road (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)Project 46 : Construction of Buildings 149-177 London Road (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)Project 47 : Reworking of road to form St George Street Project 48: Link to Glasgow Green from London RoadProject 49: Construction of Buildings on London Road/St George Street (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)Project 50: Construction of Buildings on Greendyke Street/St George Street (Residential +Ground Floor)Project 51: Construction of Buildings on 182-212 London Road/Monteith Row (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)Project 52 : Construction of Buildings on Moncur Street (Residential + Ground Floor ‘Police Division’)

Project A : Renovation of Railway Bridges at Glasgow CrossProject B : Demolition of 89-103 London RoadProject C : Extension of James Morrison StreetProject D : Construction of Train StationProject E : Construction of Bus Hub and adjacent Commercial UnitsProject F : Development of Moir PassProject G : Public Square and edge of James Morrison Street and Construction of Buildings on London Road and the Gallowgate (Commercial)Project H : Construction of Buildings facing London Road and the Gallowgate (Commercial) and adjacent pathProject I : Demolition of 129-143 London Road and 44 Charlotte StreetProject J : Construction of 129-143 London Road and 44 Charlotte StreetProject K : Public Space at Molendinar Street and the Gallowgate Project L : Construction of Buildings on Molendinar Street and the Gallowgate (Commercial)Project M : Extension of Charlotte StreetProject N : Construction of Buildings on Molendinar Street and Charlotte Street (Commercial and Residential)Project O : Retrofittingof 149-155and161GallowgateandConstructionof Extensionover‘TheOldestChippie’Project P : Demolition of 183-283 London Road and 12 Saracen Head Road Project Q : Development of Link to North (Great Dovehill Walk)Project R : Construction of Buildings on Gallowgate (Residential)

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Project Timeline

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COMMONWEALTH

GAMES

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Project 1: Demolition of 46-54 Moncur Street and boundary wall of The Square Yard

Current Owner: Glasgow City Council, Anna Graham (The Square Yard) End User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Rock DCM, Anna Graham (The Square Yard)Time Scale: 2-3 weeks (with an additional 3 to 4 days required for ground scrap-ping)Area: 1,146m³Approximate Cost: £100,000-£120,000

Moncur Street is the original trading avenue that is situated in and around the Bar-ras Market and is currently one of the busier routes during the markets weekend operating window. It presently consists of one storey market ‘sheds’, which pre-dominantly sell bric-a-brac, and the Barras Art and Design Centre (BAAD), which is an outlet for music, modern art and fashion. Adjacent to the BAAD is Calton Entry, which was home to a temporary nursery until its recent removal.

Although historically a successful trading avenue, Moncur Street now has several disused and dilapidated buildings, one of which is located at number 46-54. This building will be demolished in order to make way for commercial and residential amenities and a public square that will aid the market. This will begin the initial stage of reinstating the Barras Market as a more welcoming place and in turn act as a catalyst for the redevelopment of the area.

The Calton Entry link leads to the current entrance to The Square Yard, which is enclosed by an eight foot wall. This will be removed in order to open The Square Yard on to the street so that it can be perceived as a more welcoming space as the Barras Market aims to reach its seven day a week potential. This area will also as-sist in creating a corridor from the Barras to Glasgow Green.

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Project 2: Square at Calton Entry (consider plots on Moncur Street)

Current Owner: Glasgow City Council End User: Local Community, Visitors, Café OwnerFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Rock DCM, BAAD Traders, Anna Graham (The Square Yard)Time Scale: 3 weeks (duration can be reduced if workforce increased and process overlapped)Area: 1,028.1m² approxApproximate Cost: £50,000

Following from the demolition of Project 1, there is now scope for the develop-ment of a public square at Calton Entry. The demolition of the building along with the recent removal of the local nursery has created a space which, when designed and redeveloped, will allow for the addition of a public space for the local community.

Calton Entry was originally a main route, which linked to the Gallowgate but now supports a small link which connects Moncur Street to Stevenson Street. This is currently used as an external space for the café at the easterly opening of the BAAD.

The aim of the design of this square will be to improve permeability in and around The Square Yard, creating an associative space to the BAAD, whilst improving the external space to café. This will make the Barras Centre more inviting from the street edge. Different levels have been created to show the differentiation in spaces between the link through the market space, the space immediately adjacent to BAAD and the space required for an insertion on Moncur Street in the future.

It should be noted that during the design of the square there was consideration to the potential of creating a structure within this site that could be used for a com-munity hub, plots of which have been outlined on the Master Plan.

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Project 3: Retrofitting of the Square Yard

Current Owner: Anna Graham (The Square Yard) End User: Anna Graham (The Square Yard), Local Community, Visitors, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Anna Graham (The Square Yard), Local Community, TradersTime Scale: 12-16 weeksArea: 537.6m³Approximate Cost: £150,000

Following the demolition of the building in project 1, The Square Yard will require some development work in order to protract its business within the new arrange-ment of Calton Entry. The building will be cultivated to relate to its new sur-roundings and improve its stature within the market. Together with the retrofit-ting, new structural implications are necessary in order to sustain the demolition of its adjacent building.

Rather than demolish countless buildings within the site, diminishing its heritage and character, a large portion of this proposal aims at retaining existing structures and upgrading them to meet current day living standards. In doing this the project will assist in attaining the progression of a ‘Zero Carbon Glasgow’; an urban alternative future model which may take us closer to Glasgow’s 2050 goal of a 60% reduction in carbon emissions. Climate change is advancing more dramatically than the individual would care believe, therefore the demand for energy efficient buildings will inevitably become a requirement and not only a consideration.

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Project 4: Construction of Skills Base Workshop Building

Current Owner: Glasgow City Council End User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Rock DCM, BAAD TradersTime Scale: 6-8 weeks planning and building warrant with a construction period of 12-16 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 88.9m²Approximate Cost: £70,000

With the run up to the 2014 Commonwealth Games the area requires immediate attention in order to bring visitors from the main Games corridors, London Road and the Gallowgate, and through the Barras Market. A building is required for this space immediately subsequent to demolition of project 1and the development of project 2, so as not to leave any vacant waste land for a long period of time.

Although a temporary structure for this site was considered for ease, in terms of both time and finance, a more permanent formation has been proposed. As a more permanent structure will be required in the future, the economic value of this project will precede itself. In order to attain a certain budget this project will be phased; project 4 being the first phase of a two stage process, the creation of the ground floor units. Phase two is proposed to be an extension of this building which will inevitably fill the remainder of the plot.

This addition to the public square design in project 2 will essentially relate to the BAAD café and the centre itself both physically and as a societal response. Schemes that could aid in supporting the local community can act as a catalyst in regaining the areas past vivacity, whilst assisting the area’s economy. This particular proposal will be for a Skills Base Workshop, which will beget a basis for employ-ment and training opportunities in the area. The Skills Base Workshop will also be the source of the design and construction of many of the small entities, such as signage, benches etc., which will inevitably be required for the regeneration of the area. This will also aid in promoting focus and a positive public framework for the area.

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Project 5: Future Facades

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City Council, Barras Enterprise Trust, Rock DCM, Time Scale: 1 weekArea: 401.7m²Approximate Cost: £20,000

As mentioned in the previous project, the Commonwealth Games is quickly approaching, therefore a prompt and financially viable solution is required for improving the appearance of the East End. It is proposed that future facades will be fabricated above existing buildings and on street edges that are adjacent to waste ground and gap sites in order to frame the streets and give the impression of a higher density. These will take the form of building imitations that may be con-structed in the future or alternatively, work of local artists and drawings by school children in regards to their interpretation of the Commonwealth Games. This project will aim to achieve a sense of change in the area to both the local commu-nity and visitors to the area, in addition to improving the initial impression of the East End.

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Project 6: The Upgrade of Street finishes on Moncur Street, Gibson Street, Kent Street and Stevenson Street and restoration works to the red ‘Barras’ arches

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, Visitors, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City Council, Barras Enterprise Trust, Rock DCM, McIver, TradersTime Scale: 1 weekArea: 5104.1m²Approximate Cost: £2,500,000

The Barras has not benefitted from investments as neighbouring parts of the city, such as the Merchant city has. The Merchant City has had a number of regenera-tion projects and financial support from the Townscape Heritage Initiative and as such is inconceivably diverse from the Barras, in both social demographic and environment, given its proximity to the Barras Market. Therefore, with adequate funding and support, the emergent infrastructure of the City Centre has the capac-ity to spread eastwards.

Upgrade of street finishes and lighting on Moncur Street, Gibson Street and Kent Street will initiate the process of linking street networks in and around the Barras Market. Existing tarmac will be retained to act as a base layer for the newly laid permeable paving. These streets will act as key routes in the regeneration of the market area. Links from the Gallowgate and London Road through the market space will be encouraged through the improvements in the walkability of the core streets within the market. This will be achieved through better quality lighting and the upgrading of paving and street surfaces, therefore creating better, safer streets for traders, locals and visitors alike. Safer streets will encourage pedestrian traffic and consequently human interaction, improving the environment and economy of the area. This will also promote the Barras as a safe place at night, in particular for events at BAAD, therefore encouraging younger people in to the market, which will inevitably prolong its lifespan.

These streets will become pedestrianised, with access for vehicular traffic only out with trading hours. This will be accomplished through the implementation of bol-lards at each of the main entrances in to the Barras Market.

In addition to these operations, restoration work will be carried out on the red Bar-ras arches which frame each of the main entrances to the site; either end of Kent Street and where Moncur Street and Stevenson Street meet Bain Street.

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Project 7: Demolition of 13 Gibson Street, 258-260 Gallowgate and 30-40 Bain Street

Current Owner: McIverEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: McIver, Barras Enterprise Trust, Tommy Smith (Trader)Time Scale: 4 weeks (duration could be increased if issues with party walls arise)Area: 3,489.3m³Approximate Cost: £300,000-£350,000

No 13 Gibson Street is historically an old wash house dating back as far as the 1800’s. Unfortunately due to neglect and lack of financial support, this build-ing has fallen to ruin and now sits empty. 30-40 Bain Street is also a historic part of the Barras heritage, although not dating back as far as the old wash house. It houses ‘Market Land’, which was previously a successful part of the Barras trading market. However, in order to progress, the removal of such impediments is cru-cial. 258-260 Gallowgate is currently the location of ‘The Cabin Bar’, which will inevitable be accommodated in one of the proposed neighbouring units that faces the Gallowgate.

Traders who are based in the ‘Market Land’ building will be accommodated follow-ing the demolition. This may be within the structure that will replace the demol-ished buildings or elsewhere within the Barras Market site.

Demolition will be a gradual process with the erection of scaffolding and the re-moval of interior services before the gradual deconstruction of the building. Due to neighbouring buildings it becomes inconceivable to simply collapse the building, with drilling to be minimised in order to avoid any disruption and issues to adjoin-ing properties. Party walls must be protected before any demolition begins.

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Project 8: Retrofitting of 270-290 Gallowgate, 4-28 Bain Street, 15-25 Gibson Street, 71-99 Moncur Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City Council, Nicola Duggan (Barras Trust), Tommy Smith (Trader)End User: Glasgow City Council, Nicola Duggan (Barras Trust), Tommy Smith (Trader), ResidentsFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Nicola Duggan (Barras Trust), Tommy Smith (Trader), ResidentsTime Scale: 24-36 weeksArea: 19,651.2m³Approximate Cost: £475,000

The buildings, as listed above, currently house a number of residences, with the exception of 71-99 Moncur Street which lies empty. It is proposed that these buildings are retrofitted to comply with modern day regulations in order to im-prove their carbon footprint, with 71-99 Moncur Street being converted in to flats. By preserving people’s homes, identity and heritage, the spirit of the community can also be maintained. Retrofitting homes in the area will encourage the existing population to continue to reside in the neighbourhood

Retrofitting, as opposed to demolition, serves its benefits; the total spent on retrofitting compared to the economical and environmental cost in terms of the embodied energy of demolishing and re-building; the total saved by the state in terms of spending on health and education as well as the overall health benefits to individuals. Improvement in insulation will help combat illness brought on through damp living conditions as well as those caused through heat poverty. Reductions in carbon emissions today will reduce the future costs associated with the likes of rising sea levels which will happen if carbon emissions are not reduced. By reusing existing buildings we are also reducing the carbon emissions associated with new building materials as well as their embodied energy.

Buildings will be retrofitted both internally and externally, improving energy rating performances through the use of dry lining and cavity wall insulation which will allow for a reduction in carbon emission as per Glasgow’s 2060 objectives.Traditional stone tenements in Glasgow, built before 1920, were constructed using solid stone outer walls and therefore have no cavity wall. Due to this it becomes essential to dry line the building in order to improve the building performance. This can be done by internally treating the property by creating an internal frame within the building on which a thermally backed plasterboard can be placed. Fur-thermore it could be necessary to replace roof wok, gutters and upgrade sills.

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Project 9: Retrofitting of 257 London Road and Demolition of adjacent Single Storey Building

Current Owner: Bill Rody (Spectrum)End User: Bill Rody (Spectrum)Future Community Consultation Input: Bill Rody (Spectrum)Time Scale: 12-24 weeksArea: 8,474.4m³ + 430.5m³Approximate Cost: £205,000 + £45,000

This four storey building currently houses a commercial unit at ground floor with the potential of upper floor residential units. As with project 8, the building will be upgraded through the method of retrofitting in order to comply with current day living standards. The adjacent single storey building to its westerly edge will be demolished to allow for better linkage and views to Glasgow Green.

Cavity walls were introduced into buildings built from the 1920’s. This allows us to use cavity wall insulation during the retrofitting of the project in order to improve existing u-values. Insulation such as blown mineral wool or rock wool will be in-jected into the cavity through small holes of approximately 25mm which will later be sealed over. Before injection the wool will be treated with a binder or water repellent which will comply with BS478Part41970.

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Project 10: Construction of Building at 30-40 Bain Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Tommy Smith (Trader)End User: Tommy Smith (Trader)Future Community Consultation Input: Tommy Smith (Trader), Local Commu-nityTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 2,650.8m³Approximate Cost: £180,000

Following the demolition of project 7, a new building will be positioned on the currently vacant plot of 30-40 Bain Street. As with the majority of demolition projects within the scheme, construction should commence almost immediately after, as not to allow for any unoccupied land. The demographics of the building have been delineated through the Local Urban Code.

As previously described, densities are derived through the development of the Concept Plan, the Foundation Master Plan and the Local Urban Code and is trans-lated in to a building foot print with derived number of storeys. The Local Urban Code also defines number of entrances, percentage of covered area on a plot, units per street front and building typology, etc.

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Project 11: Public Space at 258-260 Gallowgate

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Local Commu-nity, TradersTime Scale: 2 weeks (duration can be reduced if workforce increased and process overlapped)Area: 192.7m²Approximate Cost: £5,000

This space is located at the demolition site of project 7; 258-260 Gallowgate. The design on this new public space is crucial in encouraging movement into the Barras Market as it acts as an initial aperture into the Barras from the north edge, adjacent to the Barrowlands. It also creates a surfeit external space for the proposed build-ing of project 12; this building and its function should be considered, although not take priority, in the design of the public space.

This public space will act as a positive interlude of the dense façade, making the block more permeable on a pedestrian level. The tree in the centre of this public space creates a focal point from the main street. As the Gallowgate is one of the key routes to the Commonwealth Games, it is imperative that linkage in to the Bar-ras is lucid for defining its stature.

It should be noted that the loading and unloading of vehicles has been deliberated in the design of this project, in particular for the Barrowlands.

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Project 12: Construction of Building at 13 Gibson Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: McIverEnd User: McIverFuture Community Consultation Input: McIverTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 2,143.2m²Approximate Cost: £146,000

In addition to the previous project, this scheme will follow the demolition of project 7 and will be built in conjunction with project 10. Consultations have been completed in relation to the local community and the traders of the market with regards to the typology of built form that is required for this site. Ground floor commercial units have been proposed with upper floor residential, these have been defined as being design for singles or couples.

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Project 13: Retrofitting of Calton Parish Church – open as a Community Centre

Current Owner: Church of Scotland (For Sale)End User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeksArea: 4,500m³Approximate Cost: £2,100,000

Calton Parish Church currently looks out over Bain Street towards the Barras and was once a crucial element of the community of the Barras and Calton. The church, now one of the oldest remaining in the East End of Glasgow, was exten-sively damaged by fire in 1924 and lost its bell tower.

Although the church may not be used for religious purposes, in order to imple-ment the building as a successful community core, precedent must be drawn from its history. This should be realised on both a social and physical level. In order to regain the churches stature within the community, it requires restoration work and to be perceived as a pinnacle within the district of Calton. Considering this, it has been proposed that a new bell tower be added to the building in conjunction with its retrofitting works.

The church could also be utilised for other purposes, through community con-sultations, it has become apparent that the requirement for a community centre is required in the heart of the site. The location of Calton Parish Church is ideal for this purpose.

In addition, the Church is currently for sale, suggesting a more lucid scope for an innovative progression.

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Project 14: Public Space adjacent to Calton Parish Church and continuation of Millroad Street

Current Owner: Church of Scotland (For Sale)End User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 5 weeksArea: 4,041.6m² + 490.9m²Approximate Cost: £155,000

The design of the public space within the boundary of the churches plot is integral to its success as a community hub. Public areas such as these, need to be enhanced by continuous, assured pedestrian movement, therefore an attractive forecourt to the newly retrofitted church is required. This space should depict a positive nature, which does not merely welcome someone in to the church building but frames the Barras site, as the success of the regeneration bleeds out on to its immediate surroundings. It will be formed of an array of spaces, which are suitable for a number of uses and people of all ages, for example, places for children to play and quite places to relax.

A path which symbolises a precession up to the entrance of the church is deline-ated through the use of subtle lighting and pronounced paving. Benches and additional seating have been arranged to allow for shelter from the elements and a direct level of vision to and from the inhabited streets.

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Project 15: Crossing Points at the Gallowgate, London Road and Bain Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Local Commu-nity, Barras Enterprise Trust, Rock DCMTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 638.7m² approxApproximate Cost: £15,000

The Gallowgate and London Road are currently two of the most dangerous roads to cross in the East End of Glasgow as people often exceed the speed limit. The issue of parked cars at the side of the road makes it unsafe to cross at any point of the Gallowgate and London Road between Charlotte Street and Bain Street. The three way junction between Bain Street and the Gallowgate is the least safe place to cross within these two gates.

With increased volumes of traffic expected, for both the Commonwealth Games as well as the expected additional volumes of traffic generated by the improve-ments at the Barras and the East End, it is vital that crossing point within this site are made safer. Ideally pedestrian crossings will but implemented at the north junction of Bain Street, the Gallowgate, Collegelands and London Road. This will also help to achieve a higher level of pedestrian permeability for the Barras site in particular from the north, where there are a number of infrastructure and resi-dential developments planned for the future. These include; Collegelands, which is currently under construction and incorporates a large car parking facility; the upgrade of High Street Train Station and several housing projects. The pedestrian crossing on the Gallowgate will evidently create a link to the public space at 258-260 Gallowgate from project 11, through the Barras to Glasgow Green.

The new crossing on Bain Street will help with the problem of parked cars at the side of the road, which are inevitable given the demand for parking around the Barras, even after the implementation of more facilities. Furthermore, the crossing will aid in the connection between Calton and the Barras, reducing the barrier ef-fect that Bain Street poses and therefore encouraging the locals to utilise the Barras as a shopping district, in particular once it has been established as a 7 day market.

These crossings will include amenities for cyclists and will be reflected in a number of future projects. These will acts as part of a long term plan of cycle and pedes-trian safe routes throughout the site.

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Project 16: Retrofitting of Covered Market on Moncur Street

Current Owner: McIverEnd User: McIver, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: McIver, Local Community, Barras Enterprise Trust, Rock DCMTime Scale: 8-12 weeksArea: 4,617.9m³Approximate Cost: £800,000

In order to retain the existing feel of the Barras Market it is crucial to retain the features which make the Barras what it is. The iconic Barras market sheds are one of these features, which over the years have made the Barras instantly recognisable. It is for this reason that they should be retained. In their current state of disrepair the covered markets are majorly underused. Many of the stall facilities remain closed during trading hours and the conditions within are increasingly poor.

Retrofitting the sheds will encourage use for both traders and consumers alike, this development will subsequently allow for the buildings to be self sustained as the economic level begins to improve. The improvement of such facilities will even-tually lead to the opening of a seven day week market that has the amenity to sell fresh produce.

The increased population of people inhabiting the streets and occupying its build-ings produce a more positive attitude of the area. In addition, the restoration of the market will increase civic pride in the area, which will in turn, be perceived by those who visit the area. It is crucial to the legacy of the Commonwealth Games that a good impression is made to people who are visiting the area for the first time. This can be more readily achieved by improving the old, rather than con-structing new. The improvement of the covered markets will set the scene to a historical Barras, which will become the basis of the markets as a tourist destina-tion.

The spaces within the covered markets require to be well lit and more accessible from the street, yet protective of the produce within, whilst still retaining a tradi-tional market feel.

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Project 17: Retrofitting of the Barrowlands Ballroom

Current Owner: McIverEnd User: McIver, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: McIver, TradersTime Scale: 12-24 weeksArea: 22,626m³Approximate Cost: £7,700,000

The Barrowland Ballroom was named after the Glasgow Barrowland Market, cur-rently known as the Barras. The building was originally used as a ballroom and was the leading dancehall in Scotland from its opening in 1934. More recently the Barrowlands is used as a music concert venue, with a capacity of 1,900, to which it has been voted the second best in Europe. The ground floor consists of large hall which is used for weekend markets with a sizable weatherproof hall above. The Barrowlands is one of the main attractions to the East End, with particular refer-ence to youth culture. Therefore, in order to sustain the venues popularity, which continues to capture public interest, the building requires some maintenance.

As per project 9, this building will be retrofitted using cavity wall insulation and therefore the existing exterior of the fabric will be kept as is though maintained.

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Project 18: Demolition of Building at 34 Stevenson Street

Current Owner: Bill Rody (Spectrum)End User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Bill Rody (Spectrum)Time Scale: 1-2 weeks (with an additional 3 to 4 days required for ground scrap-ping)Area: 543.3m³Approximate Cost: £48,000-£56,000

34 Stevenson Street is currently the location of the Squirrel Bar, which is falling in to disrepair and is frequently closed. It is proposed that the building is removed to allow for the development for a pedestrian route through the Barras, past the Antiques Market to Glasgow Green. The building is currently adjoined to 32 and 30 Stevenson Street, which will be retained and retrofitted in project 20. Care must therefore be taken during its removal.

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Project 19: Link between Moncur Street and London Road and behind the Square Yard

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Thenew Housing Association, Monteith Row Hotel ResidentsTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 2,582.2m²Approximate Cost: £1,200,000

Following the demolition of the Squirrel Bar in the previous project, there is now scope for a link that will connect the Barras Market to London Road and, in the future, to Glasgow Green. This will increase north to south egress through the site for pedestrian traffic. A north to south link through the Barras is as important as the east to west route to the Common Wealth Games site. In order to make the Barras better connected to the rest of the East End, crucial amenity links need to be made to Glasgow Green and the new multi storey car park at the newly con-structed Collegelands site. This project acts as phase one of the north to south link that will be continued to Glasgow Cathedral in the future.

This new route will create public spaces that will be used by traders in both the Square Yard and the Antiques Market and will act to link the new square, from project 2, directly to the green. This will be achieved through a continuation of paving, together with strategic lighting that will create a subconscious visual link through the space. The development will allow for more traditional open air mar-ket stalls and external space for the Antiques Market. The element of this route that is directly adjacent to the easterly edge of the Antiques Market should take into consideration the retrofitting ideas for this building.

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Project 20: Retrofitting and Redevelopment of Antiques Market

Current Owner: Jackie Poulsen (Antiques Market)End User: Jackie Poulsen (Antiques Market), Local Community, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Jackie Poulsen (Antiques Market), Local Community, Barras Enterprise TrustTime Scale: 12-24 weeksArea: 10,097.4m³Approximate Cost: £2,000,000

The instigation of the first phase of the north to south link through the Barras to Glasgow Green now lends scope to the development of the Antiques Market. At present the market can be entered at 233 London Road and 32 Stevenson Street however, this is only during the weekend. Both entrances are lacking in evident signs of access, narrowing the admittance of consumers into the building.

This scheme proposes that the Antiques Market opens onto a newly designed pub-lic space from its easterly façade. As this opens on the north to south pedestrian link, as proposed in project 19, footfall will be increased into the Antiques Market. The crossing implemented in project 15, will be positioned direct opposite the London Road entrance to the market, this will again aid in increasing the footfall.

In conjunction to project 4, the Antiques Market can have the amenity to parallel the Skills Base Workshop. However, this will entail workshops that are allocated for the reparation and preservation of antiques and old furniture.

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Project 21: Upgrade of External Space surrounding Public Toilets

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Rock DCMTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 384.0m²Approximate Cost: £9,500

Despite their appearance it is necessary to have secure public toilets within close proximity to the Barras Market. This will become more apparent as the market is developed and becomes more popular, especially with the Commonwealth Games and its subsequent legacy. Currently the public toilet is situated on the corner of Bain Street and Stevenson Street, adjacent to a car park/waste ground. It is positioned on the edge of the Barras Market site and so needs to be aesthetically pleasing in order to create a more positive atmosphere. It is proposed that this site be landscaped so as to achieve this. This public space around the toilet must also take in to consideration buildings that will be placed in the plots that are positioned bordering its site.

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Project 22: Public Green Spaces between London Road and Monteith Row

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, Residents of Thenew residential development, Resi-dents of Monteith Row HotelFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Residents of Monteith Row Hotel, Glasgow City Council, The Barras Enterprise Trust, Thenew Housing AssociationTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 1037.7m²Approximate Cost: £400,000

At present, this site is used as an unmarked car park and sits adjacent to a former desolate building which occupied the plot for 246 London Road. This area has recently been acquired by the Glasgow City Council and its easterly edge, which occupies the Monteith Row Hotel, and has been proposed as a new residential quarter as developed by Thenew Housing Association.

The public space that will be developed on this site will be a continuation of the link from Moncur Street, from project 19, which runs through the Antiques Market, creating a more pleasing and safe environment while finalising the link between the Barras and the Green. The creation of this green space will help to promote the Antiques Market and will create a more pleasing historical route through the area.

This space will further act to connect the Homes for the Future project on the northerly edge of Glasgow Green, to London Road and the Barras while creating a pleasant environment between the Barras and the Green.

Not only will the upgrade of public spaces and routes through the site bring a positive image to those visiting Glasgow for the Commonwealth Games, it will also create a civic pride to the community. Improvement of the public realm will aim to commit purpose to those who live in the area.

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Project 23: Construction of Building on 70 Bain Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Residents, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Local Community Time Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 1,333.8m³Approximate Cost: £91,000

In order to complete the street front of Bain Street it becomes essential to create a new building that continues the corner of the block (52-68 Bain Street), which is sympathetic to the public space that has been designed in project 21. It is pro-posed that retail units will occupy the ground floor of this building in order to increase egress through and around the market at street level. It is anticipated that the upper floors of this building will be residential. Residential developments such as these this will help to increase the density of the area and in turn support the economy of the future 7 day market as is begins to fulfil the amenities of a local node.

As with previous residential projects within this experiment, community consulta-tions have been carried out with regards to the typology of the building that will occupy this plot, therefore the residential units have been designed to mainly cater for couples and starter families. The increase in density directly within the market site will also aid in populating the streets at all times, not only during trading hours. This will assist in making the area a safer place to inhabit.

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Project 24: Construction of Building on 74-76 Bain Street and 34 Stevenson Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Bill Rody (Spectrum)End User: Residents, Bill Rody (Spectrum)Future Community Consultation Input: Bill Rody (Spectrum), Barras Enterprise TrustTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-36 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 3,798.9m³Approximate Cost: £260,000

In order to complete the corner between Stevenson Street and Bain Street it has become increasingly clear that a new building insertion is required within the space. The work carried out in project 19 sets a new plot boundary for this project, to which the development of this project must be considerate to. As with the previ-ous project the construction of this block edge will aim to complete the street front and consequently, increase the density within the Barras area whilst improv-ing its urban fabric.

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Project 25: Retrofitting of 52-68 Bain Street and 64-72 Moncur Street

Current Owner: Derek Pearson (Barras Enterprise Trust), Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Derek Pearson (Barras Enterprise Trust), Traders, ResidentsFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Derek Pearson (Bar-ras Enterprise Trust),, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeksArea: 1,450.75m³Approximate Cost: £15,000

Currently housing a couple of the few successful business in the area these build-ings need only a small amount of improvement in order to make the building more welcoming to the public. As these two businesses, Pearson’s and Bill’s Tool Store are situated on the corner of one of the main entrances in to the Barras they will aid in attracting more investment and consumer activity in the area. Little develop-ment is required in order to sustain an already lively street edge although the build-ings require some maintenance work as to protract the successful commerce.

It is proposed that these building are retrofitted in order to minimise the level of disruption to the companies that occupy them. Cavity wall insulation will be used to bring the building up to current day standards in terms of heat loss.

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Project 26: Demolition of 37-49 Kent Street and 215 London Road

Current Owner: Tariq, Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Tariq, TradersTime Scale: 3-4 weeksArea: 5,440.8m³Approximate Cost: £460,000-£560,000

As with the majority of buildings throughout the Barras Market these buildings are in a state of disrepair. Although they are used as exterior stalls during the weekend market many are too unsafe to be entered internally. In order to create safer, more viable places for people to trade, it is proposed that these building are demolished. Traders that currently occupy these units will be relocated in those units that will be constructed in project 27.

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Project 27: Construction of 37-49 Kent Street and 215 London Road (Com-mercial)

Current Owner: Tariq, Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Tariq, TradersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-36 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 7,014.6m³Approximate Cost: £475,000

Following the previous project, a new market building is required on the corner of Kent Street and London Road to complete the block and so the street front. These will house traders on the ground floor with further commercial units above. These buildings will take in to consideration the Barras Arch at the opening of Kent Street and the adjacent Alphonsus Church. As these units will be located directly adjacent to the main entrance from London Road in to the Barras, it is im-perative that they are vibrant and inviting, with stalls that open out on to the street.

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Project 28: Demolition of 25-35 Kent Street and 1-9 Stevenson Street

Current Owner: Naseer (Relocated), Tariq (Relocated)End User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Rock DCMTime Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 2,646.0m³Approximate Cost: £200,000-£250,000

These building are currently underused and in a dilapidated state, often only being utilised as a backdrop to external stalls due to their perilous structure. It is pro-posed that these building are demolished to make way for a new outdoor market trading square. This square will act as surfeit space to the BAAD, allowing its in-ternal units to have an external outlook onto the Barras Market. Before demolition commences land acquisition is required from the two current occupants. These traders with subsequently be relocated to other appropriate units located within the market site.

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Project 29: Opening in to BAAD and Construction of 7-9 Stevenson Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Traders, Rock DCMTime Scale: 12-16 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 16-24 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 521.4m³ + 363.0m³Approximate Cost: £30,000 + £15,000

This project will be developed in conjunction with project 30. Recent investment was made in improving the centre, which takes the shape of a glazed roof over its internal courtyard. Currently, due to bad design, BAAD receives little consumer engagement because of its inward facing layout. Despite this, the majority of the units are occupied, though not often for a considerable length of time, therefore suggesting that there is already interest in investment in to the centre.

This project entails the opening of the west edge of the BAAD, through the removal of the two centre units. These units currently back on to the external rear plots of the now demolished buildings of project 28 to which they have no rela-tionship with. The removal of these units will create an opening in to BAAD and allow more association with the rest of the market.

A new building will be constructed at the vacant site of 7-9 Stevenson Street to mirror the opposite unit on Moncur Street. This will assist in forming a welcom-ing, semi sheltered entrance into BAAD from the public square and create an ad-ditional unit to replace one that was demolished.

* Since finalisation of the design of this project, information has been obtained from Rock DCM in relation to future development on this site. Initial proposals are currently being drafted for the block, which is lies within the bounday of Kent Street, Stevenson Street, Bain Street and Moncur Street.

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Project 30: Public Outdoor Market Space at Kent Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Traders, Rock DCMTime Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 495.0m²Approximate Cost: £25,000

This new space will allow for the permentant inclusion of outdoor market stalls as mentioned previously. The public square will not only increase footfall in to the BAAD from the street, it will aid in correlating the traders within the centre with those of the more traditional market to which there is currently a divide.

At present the units within the centre are inhabited with young fashion designers, often being used as a small music venue. Therefore the stalls that will occupy the public square will follow in a similar nature. Stalls will be positioned on the edge of the street to entice consumers inside, whilst the design of the paving will sub-consciously lead people in to the covered courtyard. Planters have been located within the space in order to bring an element of nature into the Barras which is currently lacking in any environmental networking.

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Project 31: Retrofitting of Covered Market on Kent Street and Suffolk Street

Current Owner: McIverEnd User: McIverFuture Community Consultation Input: McIver, TradersTime Scale: 8-12 weeksArea: 2,545.2m³Approximate Cost: £450,000

As with the retrofitting scheme in project 16, the covered markets need to be main-tained in order to retain the existing nature of the Barras Market. Retrofitting the sheds will allow for continued use into the future and will encourage and promote use in the present day. It is our intention to improve these facilities to eventually lead to the opening of a seven day week market providing an area selling fresh and local produce. Retrofitting the sheds will encourage use for both traders and con-sumers alike, this development will subsequently allow for the buildings to be self sustained as the economic level begins to improve.

During the retrofitting phase of this project a small addition to the shed will be made in order to complete the street front.

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Project 32: Demolition of 6-28 Kent Street and 3 Ross Street and adjacent building

Current Owner: UnknownEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 3-4 weeksArea: 7,111.8m³Approximate Cost: £610,000-££730,000

The elapse of time, lack of attention and minimal financial support has resulted in problems in the area. Buildings remain empty and in states of disrepair, having a direct impact on the environment. As a result this has a negative influence on the vibrancy and economy of the market, which is a common theme throughout the site.

Ownership for these plots is currently unknown; this may lead to problems in the development of subsequent projects. Land acquisition is required before work can progress.

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Project 33: Construction of New Covered Market, Kent Street

Current Owner: UnknownEnd User: TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, TradersTime Scale: 12-16 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 16-24 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 359.2m³ approxApproximate Cost: £400,000

In order to achieve a more thriving market, more units are required closer to the edges of the site to attract people in from the main street through the site, i.e. London Road and the Gallowgate. This is particularly apparent in the lead up to the Commonwealth Games, which will inevitably draw people in to the East End of the city. It is therefore proposed that a large building that provides a number of retail units is situated on the edge of Kent Street. This will relate directly to one of the markets main entrances, which is outlined by the Barras iconic red arch.

The design of the new covered market will reflect the nature of the existing covered markets in both layout and form but will aim to achieve a more perme-able structure. It will allow for a large amount of natural daylight in to the market spaces within and will include canopies that open out onto the street to allow for covered street trading

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Project 34: Relocate Suffolk Street and upgrade street finishes on to comply with Moncur Street, Gibson Street, Kent Street and Stevenson Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, TradersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Barras Enterprise Trust, Rock DCMTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 414.7m²Approximate Cost: £195,000

In order to achieve a more fluid urban fabric within the Barras Market linkages need to be more apparent to those travelling on foot. Therefore, it is proposed that Suffolk Street is relocated marginally to the north in order to create an exten-sion of Moncur Street. This will even out block sizes within the site making it more permeable to those inhabiting its streets. Finishes for this street extension will comply with those of the upgrading of Moncur Street, Gibson Street, Kent Street and Stevenson Street in project 5.

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Project 35: Square on Suffolk Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, Traders, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Barras Enterprise Trust, Traders Time Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 742.8m²Approximate Cost: £25,000

As to achieve a more thriving market, the public spaces that it inhabits must be attractive and welcoming in order to sustain and balance the vivacity of the market itself. Therefore a number of public squares and green spaces have been proposed throughout the site. This will help to improve the aesthetic nature and promote a more positive image, which is crucial in the success of the market. More land-scaped spaces within the area will encourage people to populate it both during and out with trading hours. This will consequently make the area a safer place to reside.

The design of this square allows for collapsible market stalls, which will normally be utilised on a day to day basis and further acts to lead and draw visitors into the newly refurbished covered market of project 27. However, in the occurrence of a special event within the market, this space will be cleared of stalls to make way for street performers, musicians and similar experiences which in turn will further act to attract people to the area. Through the improvement of the market, it is our ambition that these one off visits ultimately result in frequent excursions to the Barras Market.

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Project 36: Demolition of 150-216 Gallowgate and 202 Ross Street

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Various Private, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 4-6 weeksArea: 2,592.6m³Approximate Cost: £225,000-£270,000

This immediate section of the East End is scattered with single storey shops which lend a negative image to the area, this is most apparent on the Gallowgate. In order to meet the required density, as outlined by the Local Urban Code, it needs to be increased dramatically. It is proposed that these buildings are demolished to make way for new commercial buildings, with additional residential units. Those who currently occupy the units within these buildings will be transferred to the units within project 37.

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Project 37: Construction of 150-216 Gallowgate and 202 Ross Street (Residen-tial + Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: Various Private, Shop-OwnersFuture Community Consultation Input: Various Private, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-36 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 20,740.8m³Approximate Cost: £1,410,000

In order to increase density along the Gallowgate it is essential to construct four storey buildings along its edge. Although these buildings have all been grouped as one project it must be noted that they are composed of a number of plots. There-fore, it is proposed that these buildings are constructed in such a way that each plot being designed by a separate architect/developer. This also makes economic sense as there may not be the financial aid to construct these buildings as one entity. It is proposed that the ground floor of these units will be commercial in order to at-tain a successful active front on one of the key routes through the site. Residential units are proposed for the upper floors in order to increase density in the area.

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Project 38: Retrofitting of 224-226 Gallowgate

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Various Private, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 4-6 weeksArea: 747.6m³Approximate Cost: £10,000

In order to retain the original character of the Barras it has been decided to main-tain the existing pub and retrofit it accordingly. This will allow for the feel on entry to the Barras to be maintained. A new building in this location could dwarf the existing buildings and take away from the character of the area.

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Project 39: Additional Car Parking directly adjacent to Barras Market

Current Owner: Glasgow City Council, Scottish PowerEnd User: Traders, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Traders Time Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 3,182.1m² Approximate Cost: £80,000

This space was originally designed on the Master Plan of Stage One as a public square, with ground floor commercial units and upper floor retail units. However, following additional consultation with Rock DCM, the Barras Enterprise Trust and local traders, it has come apparent that car parking would be more appropriate for this space. This is as the result of a number of reasons; due to the pedestrianisa-tion of the key streets in the Barras, parking is no longer permitted; through the development of previous projects less of the original parking will be available due to landscaping and construction projects; traders and developers alike would prefer the Barras Market to be contained within its centre blocks rather than dispersed; in consideration of this, the economic climate would possibly not allow for the devel-opment of further commercial units until further in to the future.

It must be noted however that landscaping surrounding the car park has been carefully considered in order to conceal the car park from the Barras, reducing the visual impact which it would have on surrounding streets. A tree lined avenue has been created in front of the car park while attention to detail has been taken into account in the form of paving used in the car park to ensure that it does not detract from the positive aspirations of the area.

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Project 40: Construction of Buildings on 3 Ross Street (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: UnknownEnd User: Local Community, Visitors, Residents, Shop-ownersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, Shop-ownersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 5,938.2m³Approximate Cost: £455,000

As with projects 10, 12, 23 and 24, commercial units on the ground floor will aid in increasing footfall in to the Barras Market. Residential on the upper floors will increase density and in turn, assist in improving the economy of the area.

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Project 41: Demolition of 179-195 London Road

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Various PrivateTime Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 1,304.4m³Approximate Cost: £110,000-£135,000

The East End of Glasgow is interspersed with single storey units, many of which are in a dilapidated state. The low density of these buildings diminishes the sense of space and scale of the urban street and in turn aids in the decline of the economy of the market and surrounding area. Currently these units house several unsuccessful businesses; with the exception of Lynch’s Bar the remainder lay empty or run down. Therefore, these buildings will be demolished to make way for buildings that will meet the required density of the area. Land will be acquired where possible and traders and shop owners who operate within these plots will be relocated within the newly constructed units of project 45.

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There are a few thriving businesses within these plots, which have a sustained clientele base already identified. These businesses, such as Glickman’s Confection-ary, which was founded in 1903, will set a foundation to the future regeneration of the area, in particular London Road. They will draw people in from the City Centre along what is one of the key routes to the Commonwealth Games. With the facilitation of newly built premises, these businesses can flourish and aid in the economic growth of the Barras. Traders and shop owners who operate within these plots will be relocated within the newly constructed units of project 46.

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As with previous projects the problem with single storey retail units is apparent throughout the site, in particular on London Road and the Gallowgate. However, retail development is necessary for the success of the area and indeed the Barras Market, as it encourages human population and movement at street level. As a higher density is required along what is considered a primary street, these buildings will be demolished to be substituted with a residential development, accommodat-ing commercial at ground level in order to comply with the Local Urban Code.

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Project 44: Adjustment to road layout of London Road

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 3,337.8m²Approximate Cost: £1,800,000

Currently this junction is considered unsafe, as vehicles are inclined to travel over the designated speed limit, in particular around the corner where London Road turns in to Greendyke Street. In order to increase safety and improve permeability on this section of road, an adjustment to the road layout has been proposed. Traf-fic calming measures will be put in place in order to slow vehicular transit to what ultimately becomes a pedestrian link in to Glasgow Green.

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Project 45: Construction of Buildings on 179-195 London Road/Ross Street (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Various Private , UnknownEnd User: Residents, Shop-owners, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Shop-owners, Local CommunityTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 6,441.6m³Approximate Cost: £645,000

As per other construction projects, the creation of new buildings on this site acts to increase density, which in turn will benefit the overall area. Due to its prime location, on London Road, retail units have been located at ground floor with residential properties above.

Due to the close proximity of the existing market shed, retrofitted as part of project 31, it has become necessary to design these buildings in such a way as to maximise public interaction with the existing shed. A small public square has been located on the corner of London Road and Kent Street allowing for access to the shed from London Road. This will also allow the corner retail unit of this new development to have an outlook onto this new square with the potential for using this external space for trading means.

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Project 46: Construction of Buildings 149-177 London Road (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Various Private , UnknownEnd User: Residents, Shop-owners, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Shop-owners, Local CommunityTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 10,380m³ Approximate Cost: £895,000

Like the preceding project, new buildings have been proposed along London Road to increase density and to create linkage with the city centre. These buildings, like the previous project, will accommodate commercial units at ground floor with resi-dential on upper floors. During the design of these plots care and attention must be paid to the close proximity of the adjacent substation and how the buildings will sit around the newly proposed car park.

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Project 47: Reworking of road to form St George Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, Rock DCM, Local CommunityTime Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 1,071.7m² Approximate Cost: £450,000

The addition of St George Street will break up the current block allowing for access in to the residential development of projects 49 and 50, linking Charlotte Street to Monteith Row. This street further acts to increase permeability of the area and fragments what could previously be described as an oversized urban block.

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Project 48: Link to Glasgow Green from London Road

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, Rock DCM, Local CommunityTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 1250.5m²Approximate Cost: £580,000

This link will follow on from the road reconstruction of project 44 to which the layout of London Road has been adjusted to improve safety and permeability. The new pedestrian route will link Glasgow Green to the Barras. This will increase accessibility to the market with the addition to the adjacent link opposite the Antiques Market. These new links propose to encourage pedestrian movement between Glasgow Green and the Barras Market so that each can benefit from the others advantages. A consistent paving will be used from the Gallowgate, past the Barras car park, whilst meeting Kent Street, over London Road and on to Glas-gow Green. This will be accompanied with regular lighting to lead the individual through the link.

*This project has been adjusted subsequent to the 1st print due to further develop-ment of this site.

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Project 49: Construction of Buildings on London Road/St George Street (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Shop-owners, Residents, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, Rock DCM, Local CommunityTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 22,221.6m³Approximate Cost: £1,510,000

Currently the site for this project is considered to be waste ground, with a section of the unmarked car park. A residential development is proposed for this location with commercial units on the ground floor, facing London Road only, to support the retail link from Argyle Street, which will encourage a pedestrian flow in to the East End.

The design of this building aims to link to the Homes for the Future (site A) whilst completing the street front with the addition of commercial units on the ground floor. In relation to Plot Based Urbanism, the building is constructed with 6/7 storeys facing the primary street and 4/5 storeys on the secondary street behind, this is a direct result of the position of the district centre, which is located at Glas-gow Cross. Therefore, buildings that face primary streets, and are closer to district nodes, are denser than those that are further away. This management of density also allows for natural, south facing daylight to filter in to the enclosed shared garden. Although, the Local Urban Code suggests that this typology of building requires individual external plots where possible, due its tight proximity, it is more suited to have one single shared garden.


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Project 50: Construction of Buildings on Greendyke Street/St George Street (Residential)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Residents, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, Rock DCM, Local CommunityTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building warrant with a construction pe-riod of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 46,625m³Approximate Cost: £1,800,000

As with Project 49, this residential development will come as a second phase to site A of the Homes for the Future project to it’s westerly edge. As previously mentioned in Project 49 the result of Plot Based Urbanism suggests that the built form becomes less dense as it progesses away from the district centre, in this case Glasgow Cross. For the design of this scheme, 3 storey town houses have been located on the south edge of the site facing Glasgow Green to allow for views over the vast park land.

A limited number of parking spaces have been facilitated for both Projects 49 and 50 for residents only. This is to decrease the amount of vehicular traffic in and around the site. Vehicular access on to St George will be for residents only with the use of bollards to control traffic flow.


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Project 51: Construction of Buildings on 182-212 London Road/Monteith Row (Residential +Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Shop-owners, Residents, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Barras Enterprise Trust, Glasgow City Council, Local CommunityTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 9,373.2m³Approximate Cost: £640,000

This project will be situated on the demolition site of 182-212 London Road of project 43 and the green space that was located behind. It is a prime location, fac-ing London Road and the Barras while backing on to Glasgow Green. It also aims to protect the public space from project 22 and give it a certain periphery from the main road.

Similar to project 49 this block aims to finish the street front on London Road, meeting the requirement of the Local Urban Code, whilst accepting the benefits of the natural environment; and taking advantage of the neighbouring green space in the design of the individual plots within the site.


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Project 52: Construction of Buildings on Moncur Street (Residential + Ground Floor ‘Police Division’)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Shop-owners, Local Community, Rock DCM, Glasgow City Council, Strathclyde PoliceFuture Community Consultation Input: Shop-owners, Local Community, Rock DCM, Glasgow City Council, Strathclyde Police, Barras Enterprise TrustTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 1,220.1m³Approximate Cost: £135,000

Following on from project 4, this building is situated on the demolition site from project 1. The construction of this building aims to extend the already established Skills Workshop Base with another ground floor unit and an upper floor residential development. The adjacent ground floor unit will be developed to contain a police division in order to aid surveillance in the area and to create a safer environment through what will potentially now be a vibrant market.

The addition of a second ground floor unit with upper floor residential has been designed to allow for a covered route in to the public space of project 2 directly from Moncur Street. This will also aim to have a relationship with the link through Calton Entry and the Barras Centre. The formation of these small links and routes through the market areas will create a more traditional market atmosphere common with successful market places such as York Market and Camden Market in London.

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Project A : Renovation of Railway Bridges at Glasgow Cross

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City Council, Barras Enter-prise Trust, Local CommunityTime Scale: 1 weekArea: 692.1m²Approximate Cost: £5,000

The railway bridge that runs over the Mercat Building and travels over both Lon-don Road and the Gallowgate are gateways into the East End. Currently they rep-resent where the boundary of the City Centre terminates and the East End begins, a transition from a positive environment in to a negative one. The transition in to the East End is destructive to its stature and needs to be one of the preliminary rectifications of its regeneration. Lighting will be placed on the underside of the bridge, promoting a vibrant, safe and attractive impression of the area. Further-more general maintenance of the bridges will take place to improve visual standing. The majority of visitors to the East End for the Common Wealth Games will enter the site from the City Centre, therefore this will be their first reaction of the area and it needs to be positive.

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Project B: Demolition of 89-103 London Road

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 2 weeksArea: 1,146.9m³Approximate Cost: £100,000-£150,000

These buildings are currently empty and disused and are the only remaining units on this site after a fire in February 2011, which resulted in the majority of the site being destroyed. These dilapidated buildings need to be removed in order to progress, as mentioned in previous projects. As a consequence of these eye-sores, the initial impact and impressions relating to the East End are inevitably negative.

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Project C: Extension of James Morrison Street and provision for bus transit

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local Community, Network Rail, the First Group bus com-panyFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Network Rail, First Group Bus Company, Barras Trust Enterprise, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 1 weekArea: 690.9m²Approximate Cost: £320,000

As it is subsequently proposed in the Master Plan that Moir Street will be pedestri-anised, this suggests that the remaining triangular block will be too large to support an intended permeable urban fabric. This road extension will principally allow for the transit of buses through the newly proposed bus hub of project E. Therefore it is heavily considered that the road should act as a thoroughfare for a future bus drop off/pick up point for rapid transport and is sized accordingly. This link will also allocate an exit from the bus hub for buses that are stopping for any length of time.

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Project D: Construction of Train Station

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local Community, Network Rail, the First Group bus com-panyFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Network Rail, the First Group bus company, Barras Trust Enterprise, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 1,342.8m³Approximate Cost: £500,000

The re-opening of the train station at Glasgow Cross will aid in the long term vision for the regeneration of the transport sector of the East End. This vision includes; a new link north to High Street Station; the restoration of High Street Station; and the re-opening and implementation of other stations. Once opened this will be the closest train station amenity to the Barras Market therefore will sup-plement the footfall in to the East End.

New transport links will make the area more accessible to those who are visiting Glasgow and those who reside in different areas of the city. The design of the station links directly to what is proposed as the gateway in to the East End. In conjunction with the Commonwealth Games, Glasgow Cross Station will allow for additional transportation between the East End and the City Centre, creating a break in the link between the two without bypassing the Barras Market entirely.

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Project E: Construction of Bus Hub and adjoining Commercial Units

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local Community, Network Rail, the First Group bus com-panyFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Network Rail, First Group Bus Company, Barras Trust Enterprise, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 5,952.0m³Approximate Cost: £1,500,500

A bus hub will assist in the success of the train station, additionally aiding the accessibility to those who perhaps live elsewhere. This implies that all bases are covered in terms of modes of transportation in and around the area. Commercial units will be positioned adjacent to the station in order to support its exchange and the retail extension of Argyle Street to the East End. Offices had been proposed on the upper floors of the Bus Hub and retail units, this will increase the density on a site which is less appropriate for residential units. This will also balance the urban form of the site as the density of the Bus Hub is reduced to relate to a hu-man scale. Landscaping has also been considered during this project including the location of new benches and planters to edge the street.

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Project F: Development of Moir Pass

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, Residents of Moir StreetFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Residents of Moir Street, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 1 weekArea: 1,393.7m²Approximate Cost: £650,000

As previously mentioned, it is proposed that Moir Street will become pedestri-anised in order to create an association between the residential block that sits between Moir Street and Charlotte Street and diminish its appearance as an island block. The pedestrianised link will be paved in such a way that relates to the design of the public spaces that inhabit this site. A tree line will assist in creating a visual buffer between the residences that are currently on Moir Street and the commercial buildings that are proposed in project I.

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Project G: Construction of Buildings facing London Road and the Gallow-gate (Commercial) and public square including edge of James Morrison Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 13,906.5m³ + 948.1m²Approximate Cost: £910,000

Following the fire in February of 2011 the site behind the Mercat Building has remained empty for several months. As it is the first visual impression that an indi-vidual may have of the area, this site needs to be developed before the commence-ment of the Commonwealth Games. Retail units are proposed on the ground floor of these commercial buildings, facing on to the Gallowgate and London Road. This will compliment the retail extension of Argyle Street as previously mentioned. A public square has been planned for the courtyard that the buildings back in to. It has been anticipated that other commercial units, such as cafes, will face this courtyard and spill out on to its external space.

The buildings have been designed to benefit from natural daylight and ventilation, with light wells infiltrating their communal spaces. Although it has been suggested, through discussions within the text, that the public space must be derived before the building layout is even considered, there are some instances where they need to be designed in conjunction. As it is such a large site to which buildings are placed, plot boundaries may appear blurred. Therefore the courtyard that these buildings face on to will be split in to plots as per the Local Urban Code, however, this will be established through different levels of public and semi public space. The ‘semi public’ spaces being those belonging to the cafes and other units, which overflow in to the courtyard.

It should be noted that due to its unusual nature this project has been developed in a slightly different manner to previous projects. This indicates that although de-velopers may only acquire 30% of land on any block and plots can be progressed individually through a piecemeal process, in this instance it is required that the developers of both project H and project I work in compliance with one another in order to conceived a design that is viable for this site.

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Project H: Construction of Buildings facing London Road and the Gallow-gate (Commercial) and surrounding public space

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 2,948.4m² + 26,219.7m³Approximate Cost: £1,930,000

As with the previous project G, this adjacent development follows a similar frame-work. There will be retail units to the ground floor facing the Gallowgate and London Road; a courtyard with café amenities for those who work in the offices above. In all, these two projects aim to create a link to the East End which is off the main street, where office workers and visitors can stop and relax between the transport hub and the Barras Market. This will be a welcoming space on the edge of the Barras site with a similar outcome to that of the public space adjacent to Calton Parish Church in project 14 but within a different environment. An open-ing at the edge of London Road and Moir Pass will attract people into the space towards the main entrance of the bus hub.

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Project I: Demolition of 129-143 London Road and 44 Charlotte Street.

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Various Private, Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 4 weeksArea: 2,454.0m³Approximate Cost: £210,000-£250,000

This building is currently positioned on the corner of the block where Charlotte Street meets London Road. It has been proposed that this building is demolished as it is not in keeping with the remainder of the block, which has been constructed as a modern residential development. This will make way for the addition of a similar building to complete the block. Those who currently occupy these units will have the opportunity to inhabit the new development.

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Project J: Construction of 129-143 London Road and 44 Charlotte Street (Residential + Ground Floor Commercial)

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: Various PrivateFuture Community Consultation Input: Various Private, Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 28-36 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 6,314.4m³Approximate Cost: £430,000

Following from the project before, a new residential block will be proposed in order to complete the corner of this block. This aims to improve the appearance, complying with the Local Urban Code, whilst providing retail units for shop-own-ers who occupied this block previously. Maintaining retail units along this street will aid in the flow of pedestrian movement in the East End.

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Project K: Public Space at Molendinar Street and the Gallowgate

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 1 weekArea: 330.9m²Approximate Cost: £14,000

As with the adjacent transport hub, a small green space is proposed at the corner of the block where Molendinar Street meets the Gallowgate. This space will be embellished as to promote a positive visual impression of the area through the addition of public seating and foliage. This will aid in the initial impact of the East End when entering the site under the rail bridge from the City Centre.

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Project L: Construction of Buildings on Molendinar Street and the Gallow-gate (Commercial)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, Shop-OwnersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City Council, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 13,103.4m³Approximate Cost: £890,000

These building will be situated on a site which is currently, although not frequently, used as a car park. As with previous projects G and H, retail units have been proposed on the ground floor of the street front facing the Gallowgate with com-mercial offices above. These building will act to complete the street front of the Gallowgate, improving the overall perception of the area. A link between the two buildings on the Gallowgate will lead to a shared courtyard space located behind the buildings.

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Project M: Extension of Charlotte Street

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, VisitorsFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 1 weekArea: 1226.7m²Approximate Cost: £570,000

At present north to south routes in the East End are minimal due to a number of barriers including the railway line, large areas of vacant land and oversized urban blocks. In order to overcome this, block sizes need to be regulated, this applies to both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Therefore, it has been proposed that Char-lotte Street will be extended north in order to aid block distribution and to create a more direct north link.

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Project N: Construction of Buildings on Molendinar Street and Charlotte Street (Commercial and Residential)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Local Community, Shop-OwnersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City Council, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 36-42 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 13,502.7m³Approximate Cost: £920,000

This project is similar to project L with retail on the ground floor and commercial above facing the primary street. However, where the building is directed around the corner on to a secondary street the building typology changes to residential. This is a direct result of the Local Urban Code, where the denser street fronts are those that are closest to district centres. As street fronts disband from the district centre, density disperses. It is also clear with this particular project that commer-cial buildings have shared back plots. In this instance, due to the tight configura-tion of the site and its close proximity to the city centre it became essential for residential units to share the one communal garden plot.

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Project O: Retrofitting of 149-155 and 161 Gallowgate and Construction of Extension over ‘The Oldest Chippie’

Current Owner: Various, UnknownEnd User: Local Community, Shop-OwnersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City Council, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 28-36 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions)Area: 4,675.2m³ + 1359.0m³Approximate Cost: £320,000

In order to maintain the traditional character of the area it is important to main-tain as many buildings as possible within the area. However in order to maintain the buildings and improve their usage retrofitting is required. Traditional stone tenements in Glasgow built before 1920, were constructed using solid stone outer walls and therefore have no cavity wall. Due to this it becomes essential to dry line the building in order to improve the building performance. This can be done by internally treating the property by creating an internal frame within the building on which a thermally backed plasterboard can be placed. Furthermore it could be necessary to replace roof wok, gutters and upgrade sills.

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Project P Demolition of 183-283 Gallowgate and 12 Saracen Head Road

Current Owner: Various PrivateEnd User: N/AFuture Community Consultation Input: Various Private, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 8-12 weeksArea: 11,631.6m³Approximate Cost: £1,00,000-£1,200,000

Although this project has been listed as one large demolition project it is intended that the street front of each block may be removed in a progressive manner. Therefore, each plot can be replaced with a new building through a piecemeal ap-proach as previously discussed.

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Project Q: Development of Link to North (Great Dovehill Walk)

Current Owner: Glasgow City CouncilEnd User: Visitors, Local CommunityFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City CouncilTime Scale: 2-3 weeksArea: 4433.7m²Approximate Cost: £2,000,000

This is the proposed north to south route that links the Barras to Collegelands and potentially to the Cathedral. It will encourage people who live in Collegelands to use the link and therefore utilise the amenities in and around the Barras Market. The multi storey car park will create the infrastructure required for the Barras Mar-ket, where shoppers and visitors can park and visit the site. This route is designed in such as way that the continuation of paving, tree line and lighting will lead the individual through the neighbourhood to the market. It will be welcoming, safe and have aesthetic qualities that will help to promote a positive attitude of the East End.

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Project R: Construction of Buildings on Gallowgate (Residential)

Current Owner: Various, UnknownEnd User: Local Community, Shop-OwnersFuture Community Consultation Input: Local Community, Glasgow City Council, Shop-OwnersTime Scale: 12-24 weeks planning and building with a construction period of 24-28 weeks (subject to engineers report on ground conditions) – per plot approxArea: 27,213.9m³Approximate Cost: £1,850,000

As with the previous projects that face on to the Gallowgate and London Road, these building will have retail units on the ground floor and residential above. The active street fronts at ground floor level aims to encourage movement through the site on a human scale. The development of small companies and business that will be accommodated within these units will aid the economy of the East End whilst subsequently sustaining the legacy of the Commonwealth Games.

It should be noted that although this project has been listed as one as it is com-posed of a number of plots that will be designed by different developers. It is proposed that each of these developers will be permitted to attain a maximum of 30% of each block as to create a variance in design along the street front. Howev-er, if financial resources allow, it is possible that the demolition process of project P can be achieved in one entity, therefore as can the construction process of project R. Nonetheless, each plot must be designed through a piecemeal process.

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Conclusion

The proposed outcome of this experiment was to further develop a section of an already derived Master Plan in to realistic project entities by combining the considered calculations of Plot Based Urbanism and the applied theories of Christopher Alexander. In doing so, benefi-cial qualities from both methodologies could be drawn from, in order to assist in the development of the experi-ment. Both principles adhere to a set of rules; one in the form of simple patterns, the other a rigid table of data. Therefore, it became apparent that a further set of rules should be attained in order to guide us through the progression and design of each project within the experi-ment; as previously mentioned, the Responsive Parameter Design index (RPDi) was generated.

These rules combined the assured attributes of both Plot Based Urbanism and Christopher Alexander’s, A New Theory of Urban Design, subsequently illustrating the posi-tive and negative possibilities derived through the amal-gamation of the two theories. In some circumstances this proved successful, however, the combination of two contrasting theories did ultimately have its limitations.

Both theories suggest that a progressive approach is the most lucrative method to further develop the city. However, it is the technique of how this progression is achieved that is relevant to this experiment. A New Theory in Urban Design proposes that a progressive approach is implied from the offset, where as Plot Based Urbanism recommends that a planned framework is deciphered as a foundation to further progressive planning.

This experiment demonstrates a simulation of how each plot or project could develop over time through a planned sequence. In realistic terms, these projects may not neces-sarily be planned as a list; it is more probable that each plot would be obtained gradually as the opportunity for development arises. Therefore, an alternative sequence of projects may occur, though it should be noted that it is

still possible that this could result in the desired outcome. This experiment however demonstrates the success that a series of projects can deliver in achieving improvements in an area over a short period of time, which may not necessarily be achieved through spontaneous develop-ment. We consider it vital to start from a considered Master Plan when proposing the development of an area, such as that determined for the East End of Glasgow during Stage One: The Thesis.

As the Master Plan has already been conceived, the loca-tion of public space has been pre-determined. Christo-pher Alexander delineates that public space should be resolved before the built form is even considered. This experiment endeavoured to combine the two methods by establishing the location of the public space through the development of the Master Plan then designing its specifics prior to the fabrication of adjacent buildings. However, this proved challenging, as building typologies throughout the Master Plan had already been deciphered, though not yet designed, therefore their functions already apparent. It is inevitable that spaces around will be designed to suit their needs, regardless to whether or not the building has been developed. This therefore contra-dicts the outlined rule in the RPDi and A New Theory of Urban Design, that public space should be designed prior to that of built form. If this was to be achieved, a ‘blank canvas’ would be required for public space to truly take precedence.

Through the development of the experiment it became apparent that although a piecemeal approach was success-ful in the design of each private plot, a more rigid frame-work would be required in the design of public spaces, streets and roads in order to achieve a fluid arrangement of networks. As each space was designed throughout the project, planned networks within the Master Plan began to fragment. As discussed, streets (in particular pedestri-an) and public spaces should be designed in conjunction with their adjoining buildings, though using the Master Plan as a defined foundation.

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By using the model it became clear that each project needed to be complete before the insertion of the next; in a number of circumstances projects did not correspond with one another as they were envisaged to. This suggests that a more rigid framework would be required for the development of each project. Alternatively, as this experi-ment was realised over the period of two months, more time may have allowed for further development of each project to ensure its relationship with relevant adjacent projects was lucid in design, timescale and position.

In contradiction to the RPDi rules that were arranged for the development of the site, an exception was made in the development of public space over building design. Due to the direct relationship between building and pub-lic space, where the public space is almost enclosed within the urban block, Glasgow Cross (projects G and H) were designed to include both building and space design as one project, under the collaboration of several architects. As a result, these projects appear to be successful in terms of street frontage and as a segment of the overall urban fabric.

This suggests that each project should be arranged as a building and its surrounding public space as a complete entity in order to create a lucid design. However, the suc-cess of this block in terms of this experiment may be due to its ‘island’ nature to which it has no direct relationship with other buildings or public space projects, only streets and roads. Therefore, the issue with negative relation-ships between projects is not apparent.

Therefore in conclusion we can determine that although the experiment was successful in creating an improved urban fabric for the area further work would have to be carried out in order to make the approach fully success-ful. Having created the rules at the initial stage of the experiment it is clear that these need to be revisited and adjusted as per our findings on completion of the project in order to gain a greater level of success from the experi-ment. Both Plot Based Urbanism and Christopher

Alexander’s approaches to Urban Design are fundamen-tal in the planning of the city; however the way in which these can be combined has to be carefully considered so as not to create a new approach which further fragments the urban structure. Further experimentation and adjust-ment of this new approach is required in order to decide whether or not these two theories could actually be used in conjunction.

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Bibliography

Alexander, C. 1979. The Timeless Way of Building. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alexander et al. 1987. A New Theory of Urban Design. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alexander et al. 1977. A Pattern Language. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alexander et al. 1987. The Production of Houses. New York: Oxford University Press.

Alexander et al. 2005. The Master Plan and Process for Harbour Peak, Brookings, Oregon. California: Center for Environmental Structure Publishing.

Erell et al. 2011. Urban Microclimate, Designing the Spaces between Buildings. London/ Washington DC: Earthscan.

Hall, P. 2002. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. 3rd Edition Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.

Jacobs, J. 1961. Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.

Krier, L. 1984. Houses, Palaces, Cities. In Larice, M. and MacDonald, E. 2007. The Urban Design Reader. London: Routledge.

Mehaffy, M. 2008. Generative Methods in Urban Design: A Progress Assessment, Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability. London: Routledge.

Moughtin, C and Shirley, P. 2005. Urban Design: Green Dimensions. Oxford: Architectural Press

Porta, S and Romice, O. 2010. Plot Based Urbanism: Towards Time-Consciousness in Place-Making. Glasgow: Strathclyde Uni-versity

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Appendices

Appendix i: Abbreviations

RPDi (Responsive Parameter Design index): A theory devel-oped through the experiment in this publication that incor-porates both prescribed and progressive methods to urban design through a defined set of rules.

PBU (Plot Based Urbanism): An urban theory that deals with adaptable master planning, where street fronts are encour-aged to evolve over time.

LUC (Local Urban Code): The data that is collated through the study of successful urban street fronts within a city, which can subsequently be utilised for the construction of proposed street fronts.

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Appendix ii: Planning Framework

CURRENT PLANNING FRAMEWORK: NATIONAL AND REGIONAL

National Planning Framework for Scotland 2(2009)NPF2: Scottish Government’s strategy for the long-term development of Scotland’s cities, towns and countryside.National Development identified in NFP2 with direct implications for Glasgow’s East End.

- West of Scotland Strategic Rail Enhancements: New and upgraded infrastructure to improve national rail capacity in the West of Scotland.

- Central Scotland Green Network: Strategic network of woodlands, habitats, active travel routes, green space links, watercourses and waterways - all aimed at safe guarding the environment, enhancing development and improving opportunity for outdoor activity.

- Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Scheme: Up grading and replacement of drainage infrastructure, including new water treatment plants and associated flood risk management measures.

- Commonwealth Games Facilities and Infrastructure: Sports facilities, athletes’ accommodation and transport and environmental infrastructure directly related to the Games.

- Clyde Gateway Urban Regeneration Company: Regenera tion scheme spanning Glasgow and South Lanarkshire.

- Clyde Waterfront Regeneration: Delivery of key infra structure projects and co-ordinated delivery of public transport (including Fastlink) and environmental infra structure.

Equally Well

Scotland’s national framework to reduce inequalities in health by joint working between the NHS, local gov-ernment and other agencies to make Scotland a better, healthier place for everyone, no matter where they live. Under this programme, Glasgow City Council is taking active steps to integrate health in to current and future city planning.

Glasgow and Clyde Joint Structure Plan

Twenty year planning and development for Glasgow and the Clyde Valley to provide a framework for growth and community regeneration based upon care for the environ-ment.

Issues of relevance to the East End include continued commitment to:

- Use brown field urban sites as the major source of development land, due to significant extent of urban derelict and vacant land;

- Restructure the inherited stock of social rented housing, given the current level of voids and pro jected demolitions;

- Prioritise long-term renewal of the Clyde Waterfront, the east End of Glasgow and related parts of South Lanarkshire (Clyde Gateway);

- Improved transport linkages;

- Promote and manage a Green Network supporting recreation, amenity and nature conservation and making an important contribution to urban regenera ion.

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CURRENT PLANNING FRAMEWORK: GLASGOW CITY

City Plan 2

Clyde Gateway (East End of Glasgow) is confirmed as a Metropolitan Growth Corridor. Emphasis is on opening up the area for investment and redevelopment includ-ing major improvements to infrastructure, such as M74 completion, East End Regeneration Route, new rail links, flood prevention measures, etc. There is an expectation that the Commonwealth Games will play a central part in the social renewal and economic growth in the area. The regeneration process is supported by a detailed develop-ment framework set out in the East End Local Devel-opment Strategy on promoting health improvement, re-establishing the area as a major employment location, providing for varied housing needs and creating attractive living and working environments based on sound urban design principles.

Sustainable Glasgow

Partnership initiative between University of Strathclyde, Glasgow City Council, Scottish Enterprise and energy stakeholders in the private sector.

Sustainable Glasgow Study (December 2009) presents detailed recommendations for reducing the city’s carbon emissions by 30% by 2020 through improved energy management and the development of new integrated low carbon energy systems for the city, including:

- Systems to turn the city’s sewage and multiple waste into biogas;

- Urban woodlands in to the city’s vacant land;

- Development of a district heating system for the city starting in five identified zones;

- Increased use of biogas and electrically powered vehi cles;- Phasing out electrical, coal and oil heating across the city;- Development of highly efficient natural gas/biogas fuelled Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems;- Development of smart grid system, and- Projects to engage with the citizens of Glasgow to en courage behavioural change.

CURRENT PLANNING FRAMEWORK: LOCAL

Clyde Gateway (GC) Urban Regeneration CompanyPartnership between Glasgow City Council, South Lan-arkshire Council, Scottish Enterprise and the Scottish Government.

Working across most of the East End of Glasgow, south to Shawfield and parts of North Rutherglen to:- Transform the environment;

- Increase economic, activity, and

- Build community capacity.

Projects include:- Funding apprenticeships and training;

- Environmental improvements in Bridgeton;

- Sponsorship for community sporting events;

- Undergrounding electricity cables a the Commonwealth Games site;

- Fundraising for improvements in walking and cycling corridors between the city centre and the East End of Glasgow;

- Upgrading Dalmarnock railway station;

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- Acquisition of sites and properties for the promotion of future regeneration.

East End Local Development Strategy (EELDS)

Glasgow City Councils framework for redevelopment and regeneration of the city’s East End, addressing social, economic properties.

Developed consultation with the local community, this places a strong emphasis on ensuring all new develop-ment takes account of priorities for health improvement in the area.

The EELDS identifies 5 key development hubs and 4 separate approaches to regeneration, determined by the characteristics and strengths of individual areas. Its poli-cies focus on changing places and developing sustainable neighbourhoods to provide healthy living and working environments. They prioritise:

- Urban design that delivers a wide range of social and environmental benefits;

- Sustainable development, in particular, energy efficient design and construction, increased renewable energy re generation (e.g. micro regeneration) and responsible water management;

- A new approach to master planning that integrates networks for movement, green space and surface water management (including Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems).

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Appendix iii: Christopher Alexander Rules

The Overriding Rule

‘Every increment of construction must be made in such a way as to heal the city.’

Rule 1 – Piecemeal Growth

- The first rule establishes the foundation for the neces sity of growth to obtain wholeness by defining the small size of the increments. It is specifically con cerned with size/scale of development, in order to “guarantee a mixed flow of small, medium and large projects in about equal quantities”, and is itself, further subdivided thrice:

- 1.1 “no building increment may be too large”: increment may take the form of cost or footprint as per example.

- 1.2 “reasonable mixture of sizes”: a proportional nu meric scale is applied to any given increment whether it be cost, footprint or indeed other.

- 1.3 “reasonable distribution of functions”: a percentage is allocated to each of the desired functions of the site area and this ideal percentage is achieved at the end of the project. Ideal dispersal should vary dependant on the community and the wishes of those who inhabit these communities. Rule 2 – The Growth of Larger Wholes

The second rule deals with the gradual creation of large wholes within the urban environment and explains the process involved in creating them. ‘Every building increment must help to form at least one larger whole in the city, which is both largerandmoresignificantthanitself.’ Its theory is likely to be controversial as it proposes to achieve an urban structure without having first produced a plan.

Modern plans often fail to produce significant large-scale order, and are perceived as being too structured and uninspired. Large wholes cannot be created artificially but instead should stem from a series of building applica-tions, each one set out to be larger and more significant to the urban environment than the last. Larger centres build up gradually and spontaneously, as previous centres overlap and combine to produce a complex and coherent environment.

- 2.1 Throughout the growth process, larger centres emerge. These larger centres are entities of public space that are formed of a collective of buildings.

- 2.2 The larger centres materialise slowly, they are formed through a process of accumulation.

- 2.3 These centres begin to surface spontaneously; they appear progressively as each increment is added.

- 2.4 Those who are involved with a part of the con struction of these centres must be aware of the proc ess in which they evolve in order to develop their individual project.

- 2.5 The development of these larger centres is defined in three phases; Phase 1: Some increment creates a hint of a new large centre. Phase 2: One or more additional increments then pinpoint the main outlines of its structure. Phase 3: A series of further increments then complete the centre.

- 2.6 One increment can play a series of roles in rela tion to the larger centre, in addition it proliferates the development of supplementary increments.

- 2.7 Although the number of important centres for this project is perhaps around a dozen, there are pos sibly seventy larger centres, which contribute to making the communal space coherent, therefore deciphering it as a whole.

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Rule 3 – Visions

The third rule addresses how wholeness cannot be achieved without integrating human impulse and vision into the design process. Wholeness cannot be maintained without vision, which is more accurate than any intellec-tual process.

“The mode of thought which is most capable of creating and iden-tifying relationships to the whole, is precisely the one which we call “visionary”

A vision should excite, intrigue and inspire, it should be authentic, heartfelt and come from human impulses. Nowadays vision is more often than not led by money or demand, rather than pure instinct. Contemporary buildings reflect these constraints in contrast to historic examples that were often designed from a personal vision.

Rule 4 – Positive Urban Space

The fourth rule deals with creating positive public spaces between buildings, emphasising that spaces should be cre-ated by buildings, rather than emerge as leftover areas.

The five key elements required to create a well-defined public space are:

- 4.1 Pedestrian space - Building design should result in a well laid out pedestrian area. ‘Buildings surround space,’ not ‘Space surrounds buildings’.

- 4.2 Buildings – The building volume should be simple and well-shaped. It should be a simple and compact unity or be the result of several compact volumes, with one being major and the others minor. The main entrance should form a natural centre and be visible from pedestrian areas. The built volume of the building must be penetrated with aper tures such as courtyards and light wells.

If possible, the building should touch at least one existing build ing so as to unify with the urban fabric of the city. The building should also have at least one wall with no windows, so that at a later date another building can be added. If possible, the building position should help to shield a section of parking area.

- 4.3 Gardens - In most circumstances buildings should create well-positioned gardens that are simple and inti mate in form. The garden should always serve the south of the building It should never be next to a road or parking area Each garden should not merely be a lawn but should contain some ornament

- 4.4 Streets - Where a building is not located next to a road, the nearest road should be extended to provide it with direct access. Pedestrian space is the priority in the development of an area, where buildings come second and roads come third.

- 4.5 Parking- Each building should be provided with adequate parking facilities, using the building, where possible, to shield these from view. Parking must always be buried so that the building surrounds the parking Most commonly, parking is made up of strips Each car requires a total on 300 square feet It is possible to build one large parking vicinity which may be larger than is building increment requires, however, surrounding incrementswillthenbenefitfromitssurplus.

It is important to remember that urban space should be the main focus of attention, reversing the normal situa-tion where buildings are the dominant focal point. Build-ings therefore become creators of new urban spaces.

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Rule 5 – Layout of Large Buildings

The fifth rule deals with the layout of buildings within the city, influencing and modifying them to make them whole and, in turn, creating wholeness in adjacent spaces.

To satisfy the wholeness of buildings internally it is important to study the entrance points, circulation, open spaces, lighting and movement throughout the building. These elements should be well ordered and integrated, ensuring coherence and consistency with the building’s position in the streetscape.

The following sequence suggests how this could be achieved:

- 5.1 Determine site, approximate ground plan and its frontage.- 5.2 Decide its number of stories (from neighbouring buildings).- 5.3 If the building had a major part, identify the loca tion and height and decide the number of storeys.- 5.4 Determine the number and position of courtyards.- 5.5 Determine the number and position of gardens and be sure that it allows for enough sunlight.- 5.6 Identify the ancillary parts of the building.- 5.7 Determine the main approach to the building from its adjacent streets and identify the main entrance.- 5.8 Locate the entrance lobby as a major space.- 5.9 Locate indoor streets, most commonly these indoor streets must be top-lit and so therefore glazed.- 5.10 Any volumes should not be more than 40ft wide, those that are more require lightwells.- 5.11 Locate all additional major internal spaces.- 5.12 Place stairs and elevators within the building.- 5.13 Place windowed galleries around courtyard that are to pose as main circulation spaces.- 5.14 Identify parts of the ground floor that are to be used as shops and/or public functions.- 5.15 Identify ‘nodes of intensity’ within the circulation routes.

- 5.16 Determine the relative sizes of all subunits within the building.- 5.17 Identify roof terraces of these subunits where relevant.- 5.18 Identify vertical seams that exist between depart ments within the building.- 5.19 Locate secondary stairs and elevators.- 5.20 Locate the entrance of each department so that is can be seen clearly from the stairs/elevator/circula tion route.- 5.21 Identify the most important rooms in each depart ment and be sure that they are awarded with the best quality of natural light, etc.- 5.22 Determine hierarchy of remaining rooms.- 5.23 Locate internal stairs within each department.- 5.24 Locate internal passage within each department.- 5.25 Place remaining room, stores etc in space left from previous decisions.

Rule 6 – Construction

The sixth rule deals with the physical construction, detail-ing and wholeness of individual buildings. Wholeness is addressed on two levels: the 3- dimensional organisation of the building structure, and construction details.

Structure should be clearly organised into:

- 6.1 Structural bays - whose configuration should be visible both inside and outside the building (Figure 5).- 6.2 Primary structure – which should enclose the larg est rooms and spaces.- 6.3 Secondary structure – which should define minor rooms and passages.Detailing should observe rules for:- 6.4 The base storey should be marked with a larger and grander structure.- 6.5 The roof line should be more with a parapet or ornament of some description; its entity should be at least 4ft high.- 6.6 The floors are differentiated by level, including

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gradient of window size, floor height and spacing of structural elements.- 6.7 All windows have distinct windows with visible window frames.- 6.8 Window area, to the outside of the window frame should be between 30 and 50 % of the total wall area.- 6.9 Some additional substructure should be visible at the same scale as the window frames.- 6.10 All building are made from reinforced concrete or masonry, painted, plastered or left natural.- 6.11 Bay sizes within each building should be the same, unless there are explicit reasons for changing them.

Rule 7 – Formation of Centres

The seventh rule deals with the geometric shape of wholes. Its aim is to ensure that a building, its increments and details cooperate with adjacent space to form a whole that includes both the building and the space.

- 7.1 “Centre” refers to an entity rather than a point, it could be, for example, a building, a space or a road or a combination of a number of these things.

- 7.2 In most cases a centre has a level of symmetry, however centres are not perfectly symmetrical. Where centres are asymmetrical it is the outcome of its smaller centres that create the symmetry.

- 7.3 A centre relates to both space and solid. Each cen tre is a whole, which is formed from a series of smaller wholes.

- 7.4 A centre should be whole in itself, in a relaxed way, with its own symmetries (See Figure 7). Its main parts and adjacent spaces should also be whole, with sym metries.

- 7.5 In the formation of centres there is a tension be tween symmetry and asymmetry because anything relating to, and uniting in a relaxed way with complex

surroundings will be almost–butnotquite– symmetrical.

With thanks to the following for their advice and support throughout the duration of this project

barras_an experiment

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