ballast water exchange verification using the optical characteristics of dissolved organic matter...
TRANSCRIPT
BallastBallast Water Exchange Verification Water Exchange Verification Using the Optical Characteristics of Using the Optical Characteristics of
Dissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter
Jennifer R. Boehme and Mark Wells
University of MaineDarling Marine Center
• 10,000s of organisms daily transported in ballast tanks
• 21 billion gallons of ballast discharged in North America annually
• Treatment measures up to 10 years away
Species Transport via Ballast WaterSpecies Transport via Ballast Water
Goal - Reduce invasive species transport Goal - Reduce invasive species transport
BWE currently the only accepted means of controlling spread of BWE currently the only accepted means of controlling spread of exotic species Murphy et al., 2004exotic species Murphy et al., 2004
U.S. moving quickly towards mandatory exchange for U.S. moving quickly towards mandatory exchange for all vesselsall vessels
Ballast water exchange locations (SERC)
Ballast Water Exchange - VerificationBallast Water Exchange - Verification
450
350
250
Exc
ita
tio
n (
nm
)
A
C/M
300 400 500
Emission (nm)
Monitoring challengeMonitoring challenge
Salinity methods not always definitive
Optical characteristics of seawater - Optical characteristics of seawater - chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
Absorbance
Fluorescence via Excitation Emission Matrix Spectroscopy
Flu
ore
scen
ce
(QS
E)
300 400 500
Emission (nm)
BATS seasonal CDOM absorption
(Nelson and Siegel, 2002)
World Oceans - CDOM Variability World Oceans - CDOM Variability Seasonality and PhotochemistrySeasonality and Photochemistry
Summer
Winter
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS/IMAGES/IMAGES.html
World Oceans - CDOM Variability World Oceans - CDOM Variability Biological ProductivityBiological Productivity
World Oceans - CDOM Variability World Oceans - CDOM Variability Terrestrial RunoffTerrestrial Runoff
August 2000
Boehme et al., 2004
World Oceans - CDOM Variability World Oceans - CDOM Variability What We Know What We Know
Observed Seasonal ChangesBiological productionPhotochemistryTerrestrial runoff Species Composition?
In addition, potential for CDOM In addition, potential for CDOM variability based on differences in variability based on differences in
regional ecologyregional ecology
WWorld Oceans - Biogeochemical orld Oceans - Biogeochemical ProvincesProvinces
Pauly et al., ICES 2000 Annual Science Conference
Statistics are useful in discriminating Statistics are useful in discriminating changes in DOM fluorescence via EEMSchanges in DOM fluorescence via EEMS
DOM Variability - StatisticsDOM Variability - Statistics
???
Mahlinobis distance (Murphy et al, 2004); 12 wavelength pairsPARAFAC (Stedmon et al., 2003); 3d
Principal Component Analysis – PCA Principal Component Analysis – PCA (Boehme et (Boehme et al., 2004); 3dal., 2004); 3d
DOM Variability - PCADOM Variability - PCA
-2
-1
0
1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 SGMFLn2b, X-expl: 87%,3%
N6
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N6N7
N7
N7
N6N7
N7
N7
N7
N6
N6
N7N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N6
N6N7
N7
N7
N7
N6
N6
N7
N7
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8N8
N8
N8N8N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8N8
N8N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N9
N9
N9
N9 N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9 N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1 P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1 P1P1
P1P1
P1 P1P1P1 P1P1 P1
P1
P1
P1 P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1P1 P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P0
P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
P0P0
P0
P0P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0P0
P0
P0P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
P0P0
P0P0
P0
P0P0 P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1WS1
WS1 WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1WS1WS1WS1WS1
WS1WS1 WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1WS1WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1WS1 WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2WS2
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2EH1EH2
EH2
EH1
EH2EH3
EH3
EH2
EH3
EH1
EH2
EH3
EH1
EH2
EH3
EH2
EH1
EH2
EH3
EH1
EH2
EH1EH1
EH1
EH1
EH1
EH1EH1
PC1
PC2 Scores
• Clusters: similar EEM, water masses
NEGOM, 1997-2000
PC2
PC1
• Over 600 samples• Water masses identified• Basis for global database
DOM Variability - PCADOM Variability - PCA
-92 -90 -88 -86 -84 -82
26
28
30
32
PC2
PC1
• PCA of fluorescence data set from Murphy, et al. 2004
DOM Variability – PCA and Ballast DOM Variability – PCA and Ballast Water ExchangeWater Exchange
Fos Sur Mer (France), June 2001 S: 37.2-37.6
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50
Principal Component 1
Pri
nci
pal
Co
mp
on
ent
2
Side Exchange Control
Exchange 1
Exchange 2
Exchange 4
Exchange 3
San Francisco, November 2000 S: 20.6-22.5
-10
10
30
50
70
-75 0 75 150 225 300 375 450
Principal Component 1
Pri
nci
pal
Co
mp
on
ent
2
ER Exchange FT Exchange Control
Exchange 1Exchange 2
Future work – instrument development Future work – instrument development
UN Atlas of the Oceans
A
B
Two routes, one issue…
Future work – instrument development Future work – instrument development
UN Atlas of the Oceans
Case I: Verified exchange
A
Future work – instrument development Future work – instrument development
UN Atlas of the Oceans
Case II: more testing
B
Ballast water exchange requirementsBallast water exchange requirements
USCG currently looking for verification testUSCG currently looking for verification test
DOM fluorescence a promising method, DOM fluorescence a promising method, independent of port salinityindependent of port salinity
Utility of statistical tests with EEMS Utility of statistical tests with EEMS provides a method of ballast water provides a method of ballast water exchange verificationexchange verification
SummarySummary
• End
Ballast Water Exchange - VerificationBallast Water Exchange - Verification•Fluorescence diagnostic propertiesFluorescence diagnostic properties
Changes of Wavelength, Spectral bandwidth,
Fluorescence Intensity
•Effectiveness based on our understanding of Effectiveness based on our understanding of DOM variability in the global oceansDOM variability in the global oceans
Quantify seasonal and spatial differences
Murphy et al., Final Report to USCG R&D Center, 2001
Results : fluorescence of Results : fluorescence of CDOM has the greater CDOM has the greater potential for determining potential for determining ballast water exchangeballast water exchange
• Significant for removal of terrestrial CDOM in coastal waters
• Alters bioavailability of CDOM• Alters measured fluorescence and absorption
characteristics
World Oceans - CDOM Variability World Oceans - CDOM Variability PhotochemistryPhotochemistry
Siegel et al., 2002
DOM Variability - PCADOM Variability - PCA
-2
-1
0
1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 SGMFLn2b, X-expl: 87%,3%
N6
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N6N7
N7
N7
N6N7
N7
N7
N7
N6
N6
N7N7
N7
N7N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N6
N6N7
N7
N7
N7
N6
N6
N7
N7
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8N8
N8
N8N8N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8N8
N8N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N9
N9
N9
N9 N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9 N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9
N9
N9N9
N9P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1 P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1 P1P1
P1P1
P1 P1P1P1 P1P1 P1
P1
P1
P1 P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1P1 P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1P1P1
P1P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P1P1
P1
P1
P1
P0
P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
P0P0
P0
P0P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0P0
P0
P0P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
P0P0
P0P0
P0
P0P0 P0P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0
P0P0
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1WS1
WS1 WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1WS1WS1WS1WS1
WS1WS1 WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1WS1WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1
WS1WS1 WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
WS1WS1
WS1
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F4F4
F4F4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
F3
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2WS2
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2
WS2EH1EH2
EH2
EH1
EH2EH3
EH3
EH2
EH3
EH1
EH2
EH3
EH1
EH2
EH3
EH2
EH1
EH2
EH3
EH1
EH2
EH1EH1
EH1
EH1
EH1
EH1EH1
PC1
PC2 Scores
Scores: Scores: differencdifferences es between between samplessamples
???
NEGOM, 1997-2000
PC2
PC1
• 3d EEMS based on CCD technology
• Fiber optic probes• Software development
– incorporate statistical comparisons
Future work – instrument development Future work – instrument development
Where can we go from here?Where can we go from here?
Spex 3D, JY Horiba