banditos presentation

8/14/2019 Banditos Presentation

1/52

Examination of Wave BandExamination of Wave BandPattern Feature observed inPattern Feature observed in

MASTER Airborne Imagery overMASTER Airborne Imagery overthe northwest coast of Montereythe northwest coast of Monterey

A.K.A. Band-itos

Kamil E. Armaiz-Nolla, Iva V. Gerasimenko & Michael J. Glotter

Student Airborne Research Program


2/52

OverviewOverview::Introduction

Motivation

Objectives Methods

Hypothesis 1: Langmuir Circulation (LC)

Background

Langmuir circulation in Monterey Bay and data analysis

Results

Hypothesis 2: Internal Waves (IW)

Background

Internal waves in Monterey Bay and data analysis

Results

MASTER & In-situ data

Background

Regions of interest (ROI)

Chlorophyll

Hypothesis 3: Atmospheric driven processes

Bands are not completely atmospheric: SAR In-situ

Conclusions

Future Work


3/52

IntroductionIntroduction

On July 22nd 2009 MASTER data was obtained from theDC-8 flying laboratory over the Monterey Bay region,and an unusual banded wave structure was observed

in the North-West corner of the bay, approximatelyhalf a kilometer off-shore. This structure consisted of

alternating dark and light bands, 350 meters wide and1500 meters long.


4/52

Wave Band Pattern FeatureWave Band Pattern Feature(MASTER true color image)(MASTER true color image)


5/52

Wave Band Pattern FeatureWave Band Pattern Feature(MASTER Enhanced image [Square root: linear 2%])(MASTER Enhanced image [Square root: linear 2%])


6/52

Motivation for studyMotivation for study

The physical conditions in the ocean are animportant factor when it comes to the rateand extent of the phytoplankton growth.

The bands observed can alter physicalconditions in some way that could affect the

biology of the area. It is important tounderstand the nature of those bands andto see whether or not their presenceintroduces any significant changes.


7/52

ObjectiveObjective

Explain the wave band pattern feature andexamine each of the possibilities in light ofthe data obtained from MASTER and in-situ

sampling from the boat in order to

MethodsMethods

Programs used for data analysis: ENVI,MS Excel Spreadsheet, MATLAB andGoogle Earth.


8/52

Hypothesis I : LangmuirHypothesis I : Langmuirllcells

Reason for consideration: Langmuircells form distinct bands on the

surface of the ocean, and occurfrequently whenever wind conditionsare suitable.


9/52

Langmuir cellsLangmuir cells

Smith, AccessScience @McGraw


10/52

What Is a Langmuir Cell?What Is a Langmuir Cell?

A form of circulation in the near-surface water oflakes and oceans found under windy conditions.

At the narrow downwellingzone streaks ofbubbles, seaweed, or foam form lines runningroughly parallel to the wind. Water beneaththem flows downward, drawing these materialsto depths as great as 100 m or more.

The downwelling zones tend to be narrow andintense compared to the broader, gentlerupwelling regions in between.


11/52

Data CollectionData Collection


12/52

Data CollectionData Collection

Surface Winds Coupled Ocean/ Atmosphere

Mesoscale Prediction System(COAMPS)

Measured at 10 m above surface

3 km resolution

Surface Currents

Southern California Coastal OceanObserving System (SCCOOS)

6 km resolution


13/52COAMPS Real-Time Forecasts for


14/52SCCOOS- 6 km


15/52


16/52

Observations: July 22 Flight,Observations: July 22 Flight,21:00Strong Surface Winds initiates Surfac

Currents

Surface Winds drive currents

Strong Surface Winds initiates surfaceSurface Currents about 20o to the left ofBands parallel with surface currents

Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents Surface Winds drive currents

Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind

Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents Surface Winds drive currents


Bands parallel with surfacecurrents

Observations: July 22 Flight,Observations: July 22 Flight,


17/52

Wind Driven LangmuirWind Driven LangmuirCirculationCirculation

Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents


Bands parallel with surface

currents


Strong winds able to breachthreshold to begin Langmuir Circulation,at which point momentum takes over






Allows currents to align withbands

















18/52

Langmuir Cell ScalingLangmuir Cell Scaling

General spacing ranging from ascale of a few millimeters tohundreds of meters (Phillips,

2005)Cell Spacing generally 2-2.5x the

mixed layer depth (Smith, 1992)

Mixed layer depth in this part ofMonterey Bay about 10-30 m

Langmuir cells 20-75 m wide


19/52


20/52

Hypothesis II: InternalHypothesis II: InternalW vWaves

Reason for consideration: Internal waves are seenon the surface of the water as a series ofalternating dark and light bands and are often

observed in the satellite imagery. Internal wavesare known to occur in Monterey Bay, and arethought to originate from internal tides in theMonterey Canyon.


21/52

DescloitreNASA, 2003

SAR


22/52

SAR


23/52


24/52

SAR ImagerySAR Imagery


25/52

Internal WavesInternal Waves

Many past images from SyntheticAperture Radar (SAR) with similarbanded formations

Scaling on the order of 1 kmSAR identifies rough and smooth

patches on surface, strong

indicators of internal waves


26/52

Monterey Bay TopographyMonterey Bay Topography

www.mbari.


27/52

Cross-shore Internal WavesCross-shore Internal Waves

Ryan et al., 2005

Directioncorresponds withbelow-surface


28/52

Longshore WavesLongshore Waves

Directioncontradicts below-

surface


29/52

MASTER and In-situ chlorophyllMASTER and In-situ chlorophyllmeasurementsmeasurements

Each of the theories proposed suggests somedegree of mixing of colder, nutrient rich layerswith upper nutrient-poor layers, which can affectthe rate of growth of phytoplankton in the area.

By examining the MASTER and in-situ datacollected from the boat, we can determinewhether or not there exists a difference in the

chlorophyll content between the bands.

MASTER d I i li


30/52

MASTER and In-situ samplingMASTER and In-situ samplingWhy use fluorescence to estimate chlorophyll

concentrations? Fluorescence:

One of the main pathways for the deactivation of photosystem II(PS II) which is responsible for over 95% of chlorophyllfluorescence.

Responsible for the splitting of water molecules and the formationof oxygen.

Since photosystem I (PS I) is weakly fluorescent, PSI together withPS II are known as the "light" reactions as they require lightenergy to proceed.

The amount of fluorescence is a complicated function of light

captured by chlorophyll and the rate of electron flow between PS IIand PS I.

(Letelier & Abbott, 1996)


31/52

( )


32/52

ENVI-Band 6 (0.714 m)Enhanced in [Zoom] Gaussian

Close-up


33/52

Close-upENVI-Band 6 (0.714 m)

Enhanced in [Zoom] Gaussian6 DARK Bands

5 LIGHT Bands


34/52


35/52


36/52


37/52

DarkLight


38/52

Temperature, salinity and chlorophyll for in-situ data on July 24,


39/52

Temperature, salinity and chlorophyll for in situ data on July 24,2009 in regions of interest from MASTER imagery of July 22,

2009.

Data only includes regions of interest over which the ship sampled: Dark 3 (cyan), Light 3

H th i III At h i d iH th i III At h i d i


40/52

Why wind driven: Wind speed: wind speeds need to be exceptionally

low to be ONLY oceanographic driven.

Crest orientation: the wave forms appear to be in linewith the wind direction and perpendicular to the

continental shelf slope.When comparing to SAR data, it is compelling that it

could be atmospheric with effects on upper ocean andinfluencing the phytoplankton distribution.

They could be wind waves because they are located inan area where coastal features produce a coastal jet.

Hypothesis III: Atmospheric drivenHypothesis III: Atmospheric drivenprocessesprocesses

Al l bl k b !Al l bl k b !


41/52

The yeastThe yeastthat makes thethat makes the

bread risebread rise

Algal bloom kaboom!Algal bloom kaboom!The atmospheric effects could set up the right conditions causingupwelling. A couple of days later the phytoplankton come up to the

surface and we see a bloom.On around July 28, a drop in CO2 was detected by the mooringsensors.


42/52B

lunt

STRONG

STRONG

STRONG WIN

STRONG WIN

weak

weak

weak

weak

weak weak

weak

weakweak

weakweak

weakweak

weakweak

weak

weak

weak

weak

weak

weak

STRONG WIND

STRONG WINDweak

STRONGweak wind STRONGweak wind

STRONG

STRONG


43/52

Supercritical Flow and ShockSupercritical Flow and ShockWavesWaves

Supersonic Bullet,Mythealias, 2007

Undular Bore


44/52

Point Ao NuevoPoint Ao Nuevo

Burk and Haack,

Monterey

Point Ao Nuevo

S iti l At h iSupercritical Atmospheric


45/52

Supercritical AtmosphericSupercritical AtmosphericWaves

Burk and Haack,GOES-9 visible image,

B d C t b P lB d C t b P l


46/52

Bands Cannot be PurelyBands Cannot be PurelyAtmos heric:Atmospheric:

B d C t b P lBands Cannot be Purely


47/52

Bands Cannot be PurelyBands Cannot be PurelyAtmos hericAtmos heric

i f fF i T f f


48/52

Fourier Transform ofFourier Transform ofChlorophyll Content (ShipChlorophyll Content (Ship

Peaks in Chlorophyll from FourierPeaks in Chlorophyll from Fourier


49/52

Peaks in Chlorophyll from FourierPeaks in Chlorophyll from FourierTransformTransform

Same

location,


50/52


51/52

Future WorkFuture Work

More work needs to be done comparingin-situ observations to airborne imagery,including low level atmospheric data aswell as comprehensive sampling of water

within the bands.Compare MASTER imagery with SAR data

for further understanding of thefrequency and formation of the wave

band pattern feature.Extensive research to determine the

physical conditions in Monterey Bay that

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:


52/52

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements: Student Airborne Research Program and its staff Dr. George Seielstad, Dr.

Alexandra Novak, Mr. Richard Shetter, Mr. Adam Webster, Mr. David VanGilst and Ms. Jane Peterson.

Dr. John Ryan, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Dr. Henry Fuelberg and Walter Sessions, Florida State University

Dr. Gregory Carmichael, University of Iowa

Dr. Susan Ustin and Shawn Kefauver, UC Davis

Dr. Nicholas Clinton, NASA Ames Research Center

banditos presentation

Documents