BAMBOO:PROPERTIES AND UTILIZATION

Razak Wahab, Othman Sulaiman, Mohd Tamizi Mustafa,orashikin Mohd Fauzi & Izyan Khalid

Editors: Rokiah Hashim & Shafiqur Rahman

ni er iti Mala sia Kelantan (UMK16100 Pengkalan Chepa

Kelantan

BAMBOO:

PROPERTIES AND UTILIZATION

Razak \ ahab. Othman Sulaiman ohd Tarnizi Mustafa,Kora hikin Mohd Fauzi & Izyan Khalid

Editor: Rokiah Ha him & Shafiqur Rahman

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CONTENTS

For word

cknowl dg ill nt

hap r 1 Introduction

hapter 2 Bamboo Di tribution

hapter 3 tructur and Bamboo Identification

hapter Bamboo Propagation and ultivation

hapter 5 Anatom , Fibre Morphology andUltra true ure

hapter 6 Ph ical and Mechanical Propertie

hapter ~ Bamboo Proce ing Technique

hapter Durabilit and hemical Con ti uents

hapter 9 Bamboo Biodegradation

hap r 10 Bamboo Ecology

hapter 11 Micro ructure of Bamboo

hapter 13 Bamboo Produc

ppendix 1

pp ndix 2

R fer nee

Index

iii

Page

1

4

12

24

50

6

7

93

112

11

125

134

1 7

1 5

1 9

193

19

FOREWORD

Till book wa written with tb aim of providing t hnical in rm lion totho e involve in the bamboo indu try and to th public on v riouin the bamboo propagation, pr ing and utilization. Bamboo ha manyu e and ha been do Iy a ociat d to th daily activiri 0 th ruralcommunities in Malay ia a well a oth r part of th world all \ h r th y

are found in abundant. Lately how ver, th rol and irnportanc of bambooin the daily u e are decreasing wallowed by mod rnizarion. Recognizingthis, variou effort are made by themethods to take advantage of the dive

with life today.

inti t and r arch [0 find n w

ity in th u of bamboo to at par

In most a pects of bamboo utilization. they ar of n vulnerabl to th

attack of micro-organi much a fungi occurring at the level of moi turcontent above the fiber saturation point). ins ,bor , termite and fungi.

The ervice live of bamboo are therefor subjected to their biologicaldeterioration. The durability of bamboo and th ir product ar dep nd nt

on the climatic condition and the environment in which they ar u d. To

overcome till problem the bamboo need to b pr rved in ord r 0 xtendtheir ervice life.

This book wa written in imple and plain Engli h for a . und rstanding.

It is divided into 13 chapter. hapte 1. 2 and 3 de rib he in roduction

to bamboo, distribution of bamboo and, bamboo tructur and identification.

Chapters 4 and 5 described propagation and cultivation techniqu of bamboo.

and the anatomical. fiber morphology and micro ructur of bamboo.

Chapter 6 de cribes the phy ical and mechanical prop rti of h bamboo.

trength and re ilience in the cont xt of the natural tru ur of bamboo ar

also explained. hapter 7 discu ed Ih bamboo proc echniqu. Th

durability and chemical con ti uen are presented in chap r . Th bamboo

biodegradation are discu ed in d tails in chap r . hap r 1 provides

information on he ecological ffect of the decay of bamboo. I al provid

a detailed de cription of the type of fungi ha ar of n a iat wi h

iv

bamboo. ontributory factor to the grox th of fungi and fungal morphology ofeach attack i al 0 clarified.

Th bamboo micro tructure are di cu ed in chapter 11. The ultra tructureb for and after the bamboo are attack are viewed through the scanningelectron micro cop (EM) and transmi ion electron micro copy (TEM).They provide in-depth inforrna ion on the effects of the fungi and in ectsattacks e pecially on the ph ical and mechanical strength of bamboo.

hapter 12 of tbi book describes in detail the method of control and the typeof pre ervative u ed and its effectivenes to control fungal attack on bamboo

and it product. Thi include the traditional and chemical treatmentsapplicable to bamboo. information on the variou products including orne of

he traditional and modern from bamboo can be found in chapter 13. The eproduct include orne of the traditional and modern product .

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On behalf of all th autho , I would lik [0 . pr our h nks ndappreciation to th Faculty of Earth i nee, niv r iti . lalay ia I m n(UMK) for it upport in making it po ibl for u to g t thi

Iwould al 0 like to expr my thank and appreciation to th ruor r archofficers from the For t R arch In titut Malay ia FRL r in K pon ,

1r. Hashim W. am i and Dr. Hamdan Husain, or h ir a i lane andencouragement in the re earch a pect 0 the book.

Dr. R. J. Murphy from the Imperial U ge of ence, Technology and

Medicine, London. who helped identify the typ of fungi and th ir activitiin the image of the canning electron micro ope ~ and rran mi sion

electron microscope (TENO·

ot forgetting, my wife Iorhayati erun. my t luhammad Hu yaini,

Muhammad Haziq, Muhammad Hakimi and only daughter r Iiza Han' a whohas in pired and motivated me to complete this book.

RAZAKWAHAB

vi

BAMBOO:PROPERTIES 0 UTILIZATIO

CHAPTER 1

I TRODUCTIO

There i a cl ar indication that we ar compromi ing the abilityof the future generation to meet their n ed . This i indicated bythe alarming le el of defore tation in the world. We have indirect]re trict their po ibilit to take the timber products from the forest.Tree are extremely crucial for the global environment a theyeque t carbon dioxide 02. they are indi pen able in trument tominimize the global warming and related i ue. It i for thi rea onthat ha become crucial to find the alternatives to timber. Bambooha the ad antage of growing fa t and the perfect material for theapplication range of indu trial product. ith the rapid 1 growingalternative and renewable ource like bamboo, we can reducepre ure on fore t tree , maintaining the natural environment andthe needs of future generation .

Bamboo i one of the rna valuable products of non-wood fore t inIala ia. It i a plant from the gras family (Gramineae) and sub-

famil r of Bambu oidae. Alma t all the bamboo pecie found intropical region under the type ympodial. Bamboo is a vel' atileplant and ha a high commercial value particularly among ruralcommuni ie . In Mala ' ia. bamboo i u e to making ba ket, kewer,tong for food. decorative item, ineen e, furniture, paper and pulp.ompo i e bamboo boards ueh a laminated bamboo products, panel

and floor are getting attention from the public and local companie inrecent 'ear. Bamboo i often een a timber for the poor. Thi term,however. i not accura e becau e in orne a peets of the u e of bambooha the advantage of wood.

In Mala ' ia. bamboo thri e ill area with altitude from ea level to1.000 m. It grow cattered on hill lope . ri er cliff . logged area andopen pace land _ g and Noor. 19 0 . Bamboo i a plan unit withmany advantage to be exploited to be u ed for the purpo e mankindin he fu ure. It ha become he focu of re arch beeau e it i ea ilyrenewabl raw material for i fa t growing. attractive and uniqueapp aranc and toughne Tewari. 1992) and bamboo can be foundin va t ar a throughout the world.

ar mol'globally

nera of bamboo divided in 0 about l.4505 . Bamboo. which i capable of growing

BAMBOO:PROPERTIES A 0 UTlLJZAll0,

up to 60 ern or mor p r dawith high c liulo

Tbe pre ence of 59 bamboo p ci which34 of hem ar indigenou and th oth r 25 p .a cultivation in Penin ular Malay i.a ong, 1 -. Holtturn 1 -categorized Malay ian bamboo a ith r nativ , culrivat d or or tbamboo. Fore t bamboo p ci are found in abund nc and arcattered all 0 er the country. alculat d has d from th Fourthati.onal Fore in entorv FI 4 , bamboo can bound in about

7% of the total fore t area in Perrin ular Malay ia I Iohd. Tamizi.2005) and are commonl found growing gr gariou ly in ar a thathave been de tructed uch a logged-over for . d grad d land. landfringing the fore t, along river bank . on hillsid . and ridg top(Holttum, 195 ong, 1995 .

According to the Fore try Departm nt inv ntory in 19 1- 2(Kamaruzaman, 1992 each ha of fore tara in P nin ular Malav iaconsi ted an average of 95.5 culm of the natural for of bambooand 11 .3 culm for replanting for . This number how ther w r5 7 million culm of bamboo in Perrin ular 'Ialay ia. How \ er, 001 r

6000 ton being undertaken with the trade value of n arly RM 3million (Razak, 2006 . Thi means tha onl 362.139 cul bamboo(the bamboo culm of lengtb 6 rn ha an average wight of kgused by the local bamboo indu try. Thi value i extr m ly malicompared to total world trad of bamboo wa imat d at mor thanUSD 4 billion each year (Razak, 2006: Anon, 2 02 . Figur 1.1 and1.2 showed the bamboo growing in the \ ild and in th plantationre p ctivel .

The bamboo indu try in Mala till lagging b hind \ h ncompared to the other member EAl" coun ri uch aThailand, Philippine and lndon ia. production ofbamboo product in Mala ia are foeu d on h dome tic mark t.The export of bamb 0 produc which amount d approxima lyUSD 0.0 million a ear.

Figure 1.1: Bamboo are found naturally growing wild in the forest.

figure 1.2: fore t managed of the naturally growing bamboo(Grgantochloa cortechnii) in Xami, Kedah.

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