CHNG I. TNG QUAN V NH MY

Chi nhnh cng ty C phn bia Si Gn-Min Trung ti Ph Yn Bo co thc tp

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V NH MY

Hnh I.1. Chi nhnh cng ty c phn bia Si Gn - Min Trung ti Ph YnI.1. LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN

I.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin

Nm 1996-1998, cng ty Lin doanh bia Si Gn-Ph Yn c xy dng bi cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn (Sabeco) v cng ty Sn xut xut nhp khu cng nghip Ph Yn. Ngy 16/10/1996, UBND tnh Ph Yn cp giy php thnh lp s 006042/GP-TLDN-02, ngy 23/11/1996, s K hoch v u t tnh Ph Yn cp giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh s 049724 cho cng ty hot ng. Vo thi im , tng vn u t ca cng ty l 148 t ng vi 5 t ng vn iu l, nh my hot ng vi cng sut 10-20 triu lt mi nm. K t ngy dc cp giy pht thnh lp, cng ty c php hot ng trong thi gian 20 nm.

T thng 11/1996 n 11/1998, cng ty tin hnh lm th tc v thc hin cng tc u t xy dng c bn nh my sn xut bia v cc c s vt cht. n thng 12/1998, cng ty chnh thc i vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Ngy 1/5/2005, cng ty Lin doanh bia Si Gn-Ph Yn c chuyn thnh cng ty C phn bia Si Gn-Ph Yn, hin nay l cng ty C phn bia Si Gn-Min Trung chi nhnh Ph Yn, trc thuc tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn (Sabeco) theo giy php s 360300069 c cp vo ngy 28/3/2005 v chnh thc i vo hot ng. Cng ty l n v hoch ton c lp, c t cch php nhn, c con du v ti khon ring.

Trong qu trnh xy dng v pht trin, cng ty tp trung u t, mua sm thit b, my mc, to mi iu kin thun li sn xut sn phm cht lng cao. Vi h thng sn xut ng b v iu khin hon ton t ng ca Cng ho lin bang c, nh my sn xut ca cng ty C phn bia Si Gn-Min Trung chi nhnh Ph Yn l nh my hin i v ng b nht Vit Nam khi . Trong qu trnh sn xut, cng ty lun tun th cc ch bo tr, bo dng nh k m bo h thng thit b hot ng thng sut v gim thiu cc s c k thut. Khi dy chuyn vn hnh, ch cn mt i ng gim st ti thiu thc hin ton b quy trnh sn xut. iu ny cho thy tt c sn phm ca nh my u c sn xut theo quy trnh cht ch, t tiu chun cht lng quc t, vi chi ph mc thp nht.

Bn cnh vic kt hp s dng cng ngh sn xut truyn thng v hin i, nng cao cht lng, o to ngun nhn lc l nhng yu t c cng ty quan tm hng u. Hng nm, cng ty thng xuyn c cn b, cng nhn vin tham gia cc kho o to nng cao trnh chuyn mn. n nm 2004, trong tng s 208 cn b, cng nhn vin th c 70 ngi c trnh i hc v trn i hc, 31 ngi c trnh cao ng v trung cp, 34 ngi c trnh s cp v cng nhn ngh, 73 lao ng ph thng. Nhn chung, lc lng cn b tr ca cng ty u nng ng, sng to v c tri thc. c c kt qu nh trn, iu c th khng nh l vi ch trng ng n, xc nh tng bc i ph hp, s iu hnh linh hot ca cng ty kch thch s pht huy sng kin ci tin k thut trong sn xut ca cn b cng nhn vin. Vi sng ch v robot bc chai trong dy chuyn chit chai ca nh my do nhm k s ca cng ty thit k v lp t a vo vn hnh, gim chi ph trong mi nm hng t ng, ci thin iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao ng, sng ch ny t huy chng vng ti hi ch thit b ung Vit Nam-Techmart t chc H Ni nm 2003 v t gii khuyn khch gii thng sng to Khoa hc cng ngh Vit Nam-VIFOTEC nm 2005. Ring 2006, c 12 sng kin ci tin trong dy chuyn sn xut bia ti nh my lm li cho cong ty hng trm triu ng, 6 c nhn cng ty c bnh chn danh hiu chin s thi ua ngnh cng nghip. Nhng thnh qu ca cng ty t c trong nhng nm qua, nht l 2 nm thc hin nhim v theo m hnh mi, cng l kt qu ca s bi dng tr tu ca tp th lnh o cng ty.

Trong bc trng thnh bng hiu qu kinh t, cng ty C phn bia Si Gn-Min Trung chi nhnh Ph Yn ng thi to dng v vn ho doanh nghip, biu hin ca kinh doanh ng php lut, m bo cht lng sn phm, to nim tin cho khch hng. Xy dng tt i sng vn ho, cc hot ng vn ngh-th dc th thao c duy tr, tch cc tham gia cc phong tro x hi t thin, mi trng cng ty xanh, sch, p. L n v i u trong phong tro sng to khng ch ca tnh m l ca c ngnh cng nghip. Nm 2005, cng ty vinh d c Ch tch nc phong tng Hun chng Lao ng hng 2.

I.1.2. Cc thnh tch chng nhn

Nh my c Chnh ph khen vo cc nm:

- Nm 2000: nh my nhn bng khen ca Th tng Chnh ph.

- Nm 2001, 2003: nh my nhn c thi ua xut sc ca Th tng Chnh ph.

- Nm 1996-2001: nh my nhn Hun chng Lao ng hng III ca Ch tch nc.

Nh my c B Cng nghip khen vo cc nm:

- Nm 2001: nh my nhn bng khen ca B Cng nghip.

Nh my c Tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn khen vo cc nm:

- Nm 2005, 2006: nh my nhn giy khen ca Tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn.

- Nm 2005: nh my nhn bng khen ca Hip hi Bia ru nc gii kht Vit Nam v thnh tch xut sc.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v cng atsc np thu:

- Nm 2000: nh my nhn bng khen ca B Ti chnh.

- Nm 2006: nh my nhn bng khen ca Cc thu tnh Ph Yn.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v cng tc Bo h lao ng:

- Nm 2002: nh my nhn bng khen ca Th tng Chnh ph v cng tc Phng chy cha chy.

- Nm 2006: nh my nhn bng khen ca B Cng nghip v thnh tch 5 nm thc hin lut Phng chy cha chy.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v cng tc Bo him x hi:

- Nm 2000, 2001: nh my nhn bng khen ca UBND tnh.

- Nm 2003, 2006: nh my nhn bng khen ca Bo him x hi Vit Nam.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v hot ng t thin:

- Nm 2004: nh my nhn bng khen ca UBND tnh v thnh tch ng gp qu v ngi ngho v bng khen ca UBND tnh v thnh tch ng gp qu xo m do c thu tinh th.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v hot ng thng mi:

- Nm 2001, 2002, 2003: nh my nhn giy khen ca s Thng mi v Du lch tnh Ph Yn.

- Nm 2001, 2002, 2003: nh my nhn bng khen ca B Thng mi.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v hot ng vn ho vn ngh:

- Nm 2001, 2002, 2003: nh my nhn bng khen ca B Vn ho ngh thut.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v cng tc xy dng ng Cng sn Vit Nam.

- Nm 2002, 2003, 2004: nh my nhn giy khen ca ng u.

Cc thnh tch, khen thng v cng tc xy dng on thanh nin Cng sn:

- Nm 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004: nh my c chng nhn l on c s vng mnh xut sc.

I.1.3. V tr a l

Cng ty nm ca ng Bc thnh ph Tuy Ho v n lm thay i b mt ca thnh ph Tuy Ho ni ring v tnh Ph Yn ni chung. C th ni vic ra i ca cng ty gip cho tnh Ph Yn ni chung. C th ni vic ra i ca cng ty gip cho tnh Ph Yn c c hi pht trin v gp phn vo vic gii quyt cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng, tng ngun thu nhp ngn sch nh nc v tng bc a nn kinh t Ph Yn hi nhp vi nn kinh t c nc v quc t.

Hin nay, doanh nghip t tr s chnh ti 256 Nguyn Tt Thnh, phng 8, thnh ph Tuy Ho, tnh Ph Yn vi tng din tch 24ha. Pha ng nh my gip quc l 1A; pha Ty nh my gip vi cng ty nc khong Ph Sen; ng s 10, phng 8, thnh ph Tuy Ho gip vi pha Nam nh my; pha Bc nh my l kho v ca hng i chng s 2 ca nh my. Thng tin lin lc:

- Gim c: Hong Thanh Vit.

- Ph gim c: ng Sanh nh.

- S in thoi: (057) 3 811 046.

- Fax: (057) 3 822 583.

- Email: sapbeco@.dng.vnn.vnI.2. CHC NNG, NHIM V, C CU T CHC TRONG NH MY

I.2.1. Chc nng v nhim v

Nh my chuyn sn xut v cung ng bia chai mang nhn hiu Si Gn theo n t hng ca tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn (Sabeco) nhm p ng nhu cu ti cc tnh min Trung.

Trong sut thi gian qua, nh my thc hin tt cc nhim v nh sau:

- Chp hnh tt cc chnh sch v thc hin y ngha v i vi Nh nc.

- Qun l v s dng vn ca chi nhnh theo ng ch chnh sch hin hnh, bo tn v pht trin vn, m bo trang tri v ti chnh.

- Thc hin qun l lao ng ti chi nhnh, m bo i sng vt cht, tinh thn cho cn b cng nhn vin ti chi nhnh.

I.2.2. C cu t chc trong nh my

I.2.2.1. S c cu t chc trong nh my

Hnh I.2 . C cu t chc trong nh myB my qun l ca chi nhnh cng ty C phn Bia Si Gn min Trung ti Ph Yn c t chc theo m hnh chc nng trc tuyn, c th hin qua s trn.

I.2.2.2. Chc nng, nhim v ca cc phng ban

Hi ng qun tr

Hi ng qun tr l c quan cao nht, quyt nh mi vn ca cng ty, ng u l ch tch hi ng qun tr do cc thnh vin trong hi ng bu ra.

Gim c chi nhnh

iu hnh mi hot ng ca chi nhnh theo mc tiu, k hoch v ngh quyt, ngh nh ca i hi c ng, hi ng qun tr. Bo co cho hi ng qun tr, i hi c ng cng ty v kt qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca chi nhnh. Bo co cho c quan Nh nc c thm quyn khi c yu cu theo quy nh ca php lut.

Ph gim c chi nhnh

Gip gim c iu hnh, qun l cng ty theo phn cng v u nhim ca cp trn. Ph trch v cng ngh sn xut bia, k thut vn hnh thit b my mc, bo tr thit b my mc v cng tc bo h lao ng. Ch o lp k hoch sn xut, theo di, kim tra vic thc hin ca phng k thut cng ngh v cc phn xng. Bo co cho gim c v lnh vc cng vic c gim c phn cng ph trch u quyn.

Phng t chc hnh chnh nhn s

- Qun l cng tc hnh chnh phc v qun l, gip gim c v cng tc t chc nhn s.

- Tip nhn, qun l cng vn, giy t, trin khai thc hin ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc.

- Ban hnh cc ni quy, quy ch ca cng ty v kim tra vic theo di thc hin bo v ti sn, an ninh trt t trong cng ty.

Phng k hoch-kinh doanh

- Tham mu cho lnh o chin lc pht trin, k hoch sn xut kinh doanh, lp k hoch cung ng vt t, nguyn vt liu, k kt cc hp ng v mua bn hng ho, xy dng c bn, sa cha thit b my mc ca chi nhnh.

- Xy dng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ph hp vi mc tiu, k hoch c lnh o ph duyt.

Phng ti chnh k ton

Tham mu cho gim c v cng tc ti chnh k ton, qun l, s dng ti sn, ngun vt t, nguyn vt liu, hng ho, tin vn v cc khon kinh ph ca chi nhnh. Xy dng k hoch ti chnh v quyt ton nh k theo quy nh. Xy dng nh mc kinh t, kim tra vic thc hin cc d ton, s dng ngun vn, vt t. Thc hin qun l cc nghip v ghi chp, hoch ton theo ng lut k ton, chun mc k ton ca Nh nc. Thc hin ngha v np thu, gii quyt ch chnh sch, thanh ton tin lng.

Phn xng nu v ln men

- Sn xut cung ng dch ng theo k hoch sn xut v k hoch cht lng cho phn xng ln men. Phi hp phng k thut cng ngh lp k hoch v thc hin bo tr, bo dng. Thc hin theo di nh gi cc nh mc k thut c giao.

- Nhn dch ng t phn xng nu, sn xut v cung ng bia theo k hoch v k hoch cht lng cho phn xng chit. Phi hp vi cc n v lin quan trong cng tc sa cha khc phc s c k thut v cng ngh.

Phn xng chit

C nhim v chit bia ra chai vo kt theo dy chuyn sn xut.

Phn xng ng lc

Tham mu cho ban Gim c v nhng vn lin quan n my mc, thit b ng lc v ngun sn xut vt cht lin quan nh in, nc, hi nc, CO2, cng tc bo tr, bo dng, sa cha, x l nc thi..., vn hnh h thng thit b, my ng lc v h thng x l nc thi theo ng quy trnh. Cung cp in, nc, hi nc, CO2, ...m bo ngun nc thi sau khi x l t yu cu, lp t, sa cha, bo tr v khc phc s c lin quan n thit b in, mng in ton chi nhnh.

Phng k thut cng ngh

C cu t chc phng k thut cng ngh:

Hnh I.3. C cu t chc phng k thut cng ngh

Phng k thut cng ngh tham mu cho Gim c v cng tc k thut, thit b cng ngh sn xut, kim tra v th nghim ngun vt t v sn phm, u t trang thit b, o to k thut. Kim sot qu trnh sn xut, cht lng sn phm, xy dng k hoch sn xut, bo tr, bo dng thit b, nh mc k thut. Gii quyt s c k thut v cng ngh, o lng hiu chnh thit b, dng c th nghim.

I.3. S B TR MT BNG V CC PHN XNG SN XUT TRONG CNG TY

I.3.1. S b tr mt bng tng th

Hnh I.4. S mt bng tng th nh my

I.3.2. S cc phn xng sn xutHnh I.5. S cc phn xng sn xut

CHNG II. NGUYN VT LIU TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT BIA

II.1. NGUYN LIU

II.1.1. Malt i mch

II.1.1.1. c im, tnh cht v cng ngh sn xut malt

II.1.1.1.1. c im, tnh cht

Malt l sn phm c ch bin t cc loi ho tho. Malt i mch l sn phm sau khi cho i mch ny mm iu kin nhn to v sy n m nht nh vi nhng iu kin bt buc.

i mch, tn khoa hc l Hordeum vulgare, l loi thc vt thn c mt nm. Phn loi khoa hc ca i mch nh sau:

- Gii: Plantae

- B: Poales

- H: Poaceae

- Phn h: Pooideae

- Tng: Triticeae

- Chi: Hordeum

- Loi: H.vulgare

Hnh II.1. i mchMalt i mch l nguyn liu chnh sn xut cc loi bia. Qu trnh quan trng nht m qua ht i mch tr thnh ht malt l s ny mm. Mc tiu ln nht ca qu trnh ny mm v cng l mc tiu ch yu ca qu trnh sn xut malt l hot ho, tch lu v khi lng v hot lc ca h enzyme c trong i mch. H enzyme ny s l ng lc ch yu phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t trong ni nh ca ht thnh cc sn phm thp phn t (ch yu l ng n gin, dextrin bc thp, acid amin, albumoza, pepton v nhiu cht khc) ho tan bn vng vo nc tr thnh cht chit ca dch ng.

Thnh phn v tnh cht ca malt l nhng yu t quyt nh v, hng, mu sc, kh nng to bt v bn ca bia. Mt khc, cht lng ca malt li c xc nh bi thnh phn, cht lng ca nguyn liu ht ban u v nhng gii php cng ngh v thit b sn xut ra malt.

Hnh II.2. Malt i mchII.1.1.1.2. Cng ngh sn xut malt

Hnh II.3. S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut malt

Mc ch ca qu trnh ngm:

- Loi b nhng ht lp, nhng ht khng lp nhng khng chc nh nhng ht tiu chun, cc tp cht, cc mu ht giy vn, ....m trong qu trnh lm sch v phn loi cha loi b ra ht khi khi ht.

- Ra sch bi v mt s vi sinh vt, cn trng bm trn ht, ng thi c bin php st trng ton b khi ht bng cch a vo nc ngm cc ho cht hoc cc ch phm cn thit.

- To iu kin ht ht thm mt lng nc t do, sao cho tng hm m ca ht t 43-45%. Ch vi hm m cao nh vy, qu trnh m mm sau ny mi m bo bnh thng.

Mc ch ca qu trnh m mm:

- Chuyn i trng thi ca h enzyme c trong ht i mch t trng thi ngh sang trng thi hot ng, tch lu chng v khi lng v tng cng nng lc xc tc ca chng (tng hot lc, hot ).

- To v duy tr iu kin thun li h enzyme thu phn.

Mc ch ca qu trnh sy:

- Tch nc khi ht, h hm m ca chng xung 1,5-3,5% chuyn chng thnh sn phm bn vng, d dng cho vic vn chuyn, bo qun v loi tr kh nng xm nhp v pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

- Trong qu trnh sy, nhit ca khi ht c tng dn v tng rt chm, cn hm m ca chng cng gim dn v gim dn rt chm. Trong phm vi nhit di 400C v hm m ca ht trn 20% l iu kin l tng cho h enzyme thu phn hot ng. Kt qu ca cc qu trnh enzyme ny l mt lng ng k cc hp cht cao phn t c phn ct thnh sn phm thp phn t d ho tan, lm tng hm lng cht chit ho tan ca malt kh thnh phm.

- Trong thi gian sy malt cn din ra mt lot cc qu trnh khc, m mt s trong nhng qu trnh ny l nguyn nhn ca s to thnh cc cht to hng, v v tng cng mu ca sn phm. Sut qu trnh sy, vi i tng malt ti th khng n thun l qu trnh tch nc thng thng, khng n thun l gii php tin li cho vic bo qun m thc s l mt qu trnh cng ngh, trong c s bin i v cht v thay i v lng ca cc cu t dinh dng trong sn phm. Qu trnh quan trng nht l phn ng to melanoid, mt hn hp bao gm nhiu hp cht, mc rt cao chi phi cht lng ca bia vng.

- Do qu trnh sy c tin hnh nhit cao, hu ht cc loi vi sinh vt bm trn ht, hoc b tiu dit, hoc chuyn v dng bo t, hn ch n mc ti thiu kh nng h hng do chng gy ra, lm tng bn sinh hc ca sn phm.

Mc ch ca qu trnh tch r:

- Trong thnh phn ho hc ca r malt cha nhiu cc hp cht thuc nhm alcaloid. Nu nhng hp cht ny tn ti trong bia, s gy ra v ng rt kh chu.

- Mt s cu t trong thnh phn ho hc ca r malt l nguyn nhn to nhiu ru bc cao trong qu trnh ln men bia.

II.1.1.3. nh gi cht lng ca maltCht lng ca malt thnh phm c nh gi theo cc du hiu bn ngoi, cc ch s c hc v thnh phn ho hc ca chng.

II.1.1.3.1. Cc du hiu bn ngoiCc du hiu bn ngoi hay cn gi l cc ch s cm quan bao gm:

- Mu sc ca cc ht loi malt vng phi l mu vng sng, v ca cc l malt cht lng cao phi c nh. Hnh dng v kch thc ca cc ht phi tng ng vi ht ca i mch nguyn thu.

- V v hng ca malt phi c trng cho tng loi khc nhau.

- sch ca malt l t l cc tp cht, ht v, gy cha trong . T l cho php l 0,5% ht gy, v v 1% cc tp cht khc.

II.1.1.3.2. Cc ch s c hcCc ch s c hc ca malt bao gm:

- 1 n v th tch hectolit nm trong gii hn 45-60kg.

- Khi lng tuyt i l khi lng ca 1000 ht khng la chn. Ch s ny dao ng trong khong 29-38g.

- Hnh thi vt ct ca malt l mc trng c hoc trng trong ca phn ni nh. y l ch s rt quan trng xem xt ti mc nhuyn, mc ho ca ni nh trong thi gian m mm. i vi malt vng, s ht c trng c phi t nht l 94%.

- xp, tng ng vi gi tr nghch o ca n l cng ca malt. i lng ny cho ta bit mc nhuyn ca malt, ch sy ng hay sai so vi quy trnh tiu chun. o xp ca malt ngi ta dng mt cng c chuyn dng, gi l Mubrimeter (xp k).

II.1.1.3.3. Cc ch s ho hc

nh gi mt cch y v chnh xc cht lng ca malt, nht thit phi tin hnh phn tch cc ch s ho hc, bao gm:

- Thu phn ca malt c nh hng n bn v an ton ca malt trong vn chuyn v bo qun. Nu hm m cao, th nht l hao ph vn chuyn ln, sau na l rt c th xy ra cc qu trnh bt li cho vic bo ton cht lng ca malt.

- Thi gian ng ho l ch s quan trng nh gi cht lng ca malt. N c biu th bng thi gian, tnh bng pht ng ho hon ton cho malt (khng lm i mu dung dch iod).

- Hm lng cht chit l lng hp cht thp phn t ho tan vo nc sau qu trnh ng ho. Nu tng lng cht ho tan ny tnh theo phn trm ca tng lng cht kh em vo ng ho th ta nhn c mt i lng gi l hiu sut chit. Hiu sut chit ca malt vng cht lng cao phi t t nht 78% so vi cht kh.

- Hiu s gia hiu sut chit khi malt nghin mn v nghin th, tnh bng phn trm l ch s quan trng nh gi mc nhuyn v mc ho ca malt trong giai on m mm. Nghin mn l ch nghin m trong thnh phn c hc ca bt nghin thu c, cha khng t hn 90% bt, cn nghin th cha khng nhiu hn 40%. Gi tr ny cng b th cht lng malt cng cao.

- Hm lng ng maltoza trong thnh phn cht chit ho tan l cu t c vai tr gn nh quyt nh mc ln men ca dch ng.

- m ho tan ca malt l ch s quan trng nh gi mc thu phn ca protein.

- m kh kt biu th bng lng cht cha nit s kt lng sau 5 gi un dch ng nhit si. Hiu s gia m ho tan v m kh kt gi l m ho tan bn vng.

- m formol trong dch ng thng chim khong 10-12% so vi m tng hoc 25-30% so vi lng m ho tan ca malt.

Bng II.1. Ch tiu cht lng malt ca nh my Bia Si Gn

II.1.1.4. Phng php bo qun, vn chuyn

Malt c cha trong bao, trng lng mi bao 50kg c vn chuyn bng xe ti t Tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn (cng ty m nhp malt t c) nhit thng. V n nh my, malt c cha trong 2 xilo, mi xilo c kh nng cha ng t 45-50 tn.

II.1.1.5. Cc hin tng h hng

Malt c th b su mt, mc...., malt b h hng s lm nh hng n cht lng, mi v ca bia. Tuy nhin cc hin tng ny t xy ra v nhp v nh my c cht lng rt cao.

II.1.2. Hoa houblon

II.1.2.1. c im, tnh cht v tn gi

Houblon c tn khoa hc l Humulus lupulus, thuc h dy leo, sng lu nm (30-40 nm), chiu cao trung bnh t 10-15m. Hin nay trn th gii ang trng trn 100 ging hoa houblon khc nhau. Loi thc vt ny ch thch hp vi kh hu n i nn c trng nhiu c, Tip, Lin Bang Nga, Php, M, Trung Quc.

Phn loi khoa hc ca hoa houblon:

- Gii: Plante

- Ngnh: Magnoliophyta

- Lp: Magnoliopsida

- B: Rosales

- H: Cannabacea

- Chi: Humulus

- Loi: H.lupulus

Hnh II.4. Hoa houblonHoa houblon c hoa c v hoa ci ring bit cho tng cy. Trong cng ngh sn xut bia ch s dng hoa ci cha th phn. Hoa c khng c s dng v n rt nh, cha t lng phn hoa (lupulin), hm lng cht ng cng rt thp. Khi hoa bt u chn th bn trong cc cnh hoa, v c bit l nh hoa xut hin cc ht mu vng ng, rt do, gi l lupulin. Ht lupulin c dng hnh cu, ng knh 0,15-0,25mm v c nh vo cnh v nh hoa bng nhng cung rt mnh v ngn. Chnh nhng ht lupulin ny l ngun gc chnh sinh ra cht ng v tinh du thm ca hoa houblon.

Hoa houblon l nguyn liu c bn ng th 2 (sau i mch) ca cng ngh sn xut bia. Hoa houblon lm cho bia c v ng du, hng thm rt c trng lm tng kh nng to v gi bn bt, lm tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca sn phm. Do nhng c tnh cc k c bit nh vy nn hoa houblon vn gi mt vai tr c tn l nguyn liu khng th thay th trong ngnh sn xut bia.

II.1.2.2. Thnh phn ho hc

Bng II.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca hoa houblon

II.1.2.2.1. Cht ng

Vai tr ca cht ng trong cng ngh sn xut bia l rt ln. Cht ng to cho bia c v c trng v d chu, to ra mt c tnh cm quan rt c bit ca bia. Khi ho tan vo dch ng v tn ti trong bia, chng c hot tnh sinh hc cao to ra sc cng b mt gip cho bia c kh nng gi bt lu. Chng cn c tnh khng khun, do lm tng bn sinh hc ca bia thnh phm.

Cc loi cht ng c trong hoa houblon:

- acid ng (humulon): giai on un si dch ng vi hoa houblon, cc hp cht humulon khng trc tip ho tan vo m phi tri qua 1 giai on trung gian l qu trnh ng phn ho, sau cc cht ng phn ny ho tan v b thu phn thnh cc sn phm c ng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc hp cht nguyn thu.

- acid ng (lupulon): khi un si hoa houblon vi dch ng, lupulon cng b ng phn ho, sau cc ng phn mi b phn ct. Nu b oxy ho, cc - acid ng chuyn thnh hulupon, c kh nng ho tan vo dch ng cao hn.

- Nha mm: l polyme ca cc acid ng, to ra lc ng kh ln do kh nng ho vo dch ng cao hn - acid ng.

- Nha cng: l polyme ca cc acid ng nhng mc cao hn nhiu so vi nha mm. Nha cng hu nh khng tan trong nc v dch ng v l hp phn khng c gi tr trong cng ngh sn xut bia.

II.1.2.2.2. Tinh du thm

Tinh du thm ca hoa houblon ho tan vo dch ng, tn ti trong bia v to ra cho n mt mi thm c trng, rt nh nhng v d chu.

L nhng cht lng trong sut mu vng nht hoc khng mu, tinh du thm c mi thm rt mnh. Thnh phn ho hc ca tinh du thm trong hoa houblon rt phc tp, bao gm n 103 hp cht khc nhau. Trong hn hp a dng th phn ln l nhng terpen, ru, ceton, aldehyde, este v acid. Nhm cc cht chim khi lng nhiu nht trong thnh phn ca tinh du thm l hydrocacbon (75%), sau l cc loi ru, phn cn li l cc hp cht khc.

II.1.2.2.3. Polyphenol

Gi tr cng ngh ln nht ca polyphenol l chng c dng kt lng v loi b cc hp cht protid cao phn t ra khi dch ng, lm n nh thnh phn v tng bn keo ca bia thnh phm.

Polyphenol trong hoa houblon rt phong ph v chng loi, a dng v cu trc v rt khc nhau v tnh cht. Tt c nhng hp cht ny u thuc nhm flavonoid. Nhm flavonoid l tp hp bao gm rt nhiu hp cht t nhin, l flavan, flavon, flavanol, flavonol, catechin v nhiu cht khc.

Mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca cc hp cht phenol trong nhm flavonoid l chng d dng thc hin phn ng ngng t to thnh oligome v d dng polyme ho to thnh polyme. Mt khc nhng oligome to thnh li c mt kh nng rt c o l d dng kt hp vi protein cao phn t to thnh cc phc cht khng ho tan. Tt c nhng phenol c tnh cht nh vy c gi l tanin. Tanin ca hoa houblon c hot tnh mnh hn hn cc hp cht cng loi trong i mch v malt. V l do , trong k thut ngi ta s dng polyphenol ca hoa houblon loi tr cc cu t protein kh bin tnh v kt lng ra khi dch ng.

II.1.2.3. Ch phm hoa houblon

S dng hoa houblon nguyn cnh trong sn xut bia c u im l bo m c cht lng tt nht, nhng chng c nhc im l chng chim th tch cng knh, kh bo qun, hiu qu s dng thp. khc phc cc nhc im trn, trong k thut sn xut bia ngi ta ch ra cc ch phm hoa houblon s dng c thun tin hn.

Nh my hin ang s dng 2 loi ch phm hoa dng cao v dng vin:

- Dng hoa houblon vin: cnh hoa kh c nghin nt thnh dng bt, sau cho qua my p vin nh hnh thu gn v c bc trong trong giy c bit c np thm kh tr nh hoa cnh kh.

- Dng cao hoa: l hn hp cc cht ng c chit tch t hoa v em c c li. Tuy nhin khi ch dng loi ny ta khng trch ly c polyphenol. D khng c li cho bia nhng cht lng cht ng c bo qun tt hn, ng thi vic s dng khi nu vi dch ng s thun tin v hiu qu hn nhiu.

Hnh II.5. Hoa houblon dng vinII.1.3. Nc

II.1.3.1. Vai tr ca nc trong cng ngh sn xut bia

Nc tham gia trc tip v gin tip vo quy trnh cng ngh to nn sn phm cui cng. V vy c th ni, nc l nguyn liu chnh v l nguyn liu quan trng sn xut bia.

Trong qu trnh nu, qu trnh lc, mt lng nc c a vo dch nu. i vi go, nc c nhim v lm trng n tinh bt gip cho qu trnh thu phn d dng cc hp cht cao phn t lm long dch h tinh bt. i vi malt, nc c dng ho tan cc cht chit khi dch h tinh bt lm long th vic vn chuyn o trn d dng hn. ng thi nc c nhim v chit rt tt c cc hp cht ho tan cn bm st li trong v malt nhm nng cao lng cht ho tan trong dch ng em i nu hoa houblon. Ngoi ra nc cn c dng trong cng tc v sinh thit b v nh xng.

II.1.3.2. Tiu chun ca nc dng nu bia

Nc thc cht l mt dung dch long ca cc loi mui dng ion. Nhm cation th chim nhiu nht l Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, Na+, K+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Al3+, cn nhm anion th ch yu l OH-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, SiO32-, PO43-.

Nc nu bia phi t QCVN 01:2009/BYT.

II.1.3.3. nh hng ca thnh phn mui ca nc n tin trnh cng ngh v cht lng sn phm

Hm lng ca cc mui trong nc rt khc nhau, do kh nng tc ng v nh hng ca chng n tin trnh cng ngh v cht lng ca sn phm cng khc nhau.

+ Ca2+: mui bicacbonat lm gim chua nh phn ca dch cho khi chng tc dng vi cc mui phosphat ca malt, lm gim kh nng hot ng ca enzyme nn hiu sut thu phn cng gim theo. Nhng sunfat li lm tng chua nh phn ca dch cho, trong sn xut, tng cng s hot ng ca enzyme ngi ta c th b sung thm thch cao vo dch cho.

+ Mg2+: trong nc cha nhiu MgSO4 s gy v ng kh chu cho bia.

+ Natri sunfat nu hm lng cao cng s gy v ng-cht kh chu.

+ NaCl: trong phm vi 200mg/l s lm cho bia c v m nn trong k thut ngi ta vn cho mui n vo bia vi liu lng rt va phi.

+ K+: nh Na+.

+ Fe: tn ti trong nc ch yu di dng Fe(HCO3)2. giai on ngm, trn v ht b ta 1 lp mng Fe(OH)3 lm cn tr tc ht nc ca ht v ko theo nhiu nh hng khc. Nu trong dung dch ng hm lng st ln s rt ngn chu k sinh trng ca nm men, lm ph v s cn bng trong tin trnh ln men. Hm lng st cao gy cho bia c mi v l. Mt khc, st xc tc qu trnh oxy hotrong bia lm gim bn keo v d dng gy c cho bia.

+ Mn: nh st.

+ Hm lng ion sunfat qu cao lm cho bia c v ng-khan.

+ Cl-: vi hm lng va phi to cho bia v hi ho, d chu.

+ Nitrit: giai on ln men, nu hm lng nitrit cao s c ch rt mnh s pht trin ca nm men.

+ Acid silic: nu hm lng ln s cn tr qu trnh ln men, trong 1 s trng hp, y l yu t gy c cho bia.

II.1.4. Go

V kh nng thay th malt i mch trong sn xut bia th go l loi cc c dng nhiu hn c.

Ph thuc vo mc cha y protein ca t bo, mc lin kt ca protein vi cc ht tinh bt, cng nh kch thc v hnh dng ca chng m ni nh go c th l trng trong hoc trng c hoc trng trong tng phn. Ht trng trong khc ht trng c bi hm lng protein cao hn, ht chc v cng hn. thay th malt i mch ta nn chn loi go c trng c cao hn.

Ta thy rng, go c hm lng tinh bt kh cao, protein mc va phi cn cht bo v xenlluloza th gii hn thp. Vi cc ch s ny, c th ni rng, go l mt loi nguyn liu kh l tng cho vic sn xut bia.

Hnh II.6. GoII.1.5. Nm men

Hin nay nh my s dng nm men chm Saccaromyces carsbergensis. Loi nm men ny c hnh elip hoc hnh cu, c chiu di t 8-10mm, chiu rng 5-7mm, t bo nm men cha khong 70% nc, phn cht kh cn li ch yu l protein v glucid. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ln men, nm men c xu hng lng xung y gip cho qu trnh t trong bia xy ra nhanh hn v tt hn do v t bo nm men c kh nng kt dnh vi nhau. c im ca nm men:

- Nhit ln men: 8-100C.

- Qu trnh ln men xy ra trong lng mi trng.

- Nm men s dng l nm men thun chng, nm men sau khi ln men xong c thu hi s dng cho m sau. Nm men c th s dng ti a l 8 chu k.

Vai tr ca nm men: nm men chuyn ho ng thnh ru etylic, CO2, bn cnh cn to ra nhiu sn phm bc 2 khc nh ru bc cao, glycerin, cc acid hu c, este, aldehyde...

Hnh II.7. Nm men Saccaromyces carsbergensisII.2. H THNG TIU CHUN NH GI CHT LNG NGUYN LIU

Nh my s dng h thng tiu chun nh gi cht lng nguyn liu theo tiu chun ISO 9000:2001.CHNG III. CNG NGH SN XUT BIA

III.1. CC SN PHM CHNH CA CNG TY

- Bia Saigon Large

Hnh III.1. Bia Saigon Lager

+ Chng loi sn phm: bia Si Gn

+ cn: 4,3% th tch

+ Dung tch: 450ml

+ Thnh phn: nc, malt, go, hoa houblon

+ Bao b: ng chai thu tinh mu nu, 20 chai/kt

+ Th trng tiu th: bia c sn xut v tiu th rng ri trn khu vc min Trung.

- Bia ti: nc, malt, go, hoa houblon

+ ng gi: theo 2 quy cch 2 lt/tt v 30 lt/tt

+ Thnh phn:

+ Th trng tiu th: bia c sn xut v tiu th rng ri trn khu vc min Trung.

III.2. QUY TRNH SN XUT

III.2.1. S quy trnh sn xut

-

Hnh III.2. S quy trnh sn xut biaIII.2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh sn xut

III.2.2.1. X l nguyn liu

Go v malt s c h thng gu ti vn chuyn vo cc xilo bo qun nhm trnh nhng tc hi do vi sinh vt hay cc tc ng t mi trng. Nh my c 1 xilo go v 2 xilo malt. Khi bt u sn xut th go, malt s c ly ra t xilo bng h thng gu ti v cho qua thit b sng nhm mc ch loi b bt bi, tru cn st li. Sau c go v malt s c tip tc cho qua thit b sng tch cc ht sn cn st li trong qu trnh thu hoch hay sn xut malt, bi s c qut ht qua h thng x l bi trc khi thi ra mi trng. Tip theo, malt v go c a qua cn in t nh lng malt v go cho qu trnh sn xut. T y malt v go s tip tc c a qua h thng kh kim loi loi b cc mu kim loi cn st li. Cui cng malt v go s c a qua thit b nghin v cho vo thng cha chun b nu.

Hnh III.3. S h thng x l nguyn liu.

(1) - b phn x l c bn ca h thng nhp, (2) - cn t ng, (3) - my tch rc, (4) - h thng tch sn, (5) - h thng lc bi, (6) - thng cha trung gian, (7) - my nghin ba, (8) - qut ht, (M) - m t. R1: xilo cha go, M2: xilo cha malt, M3: xilo cha malt.

III.2.2.2. Nu go v maltTrong qu trnh ny, malt sau khi c nghin s ho tan chung vi nc theo mt t l ph hp vi tng loi sn phm v di tc dng ca cc enzyme nhit nht nh s c ng ho trong ni nu. Tng t nh vy, go s c h ho, sau c phi trn li vi nhau c ng ho trc khi bm sang ni lc. Mc ch chnh ca giai on ny l ho tan ht cc cht khong, cc protein quan trng phc v qu trnh ln men ra khi nhng thnh phn khng ho tan nh v tru, cht x.

Kt thc cng don nu, ho tan phi t t 13-13,50P mi t yu cu.

Hnh III.4. S h thng nu go v malt

III.2.2.2.1. Nu go

Go sau khi c nghin mn s c cho vo ni nu cng vi nc, b sung malt lt bng khong 10% khi lng bt go. Mc ch ca vic b sung malt lt l s dng enzyme c trong malt lt phn ct s b tinh bt, lm gim nht ca tinh bt, trnh cho tinh bt b vn cc khi nu, gip cho s h ho tinh bt din ra d dng hn.

Bt go v nc sau khi phi trn c nhit khong 350C. Lc ny cnh khuy bt u hot ng. V t l th liu nhiu nn pH dch bt tng, do phi b sung acid iu chnh pH ca dch v khong pH ti u cho cc enzyme hot ng, rt ngn thi gian lc, nng cao hiu sut ng ho, ng thi lm cho qu trnh kt lng protein sau ny c trit hn.

Sau nng nhit dch bt ln 720C trong vng 15 pht. Trong khong thi gian ny, ht tinh bt s bt u ht nc v trng n ln lm tng nht ca dch bt. Gi mc 720C trong vng 17 pht enzyme dch ho tinh bt. Lc ny tinh bt c dch ho mt phn.

Tip theo nng nhit ln 830C trong vng 15 pht v gi nhit ny trong vng 5 pht tip tc h ho tinh bt. nhit ny, phn ln tinh bt c h ho.

Sau h nhit xung 720C trong vng 5 pht v gi trong vng 5 pht. Trc lc h nhit b sung malt lt ln 2 vi t l bng khong 8,5% khi lng bt go. L do v mc 830C th phn ln enzyme b v hot, enzyme tip tc hot ng phn ct tinh bt thnh dextrin lm cho ni cho gim nht, gip cho qu trnh un si d dng.

Sau cng nng nhit ln 1000C trong 20 pht, un si 16 pht thc hin h ho hon ton tinh bt, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ng ho sau ny. Khng nhit vt qu 1000C v lc s xy ra phn ng caramel ho lm nh hng dn v ca bia thnh phm.

Sau tin hnh bm cho sang ni malt ng ho, va bm va khuy trn, khng ch ni malt nhit 650C bng cch b sung thm nc vo ni malt.

III.2.2.2.2. Nu malt

Bt malt sau khi nghin c a vo ni malt cng vi nc. ni malt b sung thm acid lactic, CaCl2 vi lng thch hp. B sung acid lactic iu chnh pH ca ni malt, cn b sung CaCl2 nhm mc ch lm mm nc. Ngoi ra ion Ca2+ c tc dng lm tng tnh bn v hot tnh ca enzyme , ci thin s kt lng ca nm men v cn, dn n s n nh mu v trong ca dch ng. Ion Cl- lm cho khu v bia tr nn m du, m , n nh tnh cht keo ca sn phm.

Sau khi nhp liu vo ni, cnh khuy bt u hot ng, nhit dch bt sau khi nhp liu khong 380C. Nng nhit dch bt ln 500C trong khong 10 pht, gi nhit ny trong 7 pht thc hin m ho. Enzyme proteinaza s phn ct protein thnh nhng hp cht thp phn t hn nh pepton, polypeptid v acid amin. Pepton, polypeptid gp phn lm cho bia c v m , tham gia vo qu trnh to v gi bt cho bia. Acid amin, dipeptid l ngun dinh dng ni t rt quan trng cho nm men sinh trng v pht trin. Kt thc thi gian m ho s tin hnh hi cho t ni go sang. Ni go c h ho v un si 1000C s c bm sang ni malt. Trong lc hi cho s b sung thm nc khng ch ni malt 650C. Ti y gi nhit ny trong 7 pht thc hin ng ho.

III.2.2.3. ng ho nhit 650C, 2 enzyme s cng tin hnh phn ct tinh bt thnh maltose v dextrin.

Sau nng nhit ln 750C v gi nhit ny trong 16 pht enzyme tin hnh dch ho hon ton tinh bt, lng dextrin to thnh s c nh hng tt n d v ca bia. Kt thc ng ho bng cch th mu vi dung dch iod 0,1N, dch ng khng lm i mu ca dung dch iod l c.

Sau khi ng ho, nng nhit ln 760C trong 20 pht gim nht ca dch ng, to iu kin cho qu trnh lc. Sau chun b ht qua thit b lc.

Khi ng ho, ngoi 2 qu trnh thu phn tinh bt v protein cn din ra qu trnh thu phn nhng hp cht hu c cha phospho, hemixelluloza, gp phn lm tng lng cht ho tan, t nhiu c nh hng tt n cht lng dch ng thu c.

III.2.2.3.1. Qu trnh thu phn tinh bt bi enzyme

Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l phn ct amyloza, amylopectin v dextrin bc cao thnh ng n gin, dextrin bc thp d ho tan vo nc tr thnh cht ho tan ca dch ng. Trong phn ng ny, tinh bt l c cht, cn cht xc tc l nhm enzyme amylaza c sn trong malt.

Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ny l ng maltoza, dextrin v mt lng khng ng k glucoza. S phn ct tinh bt thnh cc sn phm thp phn t l kt qu ca qu trnh tc ng ca nhm enzyme amylaza, bao gm, v amylophosphataza.

S tc ng c lp ca ln tinh bt: tc ng ln mch amyloza v amylopectin ca tinh bt v b gy cc mi lin kt . Sau mt thi gian ngn, ton b mch amyloza v mch chnh ca amylopectin b ct nh thnh tng mnh c 5 hoc 6 gc glucozid. Nh c qu trnh ny, nht ca dch cho gim i mt cch nhanh chng v mu xanh phn ng vi iod cng mt. Giai on tip theo ca qu trnh thu phn l phn ct cc b cc mng dextrin to thnh sn phm cui cng l glucoza, maltoza v dextrin thp phn t hn. Nh vy l di tc ng ring r ca , tinh bt b phn ct thnh ch yu l dextrin, mt lng t glucoza v maltoza.

S tc ng c lp ca ln tinh bt: ct 2 gc glucozid trn ton mch ca amyloza v mch nhnh ca amylopectin to thnh ng maltoza. Enzyme ny khng ct c im r ca mch nhnh amylopectin, chng dng tc ng ti y. Sn phm to thnh do tc ng phn ct ca l ng maltoza.

S tc ng ng thi ca & ln tinh bt: y khng c ngha l c 2 enzyme cng hp lc ct 1 mi lin kt, m l c 2 enzyme cng phn ct 1 mnh c cht nhng v tr khc nhau, sn phm phn ct ca enzyme ny l c cht ca enzyme kia. S ng tc ng ca enzyme ln c cht bao gi cng em li hiu qu cao hn so vi s tc ng ring r.

S tc ng ca amylophosphataza ln tinh bt: enzyme ny tham gia vo qu trnh thu phn tinh bt vi chc nng l lm cho qu trnh h ho xy ra d dng hn. N ct phn t acid phosphoric khi mch amylopectin. Phn ng c trng nht, m qua c th nh gi c mc thu phn ca tinh bt l kh nng ca chng trong vic lm mt mu ca dung dch iod. Nh vy l di tc ng ca nhm enzyme amylaza, 2 cu t ca tinh bt l amyloza v amylopectin b phn ct thnh nhiu loi sn phm, bao gm maltoza, dextrin, saccharoza, glucoza v fructoza. III.2.2.3.2. Qu trnh thu phn protein v cc hp cht khc

III.2.2.3.2.1. Qu trnh thu phn protein

Hm lng cc cht cha ni t trong thnh phn cht ho tan ca dch ng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic m bo tin trnh ln men c bnh thng v nh hnh khung cht lng ca bia thnh phm. Nhng sn phm thp phn t ca qa trnh ln men l ngun dinh dng cho nm men, nhng sn phm cao phn t hn gp phn khng nh cho vic to v m , tham gia vo vic gi bt cho bia.

Phn ng thu phn protein bi enzyme thc t xy ra giai on m mm ca i mch. giai on , phn ng xy ra chm chp nhng trit , sn phm to thnh ch yu l cc hp cht thp phn t (acid amin, polypeptid bc thp) d ho tan bn vng vo nc. n giai on ng ho, qu trnh ny li tip tc vi tc cao hn v cc iu kin to ra thch hp hn cho s hot ng ca cc enzyme thu phn.

Mt phn trong s cc sn phm thu phn ho tan vo dch ng, s b bin tnh v kt ta ngay trong giai on ng ho, mt phn na s b bin tnh v kt ta qu trnh tip theo l un si dch ng vi hoa houblon. Phn sn phm cha ni t cn li sau 2 qu trnh ny gi l sn phm bn nhit ca protein. Trong hp phn ny vn cn 2 loi sn phm: loi th nht khng bao gi kt lng (chng to thnh dung dch bn vng), loi th hai tuy cha kt lng nhng iu kin thch hp chng s kt lng v y chnh l nguyn nhn gy c cho dch ng v bia (m kh kt).

giai on ng ho, c protein v proteid u chu tc ng phn ct ca proteaza. Tham gia thu phn protein giai on ng ho c 2 loi enzyme:

- Endopeptidaza (thng gi l proteinaza): vng pH ti u ca enzyme ny l t 4,6 - 4,9, vng nhit ti u ca chng l t 50 - 600C. Endopeptidaza l enzyme bn nhit. Kh nng bn nhit cn th hin mnh hn na khi pH ca mi trng nm trong khong 4,4 - 4,6, ngha l trong vng ng in ca protein i mch.

- Exopeptidaza (thng gi l peptidaza): tt c cc enzyme trong nhm ny u th hin hot tnh ti a pH = 7 - 8 v nhit khong 40 - 420C. Trong mi trng giu nc, hot lc ca chng yu dn khi nhit tng n 500C, cn 600C th phn t ca chng b bin tnh thun nghch. Trong iu kin ng ho nguyn liu, nhm enzyme ny rt kh hot ng v pH v nhit ca mi trng kh xa so vi vng ti u ca chng. Trc lc tin hnh ng ho, ta phi trn bt nghin vi nc m nhm mc ch cho peptidaza phn ct protein.

III.2.2.3.2.2. Cc qu trnh enzyme khc

- Thu phn fitin: giai on m mm, fitin b thu phn cc b nhng vi tc chm. n giai on ng ho, qu trnh ny mi xy ra vi tc ti a di xc tc ca enzyme fitaza. Chc nng ca fitaza l xc tc phn ct acid phosphoric khi phn tr amylopectin. S thu phn fitin v nhng hp cht hu c khc cha phospho v km theo l s gii phng acid phosphoric lm cho chua nh phn v tnh m ca dch cho tng ln.

- Thu phn hemixelluloza: giai on m mm, thnh t bo ca ni nh c bn b bin dng. n giai on ng ho th chng mi thc s b ph hu. Qu trnh thu phn ny mang 2 ngha: th nht l cung cp b sung cht ho tan cho dch ng, th hai l to iu kin cho cc enzyme cn li hot ng m khng b vng cc chng ngi vt. Tham gia thu phn hemixelluloza l nhm enzyme sitaza.

III.2.2.3.2.3. Cc qu trnh phi enzyme

- S kt lng v bin tnh protein: s bin tnh v kt lng l nhng thuc tnh ca protein khi chng b tc ng ca nhng yu t ngoi cnh. iu kin ng ho th yu t ngoi cnh chnh l nhit cao ca mi trng. y l nhng qu trnh c li cho cng ngh sn xut bia v khi protein b bin tnh v kt lng th chng s b loi ra khi dch ng, lm tng bn keo ca bia, gim kh nng gy c.

- S thnh melanoid (hay cn gi l phn ng ozamin, phn ng cacbonylamin, phn ng aminoza): qu trnh to melanoid xy ra mt cch mnh m giai on sy malt, nh m to ra mt bc ngot quan trng v tnh cht cm quan ca bn thnh phm. n giai on ng ho, iu kin v nhit v cc yu t khc cha ti u cho qu trnh trn nhng d sao th mt lng ng k melanoid cng c to thnh, gp phn nng cao cht lng ca sn phm.

III.2.2.3. Lc nc nha

Thnh phn c hc ca cho malt sau khi ng ho kt thc bao gm 2 hp phn: pha rn v pha lng. Thnh phn ca pha rn bao gm cc cu t khng ho tan ca bt nghin, cn pha lng bao gm nc v cc hp cht thp phn t c trch ly t malt, ho tan trong . Pha rn gi l b malt, pha lng gi l nc nha. Mc ch ca qu trnh lc nc nha l tch pha lng khi hn hp tip tc cc bc tip theo ca tin trnh cng ngh, cn pha rn l ph liu, loi b ra ngoi. Ti ni lc, ngi ta lc ht cht lng ra khi tru cng nh cc cht x v mm ly ht lng ng cn bm trong tru.

Qu trnh lc c tin hnh theo 2 bc: bc th nht l p tch dch ct v bc th hai l ra b chit rt ht tt c nhng cht ho tan cn bm li.

Hnh III.5. S h thng lc nc nha

Trong qu trnh lc, mc nghin malt cng mn, cng nhuyn th th thi gian lc cng di. Nhit cng cao cng rt ngn c thi gian lc nhng chi ph tn km. Nhng nng nhit qu cao li xy ra hin tng bin tnh v kt ta protein, khi chng s bm vo mng lc to thnh kt ta do lm cn tr rt nhiu n tc lc. Yu cu ca nc nha sau khi lc v ra b phi trong hon ton, nu khng v sau bia s c mi v kh chu v km trong.

III.2.2.4. un si vi hoa houblon (houblon ho)

Qu trnh ny nhm mc ch:

- Trch ly cc cht ng, tinh du thm, polyphenol, cc hp cht cha ni t v cc thnh phn khc ca hoa houblon vo dch ng bin i n thnh dch c v ng v hng thm du ca hoa.

- Polyphenol ca hoa houblon khi ho tan vo dch ng, nhit cao s tc dng vi cc hp cht protein cao phn t to thnh cc phc cht dng mng nhy. Cc phc cht mng nhy to thnh mng, d kt lng v s ko cc phn t cn li ti trong dch ng kt lng theo. Vi qu trnh ny, bn ca dch ng tng ln v thnh phn sinh hc c n nh.

- Polyphenol, cht ng, cc cht cha ni t trong hoa houblon l nhng cht to sc cng b mt c hot tnh rt cao. Nh c mng cng ny, bt kh CO2 trong bia khng d dng thot khi b mt ca n. Nhng hp cht ny tham gia vo qu trnh to bt v l tc nhn chnh gi bt cho bia.

- Ngoi nhng mc ch trn, khi nu dch ng vi hoa houbon cn xy ra nhiu qu trnh khc, m kt qu ca chng, mc t nhiu u tc ng theo chiu hng tch cc n vic nh hnh cht lng sn phm sau ny.

Hnh III.6. S h thng houblon ho

Mt s bin i xy ra trong qu trnh houblon ho:

- Tng cng mu do phn ng Mailard v dch ng c v trng (do un si nhit cao trong thi gian di), ton b cc h enzyme thu phn trong nguyn liu s b ph hu, ng thi cng tiu dit cc vi sinh vt khng mong mun.

- Trch l cht ng: cc cht ng ca hoa houblon ho tan rt yu trong nc, trong dch ng cng yu hn. Khi nhit tng th kh nng ho tan tng ng k.

- ng phn ho : khi un si dch nha, thnh phn ca tr v dng ng phn ho. Cc ng phn ny c kh nng ho tan tt hn v gy v ng mnh hn, kh b oxy ho hn. Ngoi ra cn quyt nh kh nng to bt, gi bt v bn sinh hc ca bia. Trong khi khi un si trong thi gian di cng lm tng kh nng ho tan, nh chuyn v cc dng ng phn. Nhng sn phm ny cng vi mt s hp cht khc to nn mi thm c trng, d chu cho bia.

- Chit rt tinh du: tinh du hoa houblon gip cho bia c mi thm d chu. Trong qu trnh un si, khong 77-78% tinh du b khuch tn trong hi nc v bay hi ra ngoi, phn cn li c nhit bay hi cao hn s c gi li trong dch ng v sau tip tc mt i trong qu trnh ln men, tn ti mt lng rt nh dng kh bn v to mi c trng cho bia.

- S hnh thnh phc gia protein v polyphenol: mt s hp cht polyphenol to thnh dung dch keo tch in m trong khi mt s protein trong dch ng tch in dng nn s hnh thnh phc gia chng. Phc ny lng xung y ni nn lm tng trong ca bia.

- S bin tnh protein: khi un si, protein s b bin tnh v lng xung y ni. Mc kt ta protein cng cao th cht lng bia cng c ci thin. Qu trnh kt ta ph thuc vo iu kin un si (pH, thi gian, nng cht ho tan trong dch ng...).

III.2.2.5. Lng v lm lnh trc khi ln menSau khi qu trnh houblon ho kt thc th ton b lng oxy bay ra ngoi theo hi nc v trong dch ng c rt nhiu cn. Do dch ng cn bm qua bn lng cn tch cn trc khi a qua b phn lm lnh nhanh, a nhit xung n mc cn thit ph hp vi nhit ln men.

Mc ch: h nhit ca dch ng v nhit thch hp cho nm men chm hot ng theo ng yu cu k thut, ng thi lm lnh dch ln nhanh trnh cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm nhim trng vo dch ln men. Lm lnh cn gim nhit ca dch ng to iu kin thun li cho vic bo ho oxy cho qu trnh ln men sau ny.

Dch ng sau khi c houblon ho xong s c bm sang thit b lng xoy, li dng lc ly tm tp trung cc ta nng vo tm thng, v sau khi yn th cc ta nng s lng xung y thng. Thnh phn ho hc ca cc ta ny ch yu l protein, cc hp cht polyphenol, cc hp cht ng, cc cht khong, b hoa houblon v cc hp cht khc.

Sau khi lng, dch ng c lm lnh nhanh vi nc nhit 20C h nhit ca nc nha xung cn 6-80C trc khi a vo ln men. Lc ny, ton b lng oxy bay ra ngoi theo hi nc v trong dch ng cn cha rt nhiu cn. ng thi ta tin hnh b sung thm O2 vo dch trc khi ln men. pht trin c bnh thng cc giai on tim pht v logarit, nm men cn hp th mt lng oxy cn thit.

III.2.2.6. Qu trnh ln men

y l giai on quyt nh chuyn ho dch ng houblon ho thnh bia di tc ng ca nm men thng qua hot ng sng ca chng. Phn ng sinh hc chnh ca qu trnh ny l to cn v CO2. C th chia qu trnh ln men thnh 2 giai on: qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph. Qu trnh ln men chnh nhm to s thay i v lng v bin i su sc v cht trong cc cu t hp thnh cht ho tan trong dch ng. Qu trnh ln men ph nhm chuyn ho ht phn ng c kh nng ln men cn tn ti trong bia non, ng thi lm n nh thnh phn v tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. Khi tin hnh ln men chnh dch ng houblon ho, mt lng ln c cht, ch yu l ng v dextrin bc thp b nm men hp th to thnh ru etylic, kh cacbonic v cc sn phm ph. Ngoi glucid b tc ng mnh, cc thnh phn khc ca dch ng cng chu nhng s thay i ln. Mt phn trong b nm men ng ho v b bin i thnh nhng hp cht khc nhau, cn mt s khc th chuyn i thnh trng thi khng ho tan v b tch ra ngoi di dng kt lng.

Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men l chuyn ho cc cht hydrocacbon, m, khong, vitamin....di tc dng ca men chm Saccharomyces Carlbergenisis to thnh ru, CO2, amin thm, este ...nhm to mi v c trng cho bia. Qu trnh ny din ra di ngy (khong 16 ngy 8-100C) vi cng ngh t ng ho hon ton. Nh my thc hin ln men chnh v ph trong cng mt thit b. Nm men c s dng t men ging thun chng, men c s dng di dng men kh, sau nhn ging trung gian ri a vo s dng trong sn xut bia.

C s l thuyt ca qu trnh ln men bia:

Trong qu trnh sng, nm men thng qua con ng trao i cht v nng lng, trong cc iu kin k thut thch hp chuyn thnh cc glucid phn t thp thnh ru etylic, CO2 theo s :

ng thi do cc qu trnh sinh ho xy ra do s xc tc sinh hc ca cc enzyme c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men, mt s sn phm ph hnh thnh nh cc acid hu c, cc este, cc ru bc cao, aldehyde, glycerin...., tt c cc bin i ny dn n s thay i v cht v lng ca cc cht ho tan c trong dch ng ln men v bin dch ng thnh bia, to mi v c trng cho sn phm.

III.2.2.6.1. Qu trnh ln men chnh

Giai on u: khi dch ng v men c bm vo tank ln men th sau 24 gi nm men s bt u pht trin. Trong giai on ny oxy rt cn cho s pht trin ca t bo nm men. c im ca giai on ny l to bt trng mn xung quanh b mt dch ln men, lc ny CO2 to ra nhiu, li nhit thp nn chng ho tan ht vo dch ln men. Nm men lc ny ang giai on ny chi v pht trin lm gim lng cht ho tan trong dch men.

Giai on 2: gi l giai on to bt thp. Lc ny CO2 to ra nhiu hn v c xu hng mun thot ra ngoi di dng bt li ti. Trn mt bong bng ny hnh thnh mt lp hp ph gm nhng cht c sc cng b mt nh protein, cht ng, polyphenol...., lm cho CO2 khng th thot ra khi b mt ca lp trn cng thot ra ngoi mi trng, m chng li b hp ph vo nhau to thnh bt.

Giai on 3: giai on ny qu trnh ln men xy ra mnh nht. Lng CO2 to ra nhiu v mt phn thot ra ngoi nhng li c thu hi ti s dng. Bt lc ny xp v bng ln cao, b mt bt trng dn.

Giai on cui: bt xp dn. Khi thy hm lng cht ho tan cn li khong 30-35% so vi lng cht chit ban u th ta ngng qu trnh ln men chnh li.

Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh ln men chnh:

- Qu trnh vt l: nhit trong qu trnh ln men tng dn do qu trnh trao i cht ca nm men thng km theo hin tng gii phng nhit. Do , m bo nhit lun n nh ngi ta thng iu chnh nhit ca qu trnh ln men mt cch t ng. p sut ln men cng tng dn do s to thnh CO2 v t qu trnh chuyn ho ng glucose.

- Qu trnh sinh l: trong dch ln men cha y cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men. Nm men sinh trng mnh nht trong giai on u ca thi k ln men chnh. Lc ng thi xy ra s sinh sn nm men v s ln men.

- Qu trnh sinh ho: l s chuyn cc ng ln men thnh ru v CO2, dch ng ln men c v phn khng ln men c l dextrin, protein, cht khong.

- Mt s cc bin i khc:

+ S to thnh cc cht cha ni t: cc cht cha ni t trong dch ng v mt s cht cha ni t li tch t t bo nm men.

+ S to thnh bt: bt to thnh do qu trnh ln men, ng thi do tt c cc qu trnh cng ngh, k t lc sn xut bia.

+ Ngoi ra trong qu trnh ln men, mt s cht s tch ra v b lng xung to thnh cn.

III.2.2.6.2. Qu trnh ln men ph

Khi kt thc qu trnh ln men ph, ho tan phi t gi tr t 2,4-2,70P.

Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh ln men ph:

- Trong khi ln men ph, cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho v ho l din ra hon ton nh giai on ln men chnh nhng vi tc chm hn v nhit thp hn v nm men cng rt t.

- Mt qu trnh cng rt quan trng khc l s lng trong nh vic h nhit t ln men chnh sang ln men ph. nhit ca qu trnh ln men chnh, nhng ht nh khng ho tan tn ti trng thi l lng, n khi nhit thp giai on ln men ph, chng dn lng xung y thit b. Mt khc nhit thp qu trnh ng t nha houblon, ng t cc cht tanin-protein cng din ra. T bo nm men chu nh hng ca nhit thp, ca p sut v nng CO2 cao nn cng lng xung.

- Trong qu trnh ln men ph xy ra qu trnh oxy ho kh mt s thnh phm ca bia nh aldehyde, acid, cc loi ru, diacetyl...., ng thi gia chng c s tng h v mt ho hc, gp phn to nn thnh phn v hng v ca bia.

III.2.2.7. Thu hi nm men

Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh tin hnh h nhit nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh ln men ph v lng kt nm men xung y thng. Sau rt ton b khi bia non chuyn sang bn ln men ph. Phn men di y thng s c a i tch men sng ra khi men cht (men sng th ho ln vo dch men, men cht th vn cc li).

III.2.2.8. Thu hi CO2

Kh CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men chnh s c thu hi sau 24 gi ln men v x l ri nn li cho ho lng s dng li.

III.2.2.9. Lc bia

Trong qu trnh ln men ph, bia c lm trong mt cc t nhin nhng cha t n mc cn thit. Mu c ca bia l do s hin din ca nm men, ca cc ht phn tn c hc, ca cc ht dng keo, ca phc cht protein-polyphenol, ca nha ng v ca nhiu loi ht li ti khc. Tt c cc cu t ny s gp phn lm gim bn ca bia. V vy, mun lm tng bn bia, vi mc ch l tng thi gian bo qun khi chng lu hnh trn th trng cn phi loi b tt c nhng cu t gy c cho bia. Bia sau khi lc c nng cht ho tan l 130P, sau khi pha, gi tr ny l 10,30P.

H thng lc gm 3 b phn lc: lc ng, lc a v lc tinh.

- B phn lc ng: nhim v ca b phn ny l lc men st cn li trong bia. ng i ca bia t ngoi vo trong.

- B phn lc a: ti b phn ny c b sung loi bt PVPP lc thnh phn polyphenol c trong bia. Hon nguyn ht PVPP bng cch dng xt ra ht.

- B phn lc tinh: sau khi qua 2 b phn lc trc th b phn lc tinh c nhim v lm trong bia theo yu cu k thut ca sn phm. B phn ny s m nhim vic loi b ht PVPP b v v bt tr lc.

ho tan nguyn thu ca bia khong 13,30B, sau khi lc, nh my s tin hnh phi nc vo h thng bia thnh phm t c ho biu kin khong 10,30B. Trn ng i ca h thng ng dn phi bia, glycol c b sung vo vi vai tr nh mt cht ti lnh, a nhit ca bia v 20C khi i vo ton b h thng.

III.2.2.10. Rt chai v thanh trng

III.2.2.10.1. Rt chai

Hnh III.7. S quy trnh chit chai v thanh trng bia

- Chuyn kt ln bng ti: pallet cha chai s c xe vn chuyn ti bng ti v c bng ti a ti my v kt. y my r kt s bc 4 kt/ln ti bng ti. Sau s c bng ti vn chuyn ti my gp chai.

- Gp chai: my tch chai hot ng da vo p lc gi ht chai ra khi kt.

- Ra chai: chai ln lt i qua nhiu vng trong my c nhit , nng dung dch xt v p lc phun khc nhau:

+ Vng 1: chc nng chnh l phun v ra chai. Sau khi chai qua vng 1, giy bc s tc dng vi xt to thnh kh bay ln, cn nhn s c tch ra v c a ra ngoi.

+ Vng 2: chc nng chnh l ty ra bn trong, bn ngoi chai v trng ra xt.

+ Vng 3: chc nng chnh l ra sch xt.

+ Vng 4: chc nng chnh l trng li chai.

- Kim tra chai: chai sau khi qua thit b trng ra chai s c bng ti vn chuyn n my kim tra chai, nhng chai khng c nh my s dng, chai m hoc chai bn trong cn vt l s b y ra ngoi h thng. Sau chai tip tc chy qua cng on kim tra cui cng (dng n soi v kim tra bng mt thng) loi nhng chai c cn, ta hoc khng t tiu chun ra khi h thng trc khi vo h thng chit rt.

- Chit v ng np: chai sau khi qua cng on kim tra s c dn qua mt bng ti di trc khi vo cc thit b khc vi mc ch n nh lu lng chai, trnh gy ng, v chai. Trn b mt bng ti c cc cm ng d chai v b mt bng ti c bi trn gim p sut gy chai. Sau chai c a vo thit b chit. Ti y bia c chit theo nguyn tc ng p. Khi chai bt u vo h thng, piston dp xung, tip CO2 c x xung trc, khi p sut trong chai t yu cu th van bia t ng m kho, bia s c chy xung quanh thnh trong chai nhm trnh s to bt v tht thot CO2. Khi chai va ra khi h thng th gp mt tia nc phun vi p lc mnh nhm y khng kh v bt ra khi chai. Tip chai c vn chuyn ti thit b ng np. Np chai c sp xp trong phu, sau s c di chuyn theo mt hng trong khun dp v y tng np vo ming chai. ng thi im , ba piston dp xung ng cht np vo c chai. Trong qu trnh chit, nu chai khng t yu cu v bn di tc dng ca p lc, chai s b n.

- Kim tra th tch bia: bia sau khi ng np s c qua thit b kim tra th tch, vi nhng chai khng th tch cha ng np hoc qu th tch quy nh s b y ra ngoi. Bia trong chai ny s b x b ly v do mt CO2 , tip xc vi khng kh, cn vi nhng chai qu th tch khi vo thit b hp chai s b n.

- Ra kt: sau khi tch v chai ra khi kt, kt s c bng ti vn chuyn theo ng ring ti thit b ra kt.

III.2.2.10.2. Thanh trngThanh trng c thc hin bng phng php thanh trng Pasteur. Nu nhit qu cao s gay hin tng sc nhit, dn n b chai trong khi thanh trng, ngc li nhit thp th hiu qu thanh trng khng t mc quy nh v vi sinh vt kh b tiu dit, bia mau chng b h. Mi mt chai bia vo h thng thanh trng trong khong 40 pht. Kt thc qu trnh thanh trng chai bia s theo bng ti n n soi.

Mc ch ca thanh trng l tiu dit ton b t bo sinh vt (k c nm men trong bia), gip n nh cht lng sn phm, ko di thi gian bo qun v thun tin cho ngi s dng. Bia sau khi c thanh trng s c bng ti vn chuyn theo ng vng nhm n nh lu lng chai trc khi vo thit b dn nhn. Sau tip tc qua thit b in date ti cng on kim tra th cng loi ra nhng chai dn nhn b li. Chai tip tc chy ti thit b cht kt bc xp chai vo kt.

Cu to ca h thng thanh trng ti nh my gm 10 hm vi 3 vng:

- Vng 1: t hm 1 n hm 3, gi l vng lm nng s b.

- Vng 2: t hm 4 n hm 7, gi l vng thanh trng.

- Vng 3: t hm 8 n hm 10, gi l vng lm lnh.

Bng III.1. Nhit thanh trng tng ng ca mi hm trong h thng 10 hm. Hm 12345678910

Nhit thanh trng (0C)37505960606159,5493231

CHNG IV.

MY V THIT B S DNG TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT

IV.1. THIT B SNG

Nh my u t thit b ny vi s lng 2 thit b, cng sut 5 tn/gi. Thit b c nhp t Thu S, sn xut ti c, n v BUHLER.

Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng: trong my sng c bnh a, khi c in m kho t th bnh a mi quay v quay trong phm vi cho php. Khi bnh a quay c s chnh lch i trng lm cho thit b rung. Trong thit b c gn cc cc cao su nhm mc ch nh ti nguyn liu b vn cc. Trn mt sng c mt li gi rc li.

IV.2. THIT B TCH SN

Thit b hot ng vi cng sut 6 tn/gi. Thit b c ch to nguyn b ti c, hiu BUHLER.

Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng: my tch sn c qut gi, khi ng c quay th bnh a quay, lm sn trn quay, na trc trc ni vi bnh a ng tm, na trc sau khng ng tm. Khi qut hot ng s to ra ngun gi thi ln sn. Khi ta s iu chnh lc gi thng lc y, do trc sn nghing nn cc ht go nh c xu hng i xung di, cn cc ht sn c khi lng nng hn s i ln pha trn sn, ht sn theo ng thot sn ra ngoi.

IV.3. MY NGHIN BA

Hnh IV.1. Cu to my nghin ba

Thit b nghin gm c sng phn loi hnh tr, trong c mt roto quay, trn roto lp nhiu a, trn mi a c gn nhiu li dao bng thp. Bng lc c hc khi roto quay th cc li dao s chm cc ht nguyn liu nt vn, do cc cnh ba c treo t do. Sng phn loi c th tho lp d dng, ta c th lp cc sng c kch thc l sng khc nhau.

Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu c a qua ng dn liu, nh cc lc c hc va p va p v va p ma st gia gia nguyn liu vi cnh ba, gia nguyn liu vi nhau m nguyn liu b v vn ra. Nguyn liu b v vn cho qua l li sng, khi c kch thc nh ri th i vo mng ng sn phm. Cc ht nguyn liu c kch thc vn cn ln tip tc chu cc lc c hc trn cho n khi lt c l sng.

Bng IV.1. Cc s c thng gp i vi cc thit b sng, tch sn, nghinStt S c Nguyn nhn Bin php x l

1Kch thc nguyn liu khng t yu cu- Sng ry b lng

- iu chnh v lng khng ng yu cu- Thay li sng ry

- iu chnh li v lng

2Nghn trcTc np nguyn liu qu nhanhiu chnh li tc np nguyn liu

3Nghn my- Trong nguyn liu c cha ln tp cht (t, )

- Np nguyn liu vo qu nhiu so vi tc ca my- Kim tra nguyn liu trc khi np vo my

- iu chnh tc np nguyn liu

IV.4. NI NU

EMBED Word.Document.12 \* MERGEFORMAT Hnh IV.2. Cu to ni nu

- Cu to: ni nu l thit b c chc nng ng ho v h ho tinh bt. Ni bao gm 2 v, hi gia nhit c cp vo 2 lp v ca ni, thn hnh tr, y hi lm, phn trn hnh nn, c ch to bng thp inox. Thit b c trang b h thng cp hi gia nhit, thn ni c bo n bng cc lp vt liu cch nhit, cnh khuy ng c, hp gim tc c lp t pha di thit b. Xung quanh thit b c lp t ng ng dn nc nng, lnh, ca quan st, van an ton, chung bo mc...., v cc dng c o lng. Cnh khuy c tc dng khuy o dch trong ni, trnh hin tng bt lng xung y ni v to mng trn thnh y ni.

- Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn liu t thng cn sau khi nghin s c vt ti chuyn v ho trn bt qua ca np, nc pha bt c bm vo qua ca (2). Khi lng nc v nguyn liu xung ht th hi c cp vo ni theo ng ng cp hi vo cc o hi. Trong thit b xy ra qu trnh trao i nhit: dch trong ni c cp nhit, nh cnh khuy hot ng thng qua ng c vi tc 30 vng/pht m dung dch c i lu v si. Hi sau khi cp nhit cho dch s ngng t v c tho ra ngoi qua ca tho nc ngng. Cn hi khng ngng thot ln nh ng thot hi. Nh lp v cch nhit nn hi trong ni t b tht thot ra ngoi. Mu kim tra c ly ra ng ly mu. Sau khi qu trnh nu kt thc, dch cho c tho ra ngoi.

- u im: ni hot ng hon ton t ng vi s kim sot, iu khin ca h thng my tnh. Khi ni hot ng, cnh khuy s quay lin tc gip qu trnh nu c u , khng b chy kht dnh cc di y ni.

- Nhc im: khi b hng kh sa cha, mt thi gian.

Bng IV.2. Nhng s c, nguyn nhn v cch khc phc i vi ni nu

SttS cNguyn nhnKhc phc

1Qa trnh nu b sng lm cho s chuyn ho tinh bt thnh glucose khng trit , thi gian nu ko di. Cnh khuy hot ng khng n nhThay cnh khuy

2Nguyn liu chn cc b tng vng, nhit khng ph hp cho tng loi enzyme hot ng.Cp hi khng uCh ti cc thao tc cp hi, cp nhit, nhit iu chnh p sut

IV. 5. THIT B LC KHUNG BN

Hnh IV. 3. Cu to thit b lc khung bn

- Cu to: b phn chnh ca my lc khung bn l cc khung v cc bn ch to bng gang hoc cc hp kim khc. Khung l 1 hnh vung l rng kch thc 1.2x1.2 m, pha trn mi khung c mt l trn, pha trong ca n c vch lin thng vi khong khng trong khung, cc l trn, hng ca khung s to thnh mt mng kn khi cc khung v bn c xp kht vo nhau. Mng kn ny ng vai tr nh mt ng ng, ngi ta s dng ng ng ny bm dch cho vo my lc. Dch cho s trn vo cc khong khng ca khung. Nh c che kn bng 2 bn 2 bn nn khong khng ny s tr thnh ni cha dch cho, bn ca my lc cng kch thc tng ng vi khung nhng b dy b hn, pha trong lng ca bn khng rng nh khung m c, trn c kha rnh to mng chy cho dch ng. 2 nh ca ng cho c 2 l trn. Cc l trn ca bn c s th t l l th lin thng vi b mt bn, cn cc l trn c s th t l chn th khng c vch lin thng, khi cc bn c kht vi khung th cc l trn ny s to thnh 2 ng ng kn. Pha di gm my c 1 mng hng b c vt ti y chng ra ngoi v trn bn c 1 ng ng dn dch sang ni trung gian chun b nu vi hoa houblon.

- Nguyn l hot ng: thit b gm cc khung v bn ni vi nhau, trn cc bn c ph 2 tm li lc, 1 lp cao su v c 4 l thng vi nhau to thnh 4 ng ng, khi dch ng chy vo theo ng (5) v i vo cc tm li lc s tin hnh qu trnh lc; b c gi trn b mt cc bn cn dch trong i ra theo ng (6) ri c a vo ni trung gian. Lp b c ht mt lng dch ng nn tin hnh thi kh nn vo lp cao su gia cc bn, lp cao su phng ln s p b vo vi nhau v dch ng trong b s chy ra. Sau qu trnh lc, trong b cn cha nhiu cht ha tan cn thit nn dng nc nng 75-780C ra b nhm thu hi cc cht cn st trong b, ra b cho n khi nng nc ra b t 1% th dng li. Kt thc qu trnh lc, cho cc bn dch ra xa nhau mt khong tho b v thit b cng c v sinh nh ni nu chun b cho m lc tip theo.- u im: lc nhanh hn, cht lng dch ng tt hn, dch ng trong hn, hiu sut ho tan tng, hao tn nc ra b t hn. Nguyn liu lc chim din tch t hn.

- Nhc im: khi lc xong phi tho cc khung bn, tn nhiu cng sc lao ng hn.

IV.6. THIT B NU HOA HOUBLON

Hnh IV.4. Cu to thit b nu hoa houblon

- Nguyn l hot ng: thit b houblon ho ng thi l thit b c c dch nu l mt thit b hnh tr, np hnh nn c ni vi mt ng dn hi pha nh np. Bn trong c thit b truyn nhit ng chm, dch nu tun hon qua thit b gia nhit v c phn phi dng bng mt vm hnh nn t pha trn thit b gia nhit. Ni houblon ho c ni vi 2 thit b cha houblon cao v houblon vin c gi trn cc v , dch nu s tun hon t trn xung di bn cha hoa thc hin vic trch ly cc cht trong hoa vo dch nu. Dch nu vo v ra y thit b.Dch nu t bn tr c bm vo ni houblon ho, ti y dch nu c gia nhit ln 100oC. Ban u, dng dch nu s c tun hon qua bn cha hoa cao trch ly cc cht to v, sau khi kt thc qu trnh trch ly bn 1 (ht hoa cao) mi tun hon dch nu sang bn 2, tin hnh trch ly cc cht to hng trong hoa vin.

- u im: cu to n gin, s dng hiu qu.

- Nhc im: kh sa cha khi b h hng, tn thi gian.

IV.7 THIT B LNG

Hnh IV.5. Thng lng whirlpool

- Cu to: thit b lng c dng hnh tr, c ch to bng inox. y thng c nghing 10%. Trn thn thng c ca v sinh (3), nhit k (4), ng thy bo mc nc (5). Trn vai thng c ca quan st (6) v n bo tn hiu (2). Ni tip ca thng l ng thot hi (8), s to ra sc ht rt mnh. thn thng t y ln l ng ng bm dch vo thng (7).- Nguyn l hot ng: nguyn tc lng cn nh sc ht ca lc hng tm. Dch c bm vo thng bng ng ng (7), l phng tip tuyn ca thn thng. Theo hng i dch dng t bm, khi cch thng Whirlpool 0,4m , ng ng t ngt tht li, bng cch tc dch ng phng vo thng rt ln, to nn sc y rt mnh. Lc ny to ra xung lng theo phng tip tuyn ca ct cht lng bn trong thng v lm cho ct xoay trn. Nh c lc hng tm ln, cn lng c ht vo tm thng v lng xung y. Khi nhit ca dch ng h xung 93 th dch ng trong c bm sang thit b lm lnh nhanh, cn cn lng b nn cht y thng c di nc v x ra ngoi.

- u im: thit b gip qu trnh lng din ra nhanh v t nhin hn.

- Nhc im: phi mt mt lng hao ph ln do x cn b m khng lc li, ng thi lm tht thot mt phn cc ng do b cc kt ta nng hp ph.

IV.8. THIT B LM LNH

Hnh IV.6. Thit b lm lnh

- Cu to: thit b lm lnh theo kiu khung bn c cu to t nhng tm bn mng, gp sng, ch to t thp khng g. Cc tm bn c hnh ch nht, c bn tai bn gc. Trn mi tai c c l hnh trn. Cc l trn bn c lp ron ngn dng tng ng. Vi cu to ca tng bn nh vy, khi lp chng ln khung thit b th s to thnh bn ng dn: dch ng vo thit b, dch ng ra khi thit b, tc nhn lnh vo thit b, tc nhn lnh ra khi thit b.

- Nguyn l hot ng: dch ng nng c bm vo mt trong hai ng ng dn pha trn, cn khi ra khi thit b theo ng ng dn di ngc pha. Tc nhn lnh i vo ng ng dn cn li pha trn ngc chiu vi dch ng v i ra theo ng dn di ngc pha. Nh my s dng my lm lnh nhanh cp 1 trong tc nhn lnh l nc lnh.

- u im: cu to n gin, lm lnh nhanh, hiu qu, d thc hin, b mt tip xc ln.

- Nhc im: gi thnh cao.

IV.9. THIT B LN MEN

Hnh IV.7. Thit b ln men

- Cu to: thit b ln men hay gi l tank ln men c ch to bng inox hoc thp khng r, thn hnh tr ng, y hnh nn, nh hnh chp. gia cc on thn v y c ch to 2 lp v bm cht ti lnh i qua. Nh c cht ti lnh ny m nhit trong thng ln men lun c gi n nh, lp v dy chu c p lc 3 kg/cm2, c lp bo n cch nhit. Thn v y tank c 2 lp, gia 2 lp c mt lp bo n gim s truyn nhit gia thit b ln men v mi trng bn ngoi. gia thnh thit b v lp bo n l h thng lm lnh. Tc nhn lm lnh dung dch glucol 30% -6 . Ngoi ra nh tank c ng h o p sut, o nhit , qu cu CIP ni hng xung ng thng hi c van. y tank: c 2 van x dch x cn van thu hi CO2 v van bm dch houblon sau khi lng trong lm lnh vo cc tank, v ly dch ra khi tank ln men em i lc. Trn thn cn c van ly mu dch theo di qu trnh ln men, c knh quan st, ca thao tc tin hnh lm v sinh. Gi thit b c gn lin vi thn thit b, y thit b.

- Nguyn l hot ng: Cho nm men vo nm men c n nh v bm dch ng c lm lnh nhanh xung 60C vo tank ln men. Ci t nhit o lnh (3) l 70C. Cui cng tin hnh v sinh tank.

IV. 10. THIT B LC NG

Hnh IV. Cu to thit b lc ng

- Nguyn tc hot ng: trc khi lc, tin hnh ph bt diatomit trn b mt cc ng lc (gm 84 ng) lc nm men cn st trong bia. Bt diatomit gm 2 loi c kch thc ca cc ht khc nhau: Hyflo Super Celc kch thc ht nh, mn c b sung ban u vi mt lng rt t to thnh mt lp mng mng vStandarn Super Celc kch thc ht ln hn (c b sung ch yu) to o trn cc ng. Bia non c bm vo bn di thit b lc, i qua lp o lc v i vo trong ng sau i ln pha trn ri c bm ra ngoi.Sau khi lc xong th bt c tho b, v sinh thit b lc m tip theo.

- u im: lc nhanh, hiu qu, cht lng bia m bo yu cu cht lng v cm quan.

- Nhc im: gi thnh cao.

IV.11. THIT B LC A

Hnh IV.8. Thit b lc a

Nguyn l hot ng: thng hnh tr, bn trong c gn cc a lc, y thng lc c cc ng dn dch lc i t trong i ra. Bia i vo c sc t di y ln. Trn cc ng dn c cc p k o p lc ca bia i trong ng. a lc l nhng bn hnh trn lm, trn a c cc rnh trn ng tm c l bia i qua. Di mi a c mt ng dch bia trong i ra.

IV.12. THIT B LC TINH

Hnh IV.9. Thit b lc tinh

Nguyn l hot ng: thit b gm 15 ng lc tinh, bia sau khi lc a c bm vo thit b lc ch loi b cn, cc ht PVPP cn st li trong bia. Bia c bm t trn xung i qua b mt cc ng ch, i vo trong ng ri i xung pha di v c ly ra ngoi; cn bm trn b mt cc ng ch. Vicant c bm cng vi bia non vo thit b lc. Mc ch ca n nhm n nh bia v tng thi gian bo qun. Sau lc xong th tho cc ng ch em i v sinh cn bia sau lc c em i phi trn vi nc nhm t cn theo mong mun.

IV.13. MY RA CHAI

Hnh IV.10. My ra chai

Nguyn l hot ng: My ra chai LAVATEC hot ng vi cng sut 7000 n 11000 chai/h.

My chia lm 3 phn vi 3 khu vc x l:

- Phn 1: Chai c bng ti dn n bn phn phi chai vo my ra. c cu np chai a chai vo r. Chai c vn chuyn theo chiu kim ng h qua khu vc loi cht bn d trong chai 1. Sau chai qua b ngm trc 2 c nhit 300C , ri chai qua khu vc phun trc 3 c nhit 40-45-58 0C. mc ch ca b ngm trc v phun trc l lm sch s b cht bn trong chai, v gia nhit ban u cho chai.- Vng 2: Chai tip tc vo khu vc b xt chnh 4. B xt chnh c nhit 800C, nng xt t 1,5 n 2%. Mc ch kt hp ngm ngp , xi , phun loi nhn, h v cht bn nhit 800C.Ti v ly nhn bng cch ti chn lc xt ph thng qua mt bm dng chy hng trc trong phn cong ca y bn ngm xt, bi t v cc nhn ly ra c ra tri t cc r mang chai bng mt dng lu lng ln v trc tip ln trn bng ti ra trung tm.Khi cc r mang chai ra khi bn xt, n c ti mt ln na thng qua vic di t bn ngoi, ngay c cc nhn cn dnh trn r cng c di tri.- Vng 3: H nhit trong chai v ra.

Chai qua b chai xt 5 c nhit 620C : Ti khu vc b ny , h thng vi phun ra chai v r t b xt chnh sang, nng xt trong b tang t 0 n 0,5%. Khi nng xt tip tc tng , th nc t ng thm vo gi cho nng xt khng i 0,5%.Chai tip tc qua khu vc b nc nng 1(s 6) , nhit b l 550C: H thng vi phun lm nhim v loi bt mt phn xt cn i trong chai v ra chai.Chai i qua khu vc b ngm nc nng 9: b ny c cp nc nng t b nc nng 2 ( s 7), nhit b l 500C : nhim v loi ton b lng xt cn li trong chai v ra chai.Chai i qua khu vc b nc 8, nhit b l 300C : h thng vi phun lm nhim v ra ton b cht bn cn li trong chai.Sau cng, chai i qua khu vc b nc sch 10, nhit ca b t 20 250C b ny lm nhim v trng sch chai. Sau chai c a ra khi my ra.IV.13. MY CHIT CHAI

- Cu to: My chit chai loi ht chn khng 2 ln iu khin bng van in t-kh nn. My c cng sut 15 000 chai/h v c th nng ln 18 000 chai/h. Bia l loi nc gii kht cha hm lng CO2 kh cao nn d xy ra s tro bt. Nu bt tro th bia b mt nhiu CO2, gim kh nng to v gi bt, hng v bia s gim mnh. Do vy qu trnh chit bia c tin hnh theo nguyn tc ng p. Nh c s cn bng p sut trong chai v bu chit nn dng bia t bu chit vo chai khng b thay i p sut t ngt nn trnh c s tro bt.- Nguyn l hot ng: My chit chai c cu to v hot ng theo nguyn tc ng p, lm vic hon ton t ng. My gm 44 vi chit, mi vi chit c b phn gi c nh v ng chit ring. Chai sau khi ra khi my ra chai v bn soi chai s theo bng ti i vo my chit nh mt vt xon., ri vo a nng ca my chit. Qu trnh chit bia vo chai c thc hin qua cc bc:+ Ht chn khng: Nh b phn c cu cam bn chit hot ng nn khi chai vo my s c gi cht. Khi van chn khng m ra, khng kh trong chai c ht ra ngoi.+ Np CO2: Sau khi ht chn khng, van chn khng ng li v van bu CO2 m ra, CO2 t bu cha trn vo chai. Pnn = 4,5 bar. n khi p sut trong chai v bu chit cn bng th van chit s m ra.+ Chit bia vo chai: Khi van chit m ra th bia chy vo chai. Bia chit vo chai, Pchit = 3,2 bar. Trong khi rt bia vo chai, bia vo chim ch ca kh CO2 trong chai, kh CO2 ny s thot ra khi chai v chy v khong trng bn trn thng cha bia. Nh vy loi tr c hin tng tro bt khi chit bia, s xm nhp ca oxy khng kh v loi tr CO2 b tiu hao.Sau khi bia vo chai, chai bia h xung v theo bng chuyn i vo my ng np. Trc khi vo my ng np, cc chai bia s chng s tip xc khng kh vi bia bng cch s dng vi xt nc v trng (t = 78800C, P = 2,5bar) to bt chy trn n ming chai. Nh vy m cc kh tr s c ui ra ngoi, trnh bia khi b oxy ha. Sau chai bia i n my ng np vi cng sut tng ng vi my chit. Np chai chuyn t silo theo bng ti ng bng nam chm vnh cu v rt xung bng ti ngang vn chuyn ring qua my n my ng np. Cc chai bia sau khi c ng np s ln lt qua 2 vi xt nc t ng (hng vo chai theo 2 pha). Nhm lm sch phn dch bm trn chai, trnh s to thnh lp mng bm do cc cn v vi sinh vt sau ny.CHNG V. AN TON V BO H LAO NG

V.1. AN TON LAO NG

Da trn vn bn php qui ca nh nc v An ton Lao ng (thng t 14/1998), nh my son ra qui nh v An ton Lao ng km bn hng dn thc hin cho ph hp vi c im ca cng ty:

- Nng cao nhn thc cho cn b, cng nhn v vic bo h, xem cng tc bo h l quyn li v nhim v ca mi ngi.

- S ngi nhn trch nhim chuyn trch tu theo tng n v m bo cc khu c kim tra an ton, v sinh lao ng, phng chy cha chy.

- Mng li an ton v sinh do cng on qun l.

- Mi phn xng thnh lp mt i An ton Bo v do qun c phn xng qui nh.

- K hoch thc hin cng tc bo h ca Cng ty:

+ Hun luyn, gio dc v bo h lao ng.

+ An ton lao ng cho ton b cng nhn vin.

+ V sinh lao ng bi dng hin vt.

+ Cp pht cc phng tin lao ng v bo h lao ng.

+ Phng chng chy n, ci thin mi trng.

Ban bo h thng xuyn kim tra theo nh k, x l nghim khc cc trng hp khng tun th theo ni qui v an ton lao ng. V.2. PHNG CHY CHA CHY

Hun luyn cho cng nhn bit cch s dng cc thit b phng chy cha chy, kim tra nghim ngt vic thc hin cc qui nh phng chy cha chy.

Trang b cc phng tin phng chy cha chy nh: bnh xt, bm nc cho cng sut ln, cc ng phng chy cha chy dc ng. V.3. X L PH THI, NC THI, KH THI V V SINH CNG NGHIP

Trong qu trnh sn xut bia thng hnh thnh cc sn phm ph hoc cc yu t tc ng xu ti mi trng, cn phi c x l loi b hoc ti s dng. Cc cht thi thng l:- Nc thi v cc cht gy nhim- B dch ng ho v hoa houblon- Cn lng t qu trnh ln men- Men tha- Bt tr lc- Nhn bao b- Mnh v thu tinhV.3.1. X l nc thi

Nc thi trong nh my bia bao gm:- B bia v b dch ng- Nc ra thit b- Nc thi cha cn- Nc thi cha b men- Nc thi t h thng CIP- Xt v acid thi t h thng CIP- Nc thi trong phn xng chitNh my a vo hot ng h thng x l ri mi nc thi cng nghip theo phng php sinh hc, nc thi s t c nc tiu chun nc thi loi.

Hnh V.1. S quy trnh x l nc thi

Ngun nc thi ca cng ty chia lm 2 loi: Loi c ti lng nhim cao nh b hm, nc menloi cn li c ti lng nhim nh nh nc bm chn khng, nc ra keg, nc v sinh sn nhu c nhp trung x l gi l nc sn xut. Cn nc dng nhn vin cng ty tm, git gi l nc sinh hot. Ton b nc thi t qu trnh sn xut c loi b tp cht s b. Nc thi c a qua h thng ng dn ngm tp trung ti ging gom c bm qua b cn bng (bm hot ng ch t ng).Nc thi c bm qua b cn bng trn mt t. Ty pH ca nc m h thng s t ng b sung st hay axit. Khi nc thi ti b cn bng c pH7.5 th s dng axit cn bng trung ha cho pH