banking on blockchains
TRANSCRIPT
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RUBEN TAN
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Co-Founder & CTO of Neuroware
Technologist at heart
Involved in distributed startups more than 5 years
Community-Creator & Technology Evangelist Ruben [email protected]
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NEUROWARE QUICK FACTS
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1st Malaysian company to graduate from 500 Startups in Silicon Valley
1st company in Asia to provide public blockchain APIs and toolkits
1st startup to develop non-financial, blockchain-agnostic solutions
Helped the world’s 1st bank-backed Blockchain Hackathon in Singapore
Now working with Securities Exchange of Malaysia and Bank Negara
Planning to be first company in Asia to issue equity on blockchains
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BLOCKCHAINS - WHERE TO START?
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New Bandwagon?Silver Bullet?
Snake oil?
The Answer to Everything?
Death of banking?
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A network of nodes each containing a copy of the database
Nodes uses a consensus protocol to agree on what is true in the database
Data is append-only / immutable, meaning once written into the database, it cannot be removed, or tampered with
Malicious activities are curtailed by its verification mechanism, preventing attacks like double spending
HOW DOES BLOCKCHAINS WORK?
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Bitcoin is the first digital currency that works
Traded at USD 13 in 2013, now USD 445 in 2016
Released by “Satoshi Nakamoto” in January 2009
Market capitalisation currently at USD 7 billion
Bitcoin’s blockchain is the first public blockchain
Uses Proof-of-work + Longest chain consensus model
Source code is open source - understanding how bitcoin works does not mean you can attack it in any way
BITCOIN - BLOCKCHAIN AS DIGITAL CURRENCY
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BITCOIN BLOCKCHAIN OVERVIEW
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A bitcoin blockchain is made from a chain of blocks
Each block has a hash as their ID
Each block contains the hash of the previous block
This creates a “chain”, or in computing terms, a linked list
Block 1 id: 001
prev hash: 000
Block 2 id: 002
prev hash: 001
Block 3 id: 003
prev hash: 002
Block 4 id: 004
prev hash: 003
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A block contains a list of Transactions
… and some misc. meta-data
First Transaction is a Block Reward
Originally 50 bitcoins
Now 25 bitcoins
Soon halving to 12.5 bitcoins
INSIDE A BLOCK
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Block
Transaction 001
Transaction 002
Transaction 003
Transaction 004
Transaction 005
Transaction 006
…
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Each transaction contains inputs and outputs
1 or more Inputs
Which previous output’s coins to spend
Verification details (signature)
1 or more Outputs
Which address to pay coins to
Contract to fulfil in order to receive coins
INSIDE A TRANSACTION
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Transaction
Input - 10 coins
Input - 2 coins
Output - 5 coins
Output - 3 coins
Output - 2 coins
Output - 1 coin
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Outputs describe x amount of coins paid to an address
“Address” is essentially a key; if you have the key, you can unlock the output and redeem the coins
Outputs can contain complex scripts - paving the pay for smart contracts
REDEEMING OUTPUTS
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TRANSACTION FEES
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Transaction
Input - 10 coins
Input - 2 coins
Output - 5 coins
Output - 3 coins
Output - 2 coins
Output - 1 coin
11 coins
12 coins
1 coin as transaction fee
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BITCOIN MINING
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Block 2 id: 002
prev hash: 001
Block 3 id: 003
prev hash: 002
Block 4 id: 004
prev hash: 003
Block 5 id: 005
prev hash: 004
MinerCreates a new block
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Each node races to solve a mathematical puzzle called proof-of-work
First to solve the puzzle gets to add a new block to the chain
Once new block is added, miner collects block reward
Possible that 2 nodes will solve the puzzle at the same time, creating a race condition and a fork in the chain
Forks are resolved through the longest chain protocol
Proof-of-work + longest chain = bitcoin consensus model
BITCOIN MINING
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Every transaction records:
How many bitcoins were created as block reward
How many bitcoins were transferred from address A to address B - inputs to outputs
Great ledger because once a block is added, it cannot be removed or changed
Attacking the network is extremely costly: electricity cost easily cost more
BITCOIN AS A LEDGER
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Ledger is public and anybody can view it
Anybody can start a node and mine bitcoins
Anybody who owns a node has the entire ledger
Owning a node doesn’t mean you can tamper with it
Owning a node doesn’t mean you can attack the network
Owning a node doesn’t mean you can mine malicious blocks
BITCOIN AS A LEDGER
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BLOCKCHAINS AS DISTRIBUTED LEDGERS
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Immutable, tamper-proof audit-trail
Data easily shared and verified, forced transaction through protocol
Vastly increased security, less vulnerable to attack or outage
Programmable contracts that can radically reduce human errors and costs
“While Fintech Disrupts Banks, the Blockchains Disrupt Fintech"
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Smart contracts that are immutable removes the need for a trusted intermediary to facilitate any form of lending
Both peers agree on a contract, and trust the blockchain to execute the contract once both sides fulfil their side of obligations
Possible implementations:
Executing wills
Escrow for digital goods trade
SMART CONTRACTS
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Since data stored on the blockchain is immutable, ownership information can be stored on the blockchain
Example implementations
Property ownership
Car ownership
Commodities ownership (gold, silver, etc)
Creative products ownership (art, music, etc)
OWNERSHIP DATA
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Combines smart contract with ownership data to:
Play music on specific devices, embed contract into music file
Play games on specific machines, embed contract into game files
Operate software on specific machines, can expand to enterprises and tie into their user database and authentication systems
And more?
Government services tied into smart contracts based on biometric data
BLOCKCHAINS AND DIGITAL PRODUCTS
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BANKS ARE MOVING FASTER THAN USUAL
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As of January 2016, more than 60 banks and leading financial institutions have made statements confirming that they are actively working on blockchain projects.
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SOME OF THE INSTITUTIONS LEADING THE WAY
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multiple blockchains for cross-boarder payments and loyalty
Exploring KYC and AML via the blockchains
Patented a blockchain based wire transfer system
Blockchain based loyalty platform
Blockchain based remittance platform
Blockchain based trade finance platform
Custom blockchainfor settlements
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HONG KONG
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‘Government will encourage the industry and relevant organisations to explore the application of “Blockchain”
technology in the financial services industry, with a view to developing its potential to reduce suspicious transactions and
bring down transaction costs.’
63rd paragraph, 2016 Hong Kong Budget Plan
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ZUG, SWITZERLAND
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The city of Zug, Switzerland, has announced it will pilot a bitcoin payments project that will allow local citizens to pay for
public services using digital currency.
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SINGAPORE
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There are other technologies, like blockchains, which is used for bitcoin, but can also be used for many other applications
like real-time gross settlement, or trade finance verification. So our banks and our regulators must keep up to date and up to
scratch with these developments
UOB 80th anniversary dinner, Prime Minister Lee
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Bitcoin has a bad reputation, and tainted the perception of its underlying technology (aka blockchains)
Bitcoin, the biggest blockchain, limits itself to 7 tps (vs. VISA at 2,000 tps, max at 56,000 tps)
Non-bitcoin blockchains face technical challenges related to consensus model
Outside of bitcoin, no standardisation on what blockchains should be or what protocols blockchains should have at a minimum
Regulators are often overwhelmed by the speed at which blockchains are developing, let alone understand what they are
BLOCKCHAIN CHALLENGES
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Industries may be forced to experience a paradigm shift once automation is enabled by blockchains
Security models are unknown for now, most blockchains are not battle tested
Most blockchains are at experimental and prototypal stage, not suitable for mass deployment yet
Difficulty in justifying ROI to senior management, who holds the keys to funding necessary for blockchain development
There is a divide between industry experts and blockchain engineers
BLOCKCHAIN CHALLENGES
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Private Company
Gov. Tax Dept.
Central Bank
Write/Mining Permission
Decode & read Transactions
Propose Transactions
Private Company
Gov. Tax Dept.
Central Bank
Relays Transactions
Mines blockchain
Taxation via Smart Contracts
Write/Mining Permission
Decode & read Transactions
Propose Transactions
Private Company
Gov. Tax Dept.
Central Bank
Law Enforcement/
Anti-corruption
Relays Transactions
Mines blockchain
Taxation via Smart Contracts
Monitors Transactions
Write/Mining Permission
Decode & read Transactions
Propose Transactions
Private Company
Gov. Tax Dept.
Central Bank
Law Enforcement/
Anti-corruption
Foreign Company
Relays Transactions
Mines blockchain
Taxation via Smart Contracts
Monitors Transactions
Transacts via an exchange
Write/Mining Permission
Decode & read Transactions
Propose Transactions