ONLINE COACHINGComputer Awareness

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Personal Computer

Design Tools and Programming language

Data Representation and Number System

Personal Computer: Introduction

• These have slightly better capabilities and are used generally for business applications.

• These are single user system.

Currently IBM PC in various configurations and IBM_PC compatibles are the most popur small computers.

• Minicomputers: Mini computers are more powerful than the microcomputers and can support several users. They are basically used for process control systems.

• Main frame computers: Main frames are very large computers ,.with very high capacity of main store. They. can process large. amounts of data very quickly. So they are used by banks, big companies and Govt departments as their main computer..

Super Computers:

• Large supercomputers with faster processing using multiple processors and superior technology are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power.

• The traditional design of a single, processor handling data and instructions in a single stream is called the "Von Neumann designs".

• Each ALU is specialised for a particular operation, and all capable of performing simultaneous or "parallel" processing of different tasks.

Design Tools and Programming language : Introduction • A vocabulary and set of

grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.

• The term programming language usually refers to high level languages, such as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal Each language has a unique set of keywords and a special syntax for organizing program instructions.

• High level programming languages, while simple compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, called machine languages. Each different type of CPU has its own unique machine language.

• Lying between machine languages and high level languages are languages called assembly languages. Assembly languages are similar to machine languages, but they are much easier to program in because they allow a programmer to substitute names for numbers. Machine languages consist of numbers only.

Data Representation and Number System

• IT refers to the methods used internally to represent information stored in a computer.

• Computers store lots of different types of information: numbers text graphics of many varieties sound At least, these all seem different to us.

Memory Structure in Computer

• Memory consists of bits (0 or 1)a single bit can represent two pieces of informationbytes (=8 bits)

• A single byte can represent 256 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 28 pieces of informationwords (=2,4, or 8 bytes)

• A 2 byte word can represent 2562 pieces of information (approximately 65 thousand).Byte addressable each byte has its own address.

Binary Numbers

• Normally we write numbers using digits 0 to 9. This is called base 10.However, any positive integer (whole number) can be easily represented by a sequence of 0's and 1's.

• Numbers in this form are said to be in base 2 and they are called binary numbers. Base 10 numbers use a positional system based on powers of 10 to indicate their value.

• The number 123 is really 1 hundred + 2 tens + 3 ones.

• The value of each position is determined by ever  higher powers of 10, read from left to right.

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