barley mixtures emphasizing pest aspects · proppp gortion aphids settling kara mixed with alva *...
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Barley mixtures emphasizing Barley mixtures emphasizing pest aspectspest aspectspest aspectspest aspects
Velemir NinkovicVelemir NinkovicDepartment of Ecology SLUDepartment of Ecology SLUDepartment of Ecology, SLU, Department of Ecology, SLU,
Uppsala, SwedenUppsala, Sweden
OutlineOutline
• Introduction
• Plant responses to allelobiosis
• Effects of allelobiosis on aphids
• Responses of aphid natural enemies to allelobiosis• Responses of aphid natural enemies to allelobiosis
• Summary of results
War Co-existenceWar Co existence
Picture by Philip Patenall from Trends in Plant Science 2005. Vol. 10 No. 3
Allelobiosis: Chemical interactions between undamaged plants whichChemical interactions between undamaged plants which have subsequent effects on other organisms.
Ninkovic et al. (2006) in Communication in Plants, pp. 421-434
Pettersson et al. (2003) BCPC Crop Science and Technology, 2, 1135-1144
Volatile profiles of two barley cultivars
5
6
Alva
Kara
4
)
3
mount in
sam
ple (ng
2
mean am
1
0
How do we do it?
Exposing system with two chamber cagesExposing system with two chamber cages
How does the receiving plant react?
Change of biomass allocationChange of biomass allocation
0.7 Kara exposed to AlvaKara exposed to Kara
0.5
0.6
g m
g-1 )
Kara exposed to KaraUnexposed Kara
0.4
actio
n (m
g
0.2
0.3
omas
s fra
0.1
Roo
t bi
ANOVA F2,86= 14.9, P< 0.0001
00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Total biomass (mg)
Ninkovic (2003) J. Experim. Bot. 54: 1931
Unexposed Kara Exposed Kara
Leaf temperature measured by IR camera
Kara exposed to Alva unexposed Kara
Decreased leaf temperature in exposed plants
0 0
Dag 0 Dag 1 Dag 2 Dag 3Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
-0,2
0,0r (
C°)
ture
C°
-0,6
-0,4
mpe
ratu
r
n.s.
tem
pera
t
-0,8
,
i bla
dtem
n.s.
e in
leaf
t
-1,2
-1,0
Ski
llnad
D
iffer
ence
-1,4
S
P=0.017 P=0.013
D
n.s. = Not significant
Ninkovic (2010) in Plant Communications from Ecologic Perspective 75-86
Can changes in the plant affect aphids and how?how?
Bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi
Allelobiosis reduced aphid settling on cultivar Kara after
K d t When exposed to volatiles from
Kara exposed toFrida
Kara exposed toAlva *
When exposed to volatiles from other cultivars
K d t
Kara exposed toHulda
Frida
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Kara exposed toKara
Proportion aphids settlingp p g
Kara mixed withAlva *
When grown in mixture with other cultivars
Kara mixed with
Kara mixed withFrida *
other cultivars
Only Kara plants
Kara mixed withHulda
Ninkovic et al. 2002 Ent. Exp. Appl. 102: 177
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1Proportion aphids settling
P<0,05*
Screening for allelobiotic activity of different barle c lti arsdifferent barley cultivars
30(%
)
25
c activity
15
20
llelobiotic
10
ency of a
0
5
Freq
u
0
Old cultivars Modern cultivars
Year of cultivar release onto the market and allelobiotic effect on aphid acceptanceallelobiotic effect on aphid acceptance
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
0.8
0.9
At/A
0
0.8
0.9
At/A
0
0 6
0.7 P=0.019r2 = 0.148
0 6
0.7 P=0.046r2 = 0.109
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year of release of receiver cultivar
0.61880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year of release of emitter cultivar
0.6
of receiver cultivar of emitter cultivar
Kellner et al (2010) Theoretical and Applied Genetics 121:1133
Probing
E – phloemphase
Non probing Probingbetween cells E1 E2
Non-probingphase (np)
epidermis mesofphyll phloem
bladlus
labium
stylet
Changed aphid feeding behaviour in exposed barley cultivar
25
s ExposedP=0.04
barley cultivar
20
g ph
ases
Unexposed
15
feed
ing
P=0.01P=0.01
10
er a
phid
n.s.
P=0.02
5
Num
be
n.s.
0
n.s. = non significant
Reduced aphid growth rate on plants exposed to another barley cultivar
0.25) P=0.025
another barley cultivar
0.20g-1 d
ag-1
)
0.15
rate
(µg
µ
0.10
e gr
owth
r
0.05d re
lativ
e
0.00Exposed plants Unexposed plants
Aph
i
Exposed plants Unexposed plants
Ninkovic et al. in prep.
…allelobiosis affect aphidsi th fi ld?in the field?
Photo: Sate al Abassi
Aphid population development in cereals
Establishment Exponential growth Summer migrationSpring migration
May June JulyMay June July
Reduced aphid infestation on Prestige in cultivar mixture
3000Prestige grown with FriedaPrestige
2500
g
2000
w s
ampl
e
P=0.0051500
er 1
m ro
w
500
1000
Aph
ids
pe
0
500A
0
12 June 19 June 27 June 3 July 10 July
Ninkovic et al. in prep.
Photo: Annhild Andersson
….. confirms the reduction of aphid population developmant
in the plots in the cagesp g
70
80
90
ts 3500
4000
mpl
e
Prestige
Prestige P=0.007
40
50
60
70
ds p
er 2
0 pl
an
2000
2500
3000
0.5m
row
sam
gi Frieda
0
10
20
30
Aph
i
500
1000
1500
Aoh
ids
per 0
010 June 18 June 24 June 1 July 8 July 16 July 0
16 June 23 June 30 June 7 July 13 July 19 July
Ninkovic et al. in prep.
Can changes in the plant affect aphid nat ral enemies and ho ?natural enemies and how?
S t l d bi d
Photo: Sate al Abassi
Seven-spot ladybirdCoccinella septempunctata
Ladybird response to aphid‐induced plant volatiles
4.5
5.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
arm
P=0.01 P=0.023.0
arm
2.5
3.0
fact
oret
er a
2.0
2.5
lfact
oret
er a
1.5
2.0
Vis
its in
olf
1.0
1.5
Vis
its in
ol
Photo: Sate al Abassi
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.0Infested plant without aphids
Unifested plant0.0
Infested plant with aphids
Unifested plant
Ninkovic et al (2001) Biological Control 21: 191
Increased attraction of ladybirds to odour from plants exposed to an other barley cultivarexposed to an other barley cultivar
66
P=0.011
4
5
m
P=0.009
4
5
rm
3
4
tore
ter a
rm
3
4
ctor
eter
a
2
ts in
olfa
c
2
sits
in o
lfa
Photo: Sate al Abassi
1Vis
i
0
1Vis
0
Hulda exposed to Alva
Unexposed Hulda
0
Alva + Hulda Hulda + Hulda
Ninkovic et al. (2011) Oecologia 166:391Glinwood et al. (2009) Arthropod-Plant Interactions 3:215
Effects of cultivar mixture on population development of C septempunctata in the field trialdevelopment of C. septempunctata in the field trial
25
HuldaAlvaH ld Al*
20
bird
s
Hulda-AlvaAphid population
*
15
er o
f lad
yb *
10
ean
num
be
0
5Me
P<0,05*
05 June 6 June 9 June 13 June 16 June 21 June 23 June 28 June 5 July 7 July
Ninkovic et al. (2011) Oecologia 166:391
Allelobiosis affects…..
Biomass allocation and l fleaf temperature
Aphid host acceptance, aphid growth and population developmentp
Ladybird olfactory response and occurrence in the field
AcknowledgmentsSLU Uppsala SLU UmeåStockholm University
Velemir Ninkovic
Robert Glinwood
Elham Ahmed
Torgny Näsholm
Ulrika Ganeteg
Lisbeth Jonsson
Gabrielle Delp
Barbara KarpinskaElham Ahmed
Martin Kellner
Sate al Abassi
Barbara Karpinska
Therese Gradin
Katarina Herbst
Annhild Andersson
Iris Dahlin
Sara Merhabi
Lisa Beste
Al k d L ik
SLU AlnarpInger Åhman
Erika Qvarfordt
Jan Pettersson
Pierre Henri Clergeot
Aleksandra Losvik
Mattias Persson
Pierre-Henri Clergeot
www.plantcommistra.com
Thank youThank youfor your for your
attentionattention