bangladesh local capacity building for advancing adaptation to climate change in floodplains and...

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Case study: Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas of Bangladesh SM Alauddin and Dwijen Mallick, Research Fellows BANGLADESH CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES House # 10, Road # 16A, Gulshan- 1, Dhaka- 1212, Bangladesh Phone: (+880-2) 8818124-7, 8851237, 8852904; Fax: (+880-2) 8851417 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.bcas.net South Asian Regional Workshop on Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management Organized by: SEEDS India and Christian Aid, UK Organized by: SEEDS India and Christian Aid, UK Venue: Hotel Atrium, Venue: Hotel Atrium, Faridabad Faridabad , Delhi , Delhi Date: 13 Date: 13 - - 16 June 2010 16 June 2010

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Page 1: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Case study: Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and 

Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

SM Alauddin and Dwijen Mallick, Research Fellows

BANGLADESH CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES House # 10, Road # 16A, Gulshan- 1, Dhaka- 1212, Bangladesh Phone: (+880-2) 8818124-7, 8851237, 8852904; Fax: (+880-2) 8851417E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.bcas.net

South Asian Regional Workshop on Climate Smart Disaster Risk Management

Organized by: SEEDS India and Christian Aid, UKOrganized by: SEEDS India and Christian Aid, UKVenue: Hotel Atrium, Venue: Hotel Atrium, FaridabadFaridabad, Delhi, Delhi

Date: 13Date: 13--16 June 201016 June 2010

Page 2: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

A. Bangladesh: Physical Impacts and A. Bangladesh: Physical Impacts and Social vulnerabilitySocial vulnerability

• Geographical location• Great Himalayan in the North• Bay of Bengal in the South

• Big river systems; deltaic floodplains and long coast; expansion of drought

• Natural disaster prone• High population and widespread poverty

• Higher dependency on natural resources

• Limited capacity of the government and people

Page 3: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate Change and Disaster Linkages

• Bangladesh is already a disaster prone country

• Number of climatic extremes has doubled globally and locally– 200 to 400 events in last two decades

• 9/10 disasters are linked with global warming and climate change 

• Big floods come in every 5‐7 years which were 20 years event in the past

• Frequency and intensity of cyclones– Sidr, Nargis and Ailal

• Slow onset disasters: drought, salinity and sea level rise

Page 4: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate induced Floods in Bangladesh

• Frequency and intensity of floods– Major big floods in the recent 

decades– 1987, 1988, 1098, 2000, 2004, 

2007– Flood coverage (70%), depth and 

duration have increased and flash floods

– Impacts on agriculture, food security, water and health, livelihoods, communication and social security

• Diarrhea in 2007/2008

Page 5: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Projection about Floods in Bangladesh

Source: IPCC AR4

Page 6: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Cyclones and tidal surges in Bangladesh

• Intensity and frequency of cyclones and tidal surges– Major cyclones in the recent years: 

1970, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2007 and 2008

– Sidr and Nargis were extremely destructive 

– Tornados in 1989 (Saturai, Manikganj); 1996 (Tangail, Sirajganj)

– Impacts: human lives; infrastructure, resources base; water, economy and livelihoods are enormous

• Aila: Water, food, embankment, human settlements and livelihoods

Page 7: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate induced Sea Level Rise and salinity

• Possible sea level rise will not only affect resources, land, water and livelihood, but also dislocate 35 million people from the coastal districts by 2050 – This will increase food, water, human 

insecurities – Enhances rural to urban migration – Poor will be moving to cities and live in 

slums– Increases social conflicts over resources 

(land, forest and water) and services• Severe scarcity of drinking water and 

health hazards due to salinity intrusion both in ground and surface water  

Page 8: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate induced Droughts in Bangladesh

• Coverage and intensity of drought have increased– Damage of soil, productivity of 

land and fertility, loss of agriculture and crops, food insecurity and nutrition

– Ecology and NRs, green coverage and forest, livestock, water and fisheries

– Water scarcity, heat stress and damages to human health

• Drought condition will be aggravated in the warmer climate

Page 9: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climatic Factors Impacts; Risk and Vulnerability

Increase of temperature

• Changes in seasons; cropping patterns and loss of agriculture• Water resources deplete• Human health and working potentials• Ecosystems and bio-resource

Increased rainfall • Flash Flood• Create water logging and affect standing crops• Washout aquaculture and fish farmers become looser

Decreased rainfall • Damage or decrease crop yield/production• Dry out pond which affect fish production• Increase diseases and pest• Decrease fruit setting as well as decrease production

Sea level raise • Inundation of low lying land by saline water• Loss of cultivable land result decrease of crop production• Affect freshwater fish culture• Loss of biodiversity• Extreme scarcity of drinking water• Climate Refugee and Migration

Salinity intrusion • Decrease crop production• Degradation of soil• Damage freshwater fish production• Increase human diseases like diarrhoea, gastric, dysentery etc.

Extreme Events (Flood and erosion, C l D h )

• Quality of water will be degraded; Availability and supply hampered• Access to safe water and services will declined; Increase of health

Page 10: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Major Climate affected in Bangladesh

• Regions: • Coastal region: Salinity, sea 

level, cyclone and tidal surge• Flood plain: too much and too 

little water, frequent floods;  temperature rise and change in seasons

• Drought prone up‐land Badrind Areas 

• Hilly Areas and Haor basins: excessive rainfall, flash flood, malaria and water borne diseases  

• Key Impacts: • Land soil degradation,• Loss of crops and 

agricultural productivity• Food insecurity• Livelihood stress and 

unemployment, poverty, social and gender inequity

• Greater disaster risks• Stress on Human health• Human displacement and 

migration

Page 11: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate Hotspots in Bangladesh

• Vulnerabilities varies by socio-economic categories and livelihood dependency

• Poor and marginal groups are most affected

Page 12: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate Change Impacts on Livelihoods

• Resources bases and livelihood assets are affected– Natural, Human, Physical, Financial and Social

• Wealth and wellbeing decline

• Capacity building of vulnerable groups and actors

Page 13: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate Change and Poverty Linkages

• Climate change will hit the poor the hardest • They are in the forefront in climate disaster and risks• Climate change will compound the existing poverty

– Many non‐poor could be forced to be poor– Moderate poor may be extreme poor (Aila, Sidr and recent Floods)

• Poor has the least capacity to adapt with adverse impacts of climate change 

• So, poor are the most vulnerable • Vulnerability= Risks x Hazards

Capacity

Page 14: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Growing Impact of Climate Disasters and Health Hazards on Poverty and Development

Time (Year)

$(DEV)

DISASTER /HEALTH HAZARDS

Page 15: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

HEALTH IMPACTED

VICIOUS CYCLE OF VICIOUS CYCLE OF DISASTER AND POVERTYDISASTER AND POVERTY

POVERTY LINEPOVERTY

DISASTER

RISK

Page 16: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

= ∑∑ ∫∫

X X ∫∫X X ∫∫

Intensity of Intensity of EventsEvents

BaselineBaselineConditionsConditionsis weakis weak

AdaptiveAdaptiveCapacity Capacity

ImpactsImpactsEventEvent

Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation Needs

Page 17: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

B. The Key Challenges of the Project

• Understanding the risks and vulnerability in the local contexts with vulnerable communities 

• Building awareness about the growing impacts, risks and vulnerability 

• Formulation of local adaptation strategies and action plans

• Implementation of the local action plans with the communities and actors

• Social Mobilization and engagement of actors and stakeholders

Page 18: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

The Key Challenges………

• Development of local capacity and skills to– Protect lives and livelihoods of the most 

vulnerable– Improve disaster preparedness find 

linkages between CCA and DRM– Promote resilience to absorb some risks– Demonstrate good adaptation practices

• Building effective linkages of the vulnerable groups with local government and actors; and

• Mainstreaming climate change issues into local development process

Page 19: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Project Location in Bangladesh Map

• Mongla Upazila (sib‐district) in Bagethat:  exposed coastal area

• Tungipara in Gopalganj district: inner coast and water logged area

• Harirampur in Manikganj, central floodplain and erosion prone area  

Page 20: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Local Contexts: Climate Change impacts in Coastal Villages

• Mongla, Bagerhat– Exposed to sea; cyclone and tidal surge, salinity, sea level rise; water logging; erratic rainfall

– Temperature rise and change in seasonal patterns

Page 21: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate Change impacts in South central Bangladesh

• Tungipara, Gopalganj – Prolonged flood and water logging

– Increasing salinity; temperature rise and change in weather patterns

– Poverty, deprivation and isolation

Page 22: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Climate Change impacts in Central Floodplain

• Harirampur, Manikganj– Monsoon prolonged flood (early and late monsoon), water logging,

– River bank erosion; drought  

Page 23: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

C. Goal, Objectives, Approach and Activities of the Project

• The  overall  goal  is  to  enhance  resilience  and  adaptive  capacity of  the communities  and  actors  to  reduce  risks  and  vulnerability  to  climate variability and climatic disasters 

• The objectives are:• to improve understanding and awareness about current and future climate 

risks and vulnerability on the lives and livelihoods• to build local capacity to integrate climate change adaptation into local 

development process, livelihoods and DRR• to improve current coping mechanisms and enhancement of adaptive 

capacity of the vulnerable communities• to demonstrate adaptation options and alternative livelihoods• Enhances linkage with local actors: LGIs, NGOs/CBOs for adaptations• Promote advocacy to influence policy and decision making processes at 

different levels; and• to share learning and good practices 

Page 24: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Approach: Local Capacity Building as a key Focus

• Local capacity building: why and for whom?– Climate impacts are external to local people and these affect them 

disproportionately– Vulnerability is socially embedded– The poor have least capacity to adapt with the changes– They need capacity to address the climate change impacts– Local capacity (awareness, new knowledge, skill and engagement), can 

reduce the risk and their vulnerability• For whom: Poor, women, community people, PNGOs, NGOs/ CBOs and 

LGIs• How: Group formation (CCA Group); awareness, orientation and 

training, PVA and local planning, demonstration of good practices, exchanges, popular campaign 

Page 25: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Approach: Participatory Research and Collective Actions

• The project is action research in nature • It combines both research and collective actions• It follows a participatory and multidisciplinary approach • The project initiated social mobilization, engagement of 

actors, motivation, awareness, demonstration of good practices, linkages of the vulnerable groups, CCAGs and communities with actors 

• It is expected that local capacity building will help to tackle exposure to climate change and reduce the associated risks and vulnerability

Page 26: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Approach: 3Ps……

• The project promotes 3Ps approach:– protection of lives, livelihoods and assets – promotion of resilience in human, social and natural systems; and– prevention of disaster losses and risk reduction

• Enhances community links with LGIs, local actor and NGOs so that they can get supports for implementation of local adaptation for long time even beyond the project. 

• Improves the conventional DRR practices in the context of frequency and intensity of climate disasters

• Demonstration of adaptation practices:– Agricultural diversification– Conservation of water and promotion of health– Livelihoods and AIG and – Improvement of DRR (plinth raising, strong structure of house and effective 

linkages with UDMCs)

Page 27: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

D. Focuses of Local Adaptation Options

•• Common focuses:Common focuses:–– Awareness building about current and future climate Awareness building about current and future climate change riskschange risks

–– Capacity building and skill development among vulnerable Capacity building and skill development among vulnerable community, stakeholders and actorscommunity, stakeholders and actors

–– Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into agriculture, Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into agriculture, water, health, local development, livelihood and DRR water, health, local development, livelihood and DRR 

–– Community linkages with Union Community linkages with Union ParishadsParishads, , UDMCsUDMCs, , LGIsLGIs, , NGOs and actorsNGOs and actors

Page 28: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Focuses of Local Adaptation …

Focuses and priorities in Mongla (Coastal areas/zones)• Salinity tolerant paddy and crops, fish and crab culture• Salinity and storm resistance trees and plants and coastal aforestation• Rain water Harvesting and pond preservation for fresh water• Maintenance and improvement of coastal embankments and erosion 

protection• Enhancement of disaster preparedness 

– Cyclone shelter and Kella for cattle– Strengthening house structures– Health services – salinity, cyclones and heat stress– Foods, shelter, employment and planned migration for the displaced 

population

Page 29: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Focuses of Local Adaptation ….

Priorities in Tungipara (inner coastal zone)• Re‐excavation of canal and rivers to reduce water logging which damages 

agriculture, increases poverty and food insecurity • Embankment and appropriate sluice gates to project agriculture and crops 

from increasing salinity• Flood and water logging resilient paddy and crops‐ floating bed agriculture• Household plinth raising and raising tube wells to protect from frequent 

floods• Greater flood preparedness and flood shelters

– Prevention of water borne diseases during and after flood– Food security and social protection– Improvement of rural communication   

Page 30: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Focuses of Local Adaptation …..

Priorities in Harirampur (central floodplain)• Erosion protection and strong embankment along mighty 

river Padma• Protection of crops from early flood and introduction of flood 

resilient paddy• Irrigation and drought management in dry season• Employment generation and food for the poor duding and 

after floods• Flood shelters and preparedness for flood and tornado• Prevention of flood induced and water borne diseases   • Settlement of the riverbank eroded people

Page 31: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Major Activities: accomplished and going on …

• Community Mobilization and Partnership Building• Awareness Building for Community and Collective Action• Project Orientation for Staff and PNGOs• Participatory Vulnerability and Needs Assessment• Institutional Needs Assessment for Local Capacity Building• Development of Local Strategy for Community Adaptation• Formation of Climate Change Adaptation Groups (CCAG) at village

and regional levels• Capacity Building for CCAG, LGIs, Local NGOs and PNGO Staffs • Training on DRR, livelihood and AIG• Implementation of Local Adaptation Actions• Establishment of village base knowledge centres; and• Linkages, networking, advocacy and wider partnership.

Page 32: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Sharing of PVA results with local Communities

Page 33: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Sharing and Exchanging Views about Risk and Vulnerability

Page 34: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Capacity Building of LGIs and Local Actors

Page 35: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Awareness building at Community level through 

Village and Para Meeting

Page 36: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Hom

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Page 37: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Raised Tube Well

Page 38: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Planting Salt tolerant Paddy and growing vegetable in earthen Pots

Page 39: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Rain Water Harvesting and Water Conservation in Ponds

Page 40: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Growing Flood resilient Paddy

Page 41: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Raising Homesteads and growing vegetables and 

crops on Floating Beds

Page 42: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Floating bed Gardens in water Logged Areas

Page 43: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Issues for Linkages and Advocacy

– Large and structural measures such as embankment, flood control and cyclone shelters, rural infrastructure development,  drainage improvement, agricultural development considering salinity and floods, community based drinking water supply, erosion protections and improved DRR 

– The CCAGs and PNGOs are expanding their network and partnership with relevant actors and stakeholders for both adaptation measures as well as raising community voice against climate injustice

Page 44: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

E. Key Enabling Factors and Learning

• Participation of the local community, actors and stakeholders• Interest of the local partner NGOs about climate change adaptation and 

their sincere engagement in project implementation; good links of the PNGOs with community and actors

• Participatory and innovative approaches (3Ps= protection, prevention and promotion) by combining both research, capacity building and local actions; shared leaning by climate scientists, development practitioners and communities

• Experiences and expertise of BCAS in climate change, livelihoods and DRR issues

• Development of local adaptation action plans and ownership by the communities and actors

• Formation of local Climate Change Adaptation Groups and empowering them with new knowledge and linking them with local  actors and stakeholders

• Interest of CA for the new approach and timely support 

Page 45: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Key Learning and Challenges ahead

• PVA and local adaptation actions have multiple benefits

• Further understanding local impacts, risks and vulnerability in other ecosystems 

– This needs participatory and multi‐dimensional approach

• Blending of scientific knowledge with local knowledge

– Top down and bottom‐up• Mainstreaming climate change adaptation 

effectively into policy and programme:– Livelihood, agricultural/rural development 

and Disaster Risk Reduction– Capacity building and fund mobilization– Effective R & D

Page 46: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Key Learning and Challenges …

• Adaptation, food security and water, health and livelihood, DRR, poverty alleviation and rural development are all linked

• We have to do development first and protect development from climate change and disasters– Climate resilient/smart development

• DRM is a core component of CCA and Sustainable Development

• We must do these simultaneously and collectively

Page 47: Bangladesh Local Capacity Building for Advancing Adaptation to Climate Change in Floodplains and Coastal Areas

Key Learning and Challenges …

• But what are we doing for the vulnerable communities and future generations  

• … are not adequate!

• We have to do adaptation, mitigation, DRM and poverty alleviation… and  

• Climate is changing fast with greater impacts:

– Speed up – Scale up; and– Keep focus on the poorest