BaroqueandRococoArt.

1600­1800

BaroquewasaWesternculturalera,commencingroughlyattheturnofthe17thcenturyinRome.

Baroquewasderivedfrom:theancientPortuguesenoun“Barroco”whichisapearlthatisnotroundbutofunpredictableandelaborateshape.

Hence,thewordbaroquecansimplymeansomethingthatis"elaborate",withmanydetails.

Thisisexemplifiedthroughthe“dramaticandmajesticoutlook”insculpture,painting,literature,dance,andmusic

ThepopularityandsuccessoftheBaroquestylewasencouragedbytheRomanCatholicChurch

ItwasthendecidedbytheChurchesthattheartsshouldcommunicatereligiousthemesthroughdirectandemotionalinvolvement.

TraitsandAspectsofBaroquepaintingsare:

Verydetail

Areoftenbrightandcombinesmanydifferentcolor

Artistic‘Subjects’arelessrealistic

2.NineteenthCenturyArt:

NineteenthCenturyArt

Neo‐classicism(1700–1820)

Romanticism(1820)

BeginningofPhotography(1750­1850)

Realism/Naturalism(1850­1870)

TechnologicalDevelopmentsinphotography

Impressionism(1870)

Postimpressionism(1880)

Symbolism

Neo­classicism(1700–1820)

StyleoriginatedinFrance

Beganin1648

LegislatedbytheFrenchRoyalAcademyofArtsandLettersbyKingLouisXIV

Theruleslegislatedpromotesthecreationof‘Correct’worksofArt.

AstimulusfortheriseofNeo­classicism:

Thediscoveryinthe1730sand40sofAncientRomanruinsofHerculaneumandPompeii.

PAINTER:Jacques­LouisDavid(1748­1825)

Davidrebelledagainstthebaroquestyleapprovedbythearistocracyduringhisyouth

Becausefeltitbeingimmoralandartificial.

ThisattitudeledtotheFrenchRevolutionin1789.

Romanticism(1820)

Romanticismisacomplexartistic,literary,andintellectualmovement

Romanticismiscloselytiedtotheideaofthe"Romantic."

ThewordcamefromtheOldFrenchromanz.

Romanzisagenreofproseor‘poeticheroicnarrative’

Originated:inthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinWesternEurope,andgainedstrengthduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

Romanticmovementwaspartlyarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsoftherenaissanceera

Anditwasareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature

CharacteristicsoftheRomanticMovement:

Strongemotionasasourceofaestheticexperience.

Placingnewemphasisonsuchemotionsasfear,horror,andtheaweexperiencedinconfrontingthesublimityinuntamednature.

Qualitiesthatare“Picturesque”

Romanticismcanbedescribeas:

Anattempttoescapetheconfinesofpopulationgrowth,urbansprawlandindustrialism.

Anattempttoembracetheexotic,unfamiliaranddistantinmodesmoreauthentic,harnessingthepoweroftheimaginationtoenvisionandtoescape.

Anattempttoelevatetheachievementsofthe‘misunderstoodheroicindividual’and‘artists’whohasalteredsociety.

Romanticismhasinfluence:

Theideologiesandeventsofthe‘FrenchRevolution’whichaffectedthedirectionittook

The‘IndustrialRevolution’

Areactionto‘Realistmovement’

BeginningofPhotography(1750­1850)

Photographybeganduetothemechanicalinventionsoftheindustrialrevolution

ItOriginatedinEngland.

Theinventionofthephotographiccamera,maketheimitationofnaturalappearancesinapermanentimagepossible

Thissetastyleofphotography,called‘Pictorialism’whichwasopposedbythosewhobelievedthatthereshouldbenoadditionalmanipulationoftheimageineitherthetakingorthedevelopingprocess.

BymidcenturythecameraimagehasevolvedfarenoughthatOscarGRejlandercouldcompositeacolossal,romanticworkoutofnumerousprintsandexhibititlikeapaintingintheSalondeBeaux‐Artsin1857.

RealismorNaturalism(1850­1870)

Therealistmovementaroseinabout1850,

Itwaspartlyareaction:

AgainstRomanticism

AgainsttheFavoritismofacademiccirclesthatacceptedonlyoldthemes.

TheRealistwasstimulated:

bythePrestigescience.

ByphotographybutopposedthekindofsuperficialpictorialRomantic‐realismembracedbyRejlander.

CharacteristicsofRealistArt:

Therealistavoidsurfaceappearancessuchasthoseusuallyrecordedbythecamera

Soughtafteraphilosophicalexpressivequalityintheirart.

Trytoimpartthereal‐lifeimmediacytheyfoundmissingfromtheidealsofneoclassicalandromanticart.

‘Realism’artwasnotimmediatelyaccepted:

becausetheychosetodepictfarmersandworkingclasspeople

Becausetherealistssubvertagainstthepreferenceoftheirpotential,mostlyurban,middle‐and‐upperclass‐clientele.

Naturalism:

Isthemostextremeformrealistartis

Naturalismattemptstopresenttheworldasitappearsmuchlikeaphotograph.

CharacteristicsofNaturalisticarts:

Attemptstomakevisualcopyoftheobjectiveworld,withoutinvestingtheirartwiththemoreuniversalmeanings.

TheMajordifferencesbetweenrealisticandnaturalisticart:thereforeliesinthedegreeofthesignificanceormeaningsplacedonthespecificdetail,location,andtime.

Daumier:

Depictedexpressiverenderingsofpoorcityworkers,actors,tradespeople,politicaldissidents,andrefugees.

TechnologicalDevelopmentsinPhotography

Duringtherealistmovement,photographywasalsodevelopinginartisticexpression.

Pictorealistphotographerstriedtoreplicatepainterlyeffectsoflightingandatmosphere.

Technicalexperimentsandresearchledtorapidimprovementsincameras,lenses,andprintingprocesses,enablingphotographerstoexperimentwithnewwaysofcreatingpictures.

Technicaldevelopments:

Inventionoffasterlensesinthe1840s,the‘wetplate’(orcorrolodian)

Processin1851,and51andthedryplateprocessin1871.

Bythe1860s,suchdevelopmentshadreducedexposuretimetoafewseconds

In1888,GeorgeEastmaninventedthefirstcamerathatcouldbemassproduced.

fromthenonamateurscouldtakepictureseconomically.

Thusthewidespreadandpopularityofthemediumwasensured.

Outcomeoftechnicaldevelopments:Photographyimprovedasanartisticmedium,aswellasamediumtorecordeventsobjectively.

Cameraswererecordingthefaceofmassconflict,suchastheCrimeanwarandtheAmericancivilwar.

Impressionism(1870)

ImpressionismbeganasalooseassociationwithsomeParis‐basedartistswhobeganexhibitingtheirartpubliclyinthe1860s.

OriginofthenameImpressionist:

DerivedfromthetitleofaClaudeMonetwork,Impression,Sunrise(Impression,soleillevant)

CharacteristicsofImpressionistpainting:

Visiblebrushstrokes.

Opencomposition.

Emphasisonlightinitschangingqualities(oftenaccentuatingtheeffectsofthepassageoftime).

Ordinarysubjectmatter.

Theinclusionofmovementasacrucialelementofhumanperceptionandexperience.

Unusualvisualangles.

WhatinfluencedtheImpressionistmovement:

PhotographyinspiredImpressioniststocapturethemoment,notonlyinthefleetinglightsofalandscape,butintheday‐to‐daylivesofpeople.

Japaneseartprints(Japonism),whichhadoriginallycomeintoFranceaswrappingpaperforimportedgoods.

Post­impressionism(1880)

DevelopedfromImpressionism.

Fromthe1880sseveralartistsbegantodevelopdifferentpreceptsfortheuseofcolor,pattern,form,andline,derivedfromtheImpressionistexample:

VincentVanGogh,PaulGauguin,GeorgesSeurat,andHenrideToulouse‐Lautrec.

Symbolism(1880)

SymbolismwaslargelyareactionagainstNaturalismandRealism,

IninvolvesAnti‐idealisticmovementswhichattemptedtocapturerealityinatrue‐to‐lifemanner,andelevatethehumbleandtheordinaryovertheideal.

Thesemovementsinvitedareactioninfavorof:

Spirituality.

theimagination.

anddreams.

SomewritersbeganasnaturalistsbeforemovinginthedirectionofSymbolism.

Thischangereflectedtheawakeninginterestinreligionandspirituality.

Symbolistsbelievedthatartshouldaimtocapturemoreabsolutetruthswhichcouldonlybeaccessedbyindirectmethods.

Thus,Symbolistwrote/paint/createinahighlymetaphoricalandsuggestivemanner,endowingparticularimagesorobjectswithsymbolicmeaning.