baker americas

7/28/2019 Baker Americas

1/35

Americas Gothic Fiction


2/35

Americas Gothic FictionThe Legacy ofMagnalia Christi Americana

D orothy Z. Baker

Te Ohio State University PressColumbus


3/35

Copyright 2007 by Te Ohio State University.

All rights reserved.

Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Baker, Dorothy Zayatz.Americas gothic ction : the legacy o Magnalia Christi Americana / Dorothy Z.

Baker.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical reerences (p. ) and index.

ISBN-13: 9780814210604 (cloth : alk. paper)

ISBN-13: 9780814291443 (cd-rom)

1. American ctionHistory and criticism. 2. Religion and literature. 3. Mather,

Cotton, 16631728. Magnalia Christi Americana. 4. Mather, Cotton, 16631728

Inuence. 5. Puritan movements in literature. 6. Horror tales, AmericanHistory

and criticism. 7. Gothic revival (Literature)United States. 8. Religion and litera-

tureUnited StatesHistory. 9. National characteristics, American, in literature. I.

itle.

PS166.B35 2007

813.0872dc22

2007012212

Cover design by Fulcrum Design Corps, LLCext design and typesetting by Juliet Williams

ype set in Minion Pro

Printed by Tomson-Shore

Te paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements o the American

National Standard or Inormation SciencesPermanence o Paper or Printed Library

Materials. ANSI Z39.481992.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


4/35

Contents

w

Acknowledgments vii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 We have seen Strange things to Day:Te History and Artistry o Cotton Mathers Remarkables 14

Chapter 3 A Wilderness o Error:Edgar Allan Poes Revision o Providential ropes 37

Chapter 4 Cotton Mather as the old New England grandmother:Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Female Historian 65

Chapter 5 Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Singular Mind oCotton Mather 87

Chapter 6 Te story was in the gaps:Catharine Maria Sedgwick and Edith Wharton 119

Works Cited 145

Index 157


5/35

Acknowledgments

w

My work on the legacy o Cotton Mather owes an immense debt to many

scholars whose studies on American historical narrative and American his-

torical ction provided the oundation or this book. In addition, I could

not possibly list the countless colleagues whose ready ears, bibliographic

leads, and astute observations sustained and enriched my work. I would

especially like to thank Jane Donahue Eberwein, Wyman H. Herendeen,

John Lienhard, Steven Mintz, Nancy Lusignan Schultz, Roberta F. Weldon,

and Lois Parkinson Zamora or their innumerable kindnesses. Tis book

would have been impossible without their good counsel and the example

o their scholarly practice. I rst outlined the argument or this book in

a conversation with the late W. Milne Holton and was encouraged by his

keen interest in the project. Dr. Holton was an exacting and generous men-

tor. Would that I could thank him or his unailing support.

Studies in American Fiction has kindly given me permission to reprint

in chapter our a revision o my essay that appeared in the journal in1994. I would like to thank the Interlibrary Loan Department at the M. D.

Anderson Library o the University o Houston or its remarkable ecien-

cy in meeting my every request. Te University o Houston supported my

research with a Faculty Development Leave, which was critical in helping

me to initiate this study. I am very grateul to Sandy Crooms o Te Ohio

State University Press or her enthusiasm or this project. Te anonymous

readers at Te Ohio State University Press contributed greatly to this book,

and they have my sincere thanks.

My personal debts are too numerous to list. May it suce to say thatI live more ably and ully because o the goodwill and generosity o many

vii


6/35

viii

wonderul people who daily show me the splendor and joy o this world.

Foremost among them is Lawrence Baker. I would also like to acknowl-

edge my daughter, Elizabeth Eve Baker, and my son, Daniel AbrahamBaker, who are both magnalia Dei in my lie.

Finally, this book is dedicated to the memory o Abraham Harris Baker,

my husbands much-loved ather, my childrens wise and wonderul grand-

ather, and my great riend.

Dorothy Z. Baker

Houston, exas

2007

Ackno wl ed gm en ts


7/35

Chapter 1

w

Introduction

Providentialismwas not born in Puritan America, but when seventeenth-century New England proessed its belie in Gods agency in the great

and small, public and private events o their lives, this proession o aith

took on uniquely American coloring. Moreover, it became a deep-seated

and dominant notion in American culture. Belie in divine providence

expressed itsel in the national historical and aesthetic literature o the

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Well into the nineteenth century,

historians and literary authors continued to draw on the tropes o Gods

providential designs or his people. Te language o this proound religious

tenet also ound its way into many o the nations major political manies-

tos, such as those surrounding the Revolutionary War, Maniest Destiny,

and the Abolition movement, and has continued in twentieth-century

discourse concerning issues as diverse as John Kennedys pronouncements

on the U.S. governments involvement in oreign aairs and the religious

rights claims regarding the AIDS epidemic. Religious imagery, scriptural

allusion, and even religious doctrinal assertion orm powerul components

o American political and historical writing, the philosophical underpin-ning o which is a belie in divine providence. More specically, national

political and historical documents regularly suggest Gods hand in the lives

o individual Americans and the policies and practices o the nation.

Belie in divine providence is the basis o a narrative orm that is the

staple o Puritan letters. Te providence tale in early America is a ormu-

laic narrative that testies to the omniscience and omnipotence o God,

and especially to the belie that God exhibits these qualities in his active

presence in the daily lives o his people in New England.1 Tat the power

1. My understanding o providentialism in Calvinist New England is based largely on

the work o the ollowing critics. David D. Hall oers a thorough and insightul history o the

1


8/35


9/35

Introduction

preserves his elect while he brings public, denitive, and symbolic punish-

ment to those who sin.

Te providence tale is now recognized as an early expression othe short story and a ction orm that ascinated readers well into the

nineteenth century.2 Such tales are regularly ound as embedded narratives

in Puritan sermons. Tey are also ound in collected orm, most notably

in Increase Mathers Illustrious Providences (1684), and then in book six

o Cotton MathersMagnalia Christi Americana (1702). Both works oer

a ull compendium o tales recounting extraordinary occurrences, such

as exceptional medical cures, incidents o witchcra, gallows conessions,

and tales o depraved behavior, among other sensational topics. More

than any other collection o New Englands remarkable occurrences,Cotton Mathers Magnalia Christi Americana captured the imagination

o its audience. Peter Gay recounts that the book was valuable enough to

be stolen: in 1720, a burglar ransacking Jonathan Belchers well-stocked

warehouse included in his booty a Book Entituled, Magnalia Christi

Americana.3 Book six oMagnalia documents the wonder-workings

o God among the common people o New England, and, like the earlier

volumes o Mathers history, they underscore Mathers rationale or

his extensive history o New England to revive his readers and his

congregants devotion to the Puritan commonwealth. Gay describes the

book as tribal history, expressing Puritan sentiments, eeding Puritan

anxieties, and sustaining Puritan pride (77). Tis was its social unction

in the early eighteenth century and served the same role well into the

nineteenth century, where it continued to hold the attention o American

readers.

2. For an exploration o this subgenre o Puritan literature, see Jane Donahue Eberwein,

Indistinct Lustre: Biographical Miniatures in the Magnalia Christi Americana, Biography:An Interdisciplinary Quarterly 4.3 (1981): 195207; James D. Hartmans Providence ales;Parker H. Johnson, Humiliation Followed by Deliverance: Metaphor and Plot in Cotton

MathersMagnalia, Early American Literature 15.3 (1980/81): 23746; and Alred Weber, Die

Annge des Kurzen Erzhlens in Amerika des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts: Die Providences der

Amerikanischen Puritaner,Mythos und Aulrung in der Amerikanischen Literatur, ed. Dieter

Meindl and Friedrich W. Horlacher (Erlangen: Erlanger Forschungen, 1985), 5570. Although

John F. Berens, Providence and Patriotism in Early America 16401815 (Charlottesville: University

Press o Virginia, 1978), ocuses on the Puritan providence as a historical phenomenon and as

a method o articulating social unity, his thorough study also investigates rhetorical eatures o

this literary orm. See especially 1431.

3. A Loss o Mastery: Puritan Historians in Colonial America (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University o Caliornia Press, 1966), 71. Here and throughout the book, I neither alter the

spelling, grammar, and punctuation o early texts to conorm to current standards nor signal in

any way that the language does not meet current prose standards.


10/35

Chapter 1

Te early volumes oMagnalia recount the great deeds o great public

gures in seventeenth-century Puritan America. Included in these books

are the biographies o early civic leaders, the ecclesiastical history o theNew English colonies, an account o the early years o Harvard College,

and the history o war with the native Americans, among other subjects o

political, economic, and religious history. Mathers goal or these accounts

is to educate and also to inspire. Tus, the early biographical miniatures o

the Puritan oreathers resemble hagiography, designed to create culture

heroes o the most prominent o the early settlers or subsequent gen-

erations o New English colonists, and Mather hoped that such accounts

would remind them o the loy vision and the sacrices o the men who

ounded Plymouth and Massachusetts.Book six o MathersMagnalia is distinct rom the preceding books in

that it oers a compendium o providence tales about the common olk o

New England. Te book is divided into seven chapters, the rst relating

tales o remarkable rescues at sea and the second recounting extraordinary

rescues rom death. In chapter three, Mather investigates the phenomenon

o thunder, which he understands to be the voice o God speaking to man.

Te ourth chapter describes dramatic religious conversions, while the

ollowing chapter, the longest in book six, documents the hand o God in

disclosing the evil deeds o sinners and punishing those sinners. Chapter

six recounts conversions and crimes among the native Americans, and the

nal chapter documents the work o demons and witches among the people

o New England. Finally, an appendix to book six oers several anecdotes

about exceptional conversions among young children, tales which Mather

hopes will encourage [ . . . ] piety in other children.4

Despite its broad range o subject matter, book six oMagnalia Christi

Americana is not a random collection o strange stories. Accounts o won-

derworking in early seventeenth-century America mix with contemporarytales to signal the continuity o experience o Gods people in America.

Further, in appending the epic tale o the Puritan oreathers ound in the

early books with personal, contemporary accounts in book six, Mather

elides the political, religious, and social history o early New England with

that o his current readers to urther convince eighteenth-century colonists

o their anity to the spiritual origins o the New England colonies. His

message is clear: God has a special abiding relationship with the people o

New England and continues to work wonders among them.

4. Magnalia Christi Americana; or, Te Ecclesiastical History o New-England; From its First

Planting, in the Year 1620, unto the Year o Our Lord 1689. 1702 (New York: Russell and Russell,

1967), 2:480.


11/35

Introduction

Later, this message was not lost on the nineteenth-century reader. In

her semi-autobiographical novel, Poganuc People, Harriet Beecher Stowe

wrote

It was a happy hour when [ather] brought home and set up in his book-case

Cotton Mathers Magnalia, in a new edition o two volumes. What wonder-

ul stories these! and stories, too, about her own country, stories that made

her eel that the very ground she trod on was consecrated by some special

dealing o Gods providence.5

Stowe was both convinced o the theory that divine providence guided her

national history and attracted by the notion that being a descendant o thePuritan saints aorded her special grace.

Remarkables o the Divine Providence Among the People o New-

England, book six o MathersMagnalia, provided many later authors and

readers with examples o the early American literary type o the provi-

dence tale, which is now recognized as the beginning o the American

short narrative. In a general introduction to hisMagnalia, Cotton Mather

asserts that he is mindul o his sacred charge as author o the history o

the Puritan people in New England, and clearly states that his text is writ-

ten with all historical delity and simplicity (1:25). Yet, Jane Donahue

Eberwein observes that although the work was intended as history, the

imaginative ordering and interpretation o events . . . seem mythopoetic

rather than scholarly (195). Te authors command o both rhetoric and

narrative strategy is evident throughout Magnalia. As Larzer Zi has

noted, on the eve o the novels birth, his was the stu o novelists.6

Indeed, more than a century aer the initial publication o Cotton

Mathers Magnalia Christi Americana, American authors continue to

respond to the message and the narrative orm o his providence tales.Tis book investigates the ways in which Edgar Allan Poe, Harriet Beecher

Stowe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, and Edith

Wharton rely on Mathers providence tales at critical moments in their

work. Tese diverse authors, who are rarely grouped in literary studies,

have radically divergent responses to Mathers theology, historiography,

5. Te Writings o Harriet Beecher Stowe, 16 vols. (New York: AMS, 1967), 11:12223. All

subsequent reerence to the novels and short ction o Stowe are rom this edition, and will be

cited parenthetically in the text.6. Puritanism in America: New Culture in a New World(New York: Viking, 1973), 217. For

a discussion o Magnalia as a sel-conscious literary text, see Susan Cherry Bell, History and

Artistry in Cotton MathersMagnalia Christi Americana (diss., SUNY Binghamton, 1991).


12/35

Chapter 1

and literary orms. However, each takes up Mathers themes and orms and,

in distinct ways, comments on the providence tales in Magnalia Christi

Americana and interrogates these tales as oundational statements aboutAmerican history, American identity, and Gods providential designs or

America and Americans. More interestingly, each authorregardless o

his or her individual theological and religious positionsubverts Mathers

providence tales or his or her own narrative objectives.

One o the most provocative aspects o the nineteenth- and twentieth-

century appropriation o Mathers providence tales is the later authors

concern with authorial ethos. While these authors interrogate the concept

o Gods providential design or America, their underlying anxiety centers

on the role o the historian or narrator itsel. Teir questions are many:Who is entitled to speak on behal o the American people? Who is in a

position to conceptualize the events o the past? When we examine a histo-

riographic ramework based on Gods providential design, who is charged

with speaking or God? Mathers text is clear on this point. Te minister

is uniquely positioned to serve as historian. In divergent ways, the authors

discussed in this book challenge this stance. Each draws the reader into a

reconsideration o social authority and narrative authority. Each destabi-

lizes the position o the teller o tales and cautions the reader to be ever

alert to the authority and inuence o the teller as well as the tale.

Te writings o Cotton Mather had come under attack beore these

authors investigated and appropriated his Magnalia Christi Americana.

In the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin, who had met Mather on

occasion, was decidedly antipathetic to the rigid Calvinist orthodoxy that

Cotton Mather had come to represent, and rejected the ways in which

Puritanism had insinuated itsel into scientic knowledge and judicial

practice. Franklin parodied Cotton Mathers tales o witchcra in a news-

paper article, A Witch rial at Mount Holly, which appeared in TePennsylvania Gazette in 1730.7 Te article was a hoax that reported on a

witch trial in which neither the accused nor the accusers pass the purport-

edly scientic tests that were devised to prove the accused innocent o the

charge o witchcra. Likewise, critics have noted that Franklins satiric

Silence Dogood essays respond to Mathers prescriptive statements on

how to live a Christian lie.8 Te very name, Silence Dogood, echoes two

7. Te Pennsylvania Gazette (No. 101, October 22, 1730).

8. See especially Gordon S. Wood, Te Americanization o Benjamin Franklin (New York:Penguin, 2004), 19, 21, and Daniel Royot, Franklin as Founding Father o American Humor,

in Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (Newark:

University o Delaware Press, 1993), 39091. For a comparison o Mathers and Franklins


13/35

Introduction

o Mathers publications, Silentiarius: A brie essay on the holy silence and

godly patience and Boniacius: An essay upon the good. Later, in his Auto-

biography, Benjamin Franklin reers directly to Cotton Mather, again orironic purpose.9 Franklin appears to boast o his heritage when he identi-

es his maternal grandather, Peter Folger, as one o the rst Settlers o

New England, o whom honourable mention is made by Cotton Mather, in

his Church History o that Country, (entitled Magnalia Christi Americana)

as a godly learned Englishman.10 Yet, he notes that Folgers contribution

to the colonies was his writing in avor o Liberty o Conscience, and in

behal o the Baptists, Quakers, and other Sectaries, that had been under

Persecution, positions that Franklin was well aware as being contrary

to those o Mather (56). In exposing Cotton Mathers praise o an indi-vidual who advocates principles antithetical to Mathers, Franklin is able

to undercut both Mathers religious and political positions as well as his

credibility as an author.11

Donald Ringe rightly notes that Franklins enlightenment principles

enable him to dismiss ghosts, goblins, and witches as the relics o a more

credulous age and [he was] proud o the act that American society had

been ormed when such phenomena were no longer credited and tales

o superstition had been relegated to the nursery.12 However, Franklin

must have been suciently anxious about the legacy o Cotton Mathers

remarkable providences to compel him to disparage Mather in newsprint

and in books throughout his career. According to Mathers biographer,

Kenneth Silverman, by 1710 [Cotton Mather] may well have become the

best-known man in America.13 It was clear that he was the most prolic

ethics, see John C. Van Horne, Collective Benevolence and the Common Good in Franklins

Philosophy in Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay

(Newark: University o Delaware Press, 1993), 42729.9. Viewing FranklinsAutobiographyrom a dierent perspective, Sacvan Bercovitch also

links the text to Mathers biographical miniatures inMagnalia and nds that these texts provide

the orm and outlook or Franklins work as well as or later rags to riches narratives. See

Bercovitchs Delightul Examples o Surprising Prosperity: Cotton Mather and the American

Success Story, English Studies 51.1 (1970): 4043.

10. Te Autobiography o Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic ext, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M.

Zall (Knoxville: University o ennessee Press, 1981), 5.

11. Michael . Gilmore explores Franklins rejection o the Puritan religious identity that

he replaces with a secular gospel in Te Middle Way: Puritanism and Ideology in American

Romantic Fiction (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1977), 4755.

12. American Gothic: Imagination and Reason in Nineteenth-Century Fiction (Lexington:University Press o Kentucky, 1982), 23.

13. Te Lie and imes o Cotton Mather (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985),

198.


14/35

Chapter 1

published author in America with almost 400 separate titles to his name.

Silverman reports: it is imaginable that numerous people overseas, many

people in the colonies, most people in New England, and nearly everyonein Boston owned some o his works (198). Stephen Carl Arch notes that

Benjamin Franklins connection to Cotton Mather is not just through one

o Mathers books; it is through Mathers example as Americas rst public

man o letters (183). For Franklin and other contemporary writers, his

was the voice to reckon with.

Later, Washington Irving joins Franklin in undercutting Mathers

reputation. Irving does so through the character o Ichabod Crane, who is

introduced as a perect master o Cotton Mathers history o New England

Witchcra, in which, by the way, he most rmly and potently believed.14Te dnouement o Irvings tale reveals that the schoolmaster who per-

sists in believing the superstitious tales o Americas Puritan past is out o

place in the new America. Both inantilized and eminized, his authority

is limited to the schoolroom, and his appeal is limited to old women. Te

young men o his generation ridicule him, and the young girl he courts

ends up in the arms o another man. More brutally, the Yankee is revealed

as a shallow ortune-seeker, and, in this way, his Puritan values are linked

to his avarice.

In addition, when Ichabod Crane, the teller o Mathers tales, counters

Brom Bones, the teller o tales that issue rom the Hudson Valley, the

contest is almost one-sided. Brom Boness story o the headless horseman

not only entertains, but it has potency and immediate agency. It alters lives

and ortunes. Ichabod Crane tries to banish Boness tale rom his mind by

singing psalms, but in Irvings story, even the word o God cannot drown

out the native legend. Cranes reprisal o Mathers antiquated tale is bested

by Boness olk tale, and Mathers authority is supplanted by that o a native

Dutch armer whose lack o erudition and renement is more than com-pensated by ample honor and good humor. Speaking to Irvings central

14. Te Sketch Book o Georey Crayon, Gent. Ed. Haskell Springer (Boston: wayne, 1978),

276. Irving was well read in the work o Cotton Mather, and while he was preparing his Sketch

Book reers to Mather in his journal. SeeJournals and Notebooks, Vol. II: 18071822. Ed. Walter

A. Reichart and Lillian Schlissel (Boston: wayne, 1981), 179.

Speaking o another o Irvings characters, John Greenlea Whittier wrote in his 1847

publication, Te Supernaturalism o New England, Modern skepticism and philosophy have

not yet eradicated the belie o supernatural visitation rom the New England mind. Here and

thereoenest in our still, xed, valley-sheltered, unvisited nooks and villagesthe Rip VanWinkles o a progressive and restless populationmay be still ound devout believers worthy o

the days o the two Mathers. See Whittier (1847), Supernaturalism, ed. Edward Wagenknecht

(Norman, University o Oklahoma Press, 1969), 40.


15/35


16/35

10 Chapter 1

the ctions o American identity that have been codied as oundational

historical documents. Positioning themselves as a palimpsest upon earlier

idealized histories, gothic texts disrupt the dream world o national myth(10). Extending her argument to the erratic structure that is characteristic

o gothic literature, Goddu also explains that in its narrative incoherence,

the gothic discloses the instability o Americas sel-representations; its

highly wrought orm exposes the articial oundations o national iden-

tity (10).

Leslie Fiedler was one o the earliest critics to identiy the psychologi-

cal trauma expressed in American gothic literature rom the perspective

o the nations religious culture, and he speaks o the gothic as a Calvinist

expos o natural human corruption (160). However, Lawrence Buelltakes a dierent approach to Fiedlers observation and argues that in New

England gothic, the most distinctive thematic ingredient is the perception

o Puritan culture as inherently grotesque (359). Extending Buells argu-

ment, this study asserts that the New England gothic is requently an expo-

s o Calvinist historical accounts o America and Americans. Moreover, in

the process o exposing the awed and unstable narratives that construct

an articial and uncomortable identity or the nation, nineteenth-century

gothic literature requently proposes alternate versions o America, its his-

tory, its citizens, and its historians.

It is not surprising that when the ve nineteenth- and twentieth-century

authors discussed in this book address American historical narratives they

all look to the work o Cotton Mather. HisMagnalia Christi Americana was

a prominent and dominant history o early New England.18 In his own time

Mather had a large personality, and well into the nineteenth century he had

an equally large reputation as a sti and stern Puritan whom James Russell

Lowell would later call a conceited old pedant.19 Furthermore, Mather was

notoriously associated with the Salem witch trials o 1692, having servedas secretary to the tribunal, aer which he authored Te Wonders o the

Invisible World, a work that compiled many o the anecdotes o witchcra

that he heard throughout the trials. At the same time, Mather was not easily

dismissed as a mere pedant or witch hunter rom the distant past precisely

Literary Culture rom Revolution through Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1986), 35960 and 36870, and Davidson, Revolution and the Word: Te Rise o the Novel in

America (New York and Oxord: Oxord University Press, 1986), 21718.

18. In New England Literary Culture: From Revolution through Renaissance, Lawrence Buell

discusses what he terms the politics o historiography concerning the reception o CottonMather in antebellum America. See especially 21438.

19. Reviews and Literary Notices, Te Atlantic Monthly6.37 (1860), 639.


17/35

11Introduction

because he was an acclaimed and compelling author. In the nineteenth

century and well into the twentieth century, thinkers and writers continued

to recognize Mather as a brilliant rhetorician and artul writer. Despite hisirreverent description o the author, James Russell Lowell admits that with

all his aults, that conceited old pedant contrived to make one o the most

entertaining books ever written on this side o the water (639).

Chapter two o this book accounts or the entertaining quality o book

six oMagnalia Christi Americana by documenting the origins o the

Puritan providence tale and exploring the novel ways in which Cotton

Mather adapts the earlier literary orms or a contemporary audience.

Tis chapter also ties the dramatic and sometimes amboyant stylistic

eatures oMagnalia to the books unction in eighteenth-century NewEngland. Subsequent chapters turn to the ction o Edgar Allan Poe,

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Catharine Maria Sedgwick,

and Edith Wharton and contend that these authors recognize the impor-

tance o Mathers work in codiying our understanding o American

identity and shaping literary orms in the new nation, two distinct but

related projects. Chapter three examines the work o Poe, whose William

Wilson, Te Black Cat, and Te Narrative o Arthur Gordon Pym orm

the mirror image o Mathers providence tales. Tat is, they reect Mathers

plots, characters, and even his language, but invert them to express Poes

gothic view o providential design. Te ollowing chapter takes up Harriet

Beecher Stowes New England novels and tales. Because o her conserva-

tive evangelical upbringing and her personal religious orientation, Harriet

Beecher Stowe is much more sympathetic than Poe to the theological

underpinnings o Cotton Mathers writings, and her ction gives evidence

o her taste or the providence tales in Magnalia. Yet, Stowes work also

reveals the uncanny ways in which she departs rom Mathers notion o

religious leadership and narrative authority, just as she also renes aspectso Mathers theology. Chapter ve speaks to Nathaniel Hawthornes intel-

lectual concerns regarding American providential historiography, which

he identies, to dramatic eect, with the person o Cotton Mather. Like

Stowe, Hawthorne has a decidedly modern understanding o narrative

authority. Further, he experiments with various ctional orms to express

his discontent with earlier and contemporary historical tracts, and explores

narrative voices and alternate modes o emplotment that are antithetical to

those o Mathers providence tales. Te book concludes with two distinct

perspectives on historical narrative. Te nal chapter begins with a con-sideration o Catharine Maria Sedgwicks Hope Leslie, a novel that centers


18/35

12 Chapter 1

on a reconsideration o early American history and historians. Hope Leslie

reects the authors early training in providential literature, which she

questions in her ction and supplements with multiple and seeminglycontradictory approaches to historical narrative. In this way, the novels

diuse and even manic plot responds to the singular and denitive plots

ound in MathersMagnalia. Like Sedgwicks Hope Leslie, Edith Whartons

New England tales contest the ownership o our national history. However,

where Sedgwick gives voice to a multiplicity o historians who speak reely

about their community, Whartons historians are ew, and they struggle

to understand themselves and others and then to articulate their limited

perceptions about their society. In distinct ways, each o the authors dis-

cussed in this book resists Mathers model or the historian and historicalnarrative.

Tis book does not claim that among the many novelists o nineteenth-

century America only Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Catharine

Maria Sedgwick, and Harriet Beecher Stowe respond to the words o

Cotton Mather in their ction and examine his work as a central eature o

their own literary projects. o the contrary. Yet, because historical ction

in general was exceptionally popular in antebellum America, it is to be

anticipated that authors o such novels and short stories would look to the

work o one o the nations earliest and most prominent historians.20 Many

critics have discovered that Herman Melville, or example, both incorpo-

rates Cotton Mathers literary orms and challenges his religious tenets in

his ction.21 One can also identiy authorial response to the themes, i not

20. Stephen Carl Arch demonstrates the importance o this mode o ction in Romancing

the Puritans: American Historical Fiction in the 1820s, ESQ: A Journal o the American

Renaissance 39.2 (1993): 10732. See also Buell, 19397, 23960.

21. In a consideration o Melvilles Moby-Dick, Jane Donahue Eberwein documents the

similarities between Mathers sermons to shermen and Father Mapples sermon, and nds thatMathers statement in Te Religious Mariner(Boston, 1700), Sirs, Tat pitcht Box o Oak, in

which you Sail, what is it, but a larger sort oCofn? anticipates the larger plot o Melvilles

novel. See Fishers o Metaphor: Mather and Melville on the Whale, American ranscendental

Quarterly26 (1975): 3031. Attending to the scriptural and religious language in Moby-Dick,

Philip F. Gura explores the varying religious and philosophical grammars o the Pequods crew.

See Te Wisdom o Words: Language, Teology, and Literature in the New England Renaissance

(Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 15970. Although . Walter Herberts Moby-

Dickand Calvinism: A World Dismantled(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1977) does

not take up Melvilles relationship to Mather, it is an important study o the authors response to

Calvinist doctrine.

Oliver Scheidings essay, Subversions o Providential Historiography in HermanMelvilles Benito Cereno in Re-Visioning the Past: Historical Sel-Reexivity in American Short

Fiction, ed. Bernd Engler and Oliver Scheiding (rier: Wissenschalicher Verlag rier, 1998),

12140 examines Melvilles use o Cotton Mather in works other than Moby-Dick. Michael


19/35

13Introduction

the specic language and literary devices, o Cotton Mather in such works

as Lydia Maria Childs Hobomok, John Neals Rachel Dyer, John Greenlea

Whittiers Legends o New England, and Henry David Toreaus A Weekon the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.22 Indeed, the legacy o Mathers

providence tales continues into the twentieth century in the work o Edith

Wharton and many others.23 Since the publication oMagnalia Christi

Americana in 1702, Cotton Mather has been recognized as the oremost

author in the tradition o the providence tale and a champion o providen-

tial historiography. Likewise, more than the works o his celebrated ather

or any number o his contemporaries, the providential literature o Cotton

Mather captured the imagination o his contemporary readers and contin-

ued to ascinate, puzzle, and disturb readers and writers long aerward.

. Gilmore identied the inuence oMagnalia in Melvilles Lightning-Rod Man (9). Frank

Davidson explores Melvilles commentary on Calvinism in Te Apple-ree able in which

one character, irresolute in his religious aith, is shaken by readingMagnalia late into the night.

His essay, Melville, Toreau, and Te Apple-ree able appeared in AmericanLiterature 25.4

(1954): 47989. See also Marvin Fishers Bug and Humbug in Melvilles Apple-ree able,

Studies in Short Fiction 8.3 (1971): 45966.Looking to other works by Cotton Mather, Michael Clarks Witches and Wall Street:

Possession is Nine-enths o the Law in exas Studies in Literature and Language 25.1 (1983):

5576 nds that dialogue in Bartleby, the Scrivener parallels the examination o Susannah

Martin in Mathers Te Wonders o the Invisible World.22. Tese historical novels o Child and Neal are set in seventeenth-century New England

and rely heavily on Mathers accounts o the characters and events the authors depict in their

ction. In addition to borrowing rom Magnalia, in writing Rachel Dyer, Neal draws rom

Mathers Wonders o the Invisible World.George Carey was early to identiy John Greenlea Whittiers use o Mathers tales in his

essay, John Greenlea Whittier and Folklore: Te Search or a raditional American Past, New

York Folklore Quarterly27.1 (1971): 11329. Ann-Marie Weis examines Whittiers relationshipwith Cotton Mather in her essay on the authors treatment o Hannah Dustons captivity in Te

Murderous Mother and the Solicitous Father: Violence, Jacksonian Family Values, and Hannah

Dustons Captivity,American Studies International36.1 (1998): 4665. Additionally, Whittiers

position on Cotton Mather is apparent in his sketch Te Double-Headed Snake o Newberry

in which he uses the man to comic eect.

Robert D. Arner explores Toreaus revision o Mathers historical material in Te

Story o Hannah Duston: Cotton Mather to Toreau,American ranscendental Quarterly18.1

(1973): 1923. See also Marvin Fishers Seeing New Englandly: Anthropology, Ecology, and

Teology in ToreausA Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Centennial Review 34.3

(1990): 39092.

23. Although contemporary literature is outside the ramework o this book, scholars havenoted the continuing inuence o the providence tale in Paul Auchters New York rilogy, Angela

Carters Our Lady o the Massacre, and Bharati Mukherjees Te Holder o the World, among

other late twentieth-century works o ction.


20/35

Works Cited

w

Adams, John R. Structure and Teme in the Novels o Harriet Beecher Stowe.

American ranscendental Quarterly24.1 (1974): 5055.

Amreville, Marc. Te House o the Seven Gables: Une ragdie gothique. Revue

Franaise dEtudes Amricaines 83 (2000): 11328.

Arac, Jonathan. Te Emergence o American Literary Narrative, 18201960. Cambridge

and London: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Arch, Stephen Carl. Authorizing the Past: Te Rhetoric o History in Seventeenth-

Century New England. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1994.

. Romancing the Puritans: American Historical Fiction in the 1820s. ESQ: A

Journal o the American Renaissance 39.2 (1993): 10732.Arner, Robert D. Te Story o Hannah Duston: Cotton Mather to Toreau.American

ranscendental Quarterly18.1 (1973): 1923.

Baker, Dorothy Z. Harriet Beecher Stowes Conversation with theAtlantic Monthly:

Te Construction oTe Ministers Wooing. Studies in American Fiction 28.1

(2000): 2738.

. Puritan Providences in Te Pearl o Orrs Island: Te Legacy o Cotton Mather.

Studies in American Fiction 22.1 (1994): 6179.

Bancro, George. History o the United States. 10 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 18341875.

Bauermeister, Erica. he Lamplighter, he Wide, Wide World, and Hope Leslie:

Reconsidering the Recipes or Nineteenth-Century American Womens Novels.Legacy: A Journal o American Women Writers 8.1 (1991): 1729.

Baym, Nina. Te Heroine oTe House o the Seven Gables: or, Who Killed Jarey

Pyncheon? New England Quarterly77.4 (2004): 60718.

. Te Shape o Hawthornes Career. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press,

1976.

Bell, Michael Davitt. Hawthorne and the Historical Romance o New England. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1971.

. History and Romance Convention in Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie.

American Quarterly22.2 (1970): 21321.

Bell, Susan Cherry. History and Artistry in Cotton Mathers Magnalia Christi

Americana, diss., SUNY Binghamton, 1991.

14 5


21/35

146 Works Cited

Bercovitch, Sacvan. Cotton Mather, in Major Writers o Early American Literature.

Ed. Everett Emerson. Madison: University o Wisconsin Press, 1972.

. Delightul Examples o Surprising Prosperity: Cotton Mather and the

American Success Story. English Studies 51.1 (1970): 4043.

. Te Historiography o Johnsons Wonder-Working Providence. Essex Institute

Historical Collections 54 (1968): 13861.

. New England Epic: A Literary Study o Cotton Mathers Magnalia Christi

Americana,diss., Claremont Graduate School and University Center, 1965.

. Te Puritan Origins o the American Sel. New Haven: Yale University Press,

1975.

Berens, John F. Providence and Patriotism in Early America 16401815. Charlottesville:

University Press o Virginia, 1978.

Berkson, Dorothy. Millennial Politics and the Feminine Fiction o Harriet Beecher

Stowe. Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Ed. Elizabeth Ammons. Boston:

G. K. Hall, 1980. 24458.

Bradord, William. O Plymouth Plantation, 16201647. Ed. Samuel Eliot Morison.

New York: Knop, 1953.

Budick, Emily. Fiction and Historical Consciousness. New Haven: Yale University Press,

1989.

Buell, Lawrence. Calvinism Romanticized: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Samuel Hopkins,

and Te Ministers Wooing. ESQ: A Journal o the American Renaissance 24 (1978):

11932.

. New England Literary Culture rom Revolution through Renaissance. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Bush, Harold K. Re-Inventing the Puritan Fathers: George Bancro, Nathaniel

Hawthorne, and the Birth o Endicotts Ghost.American ranscendental Quarterly

9.2 (1995): 13252.

Callinicos, Alex. Teories and Narratives: Reections on the Philosophy o History.

Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Carey, George. John Greenlea Whittier and Folklore: Te Search or a raditional

American Past. New York Folklore Quarterly27.1 (1971): 11329.

Clark, Michael. Witches and Wall Street: Possession is Nine-enths o the Law. exas

Studies in Literature and Language 25.1 (1983): 5576.

Clarke, Samuel.A mirrour or looking-glasse both or saints and sinners. London, 1646.

Clery, E. J. he Rise o Supernatural Fiction 17621800. Cambridge Studies in

Romanticism 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Cohen, B. Bernard. Te Composition o Hawthornes Te Duston Family. Te New

England Quarterly21.2 (1948): 23641.

Cohen, Daniel A. Pillars o Salt, Monuments o Grace: New England Crime Literature

and the Origins o American Popular Culture, 16741860. New York and Oxord:

Oxord University Press, 1993.

Colacurcio, Michael J. Te Province o Piety: Moral History in Hawthornes Early ales.

Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1995.

Crozier, Alice C. Te Novels o Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Oxord University

Press, 1969.

Crumpacker, Laurie. Four Novels o Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Study in Nineteenth-


22/35

147Works Cite d

Century Androgyny. American Novelists Revisited: Essays in Feminist Criticism.

Ed. Fritz Fleischmann. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982.

Daly, Robert. William Bradords Vision o History.American Literature 44.4 (1973):

55769.

Davidson, Cathy. Revolution and the Word: Te Rise o the Novel in America. New York

and Oxord: Oxord University Press, 1986.

Davidson, Frank. Melville, Toreau, and Te Apple-ree able.American Literature

25.4 (1954): 47988.

Dawson, Jan. Te Unusable Past: Americas Puritan radition, 18301930. Chico, CA:

Scholars Press, 1984.

Dekker, George. Te American Historical Romance. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1987.

Demos, John. Te Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story From Early America. New York:

Vintage, 1994.

Dunne, Michael. Hawthornes Narrative Strategies. Jackson: University Press o

Mississippi, 1995.

Eakin, Paul John. Poes Sense o an Ending.American Literature 45.1 (1973): 122.

Eberwein, Jane Donahue. Fishers o Metaphor: Mather and Melville on the Whale.


. Indistinct Lustre: Biographical Miniatures in theMagnalia Christi Americana.

Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly4.3 (1981): 195207.

Ehrenpreis, Anne Henry. Elizabeth Gaskell and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Te Nathaniel

Hawthorne Journal(1973): 89119.

Elbert, Monika M. Bourgeois Sexuality and the Gothic Plot in Wharton and

Hawthorne. Ed. John L. Idol, Jr. In Hawthorne and Women: Engendering and

Expanding the Hawthorne radition. Amherst: University o Massachusetts Press,

1999. 25870.

Elliott, Emory, ed. Puritan Inuences in American Literature. Urbana: University o

Illinois Press, 1979.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Te Collected Works o Ralph Waldo Emerson. 3 vols. Ed. Alred

R. Ferguson. Cambridge: Te Belknap Press o Harvard University Press, 1971.

Emery, Allan. Salem History and Te House o the Seven Gables. In Critical Essays on

Hawthornes Te House o the Seven Gables. Ed. Bernard Rosenthal. New York: G. K.

Hall, 1995. 12949.

Engler, Bernd. he Dismemberment o Clio: Fictionality, Narrativity, and the

Construction o Historical Reality in Historiographic Metaction. InHistoriographic

Metaction in Modern American and Canadian Literature. Eds. Bernd Engler and

Kurt Mller. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schnigh, 1994. 1334.

Engler, Bernd and Oliver Scheiding, eds. Re-Visioning the Past: Historical Sel-Reexivity

in American Short Fiction. rier: Wissenschalicher Verlag rier, 1998.

Felker, Christopher P. Reinventing Cotton Mather in the American Renaissance:Magnalia

Christi Americana in Hawthorne, Stowe, and Stoddard. Boston: Northeastern

University Press, 1993.

Felt, Joseph B.Annals o Salem. 2 vols. Salem: W. and S.B. Ives, 1845, 1849.

Fetterley, Judith. Only a Story, Not a Romance: Harriet Beecher Stowes Te Pearl

o Orrs Island. Te (Other) American raditions: Nineteenth-Century Women


23/35

148 Works Cited

Writers. Ed. Joyce W. Warren. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993.

10825.

, ed. Provisions: A Reader rom 19th-Century American Women. Bloomington:

Indiana University Press, 1985.

. My Sister! My Sister!: Te Rhetoric o Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie. In

Catharine Maria Sedgwick: Critical Perspectives. Ed. Lucinda L. Damon-Bach and

Victoria Clements. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2003. 7899.

Fiedler, Leslie. Love and Death in the American Novel. 1960. New York: Stein and Day,

1982.

Fields, Annie. Lie and Letters o Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston: Houghton, Mifin,

1898.

Fisher, Marvin. Bug and Humbug in Melvilles Apple-ree able. Studies in Short

Fiction 8.3 (1971): 45966.

. Seeing New Englandly: Anthropology, Ecology, and Teology in Toreaus

A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Centennial Review 34.3 (1990):

38194.

Ford, Douglas. Inscribing the Impartial Observer in Sedgwicks Hope Leslie. Legacy:

A Journal o American Women Writers 14.2 (1997): 8192.

Forrest, William Mentzel. Biblical Allusions in Poe. New York: Macmillan, 1928.

Foster, Charles H. Te Rungless Ladder: Harriet Beecher Stowe and New England

Puritanism. 1954. Rpt. New York: Cooper Square, 1970.

Franklin, Benjamin. Te Autobiography o Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic ext. Ed. J. A.

Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall. Knoxville: University o ennessee Press, 1981.

. Mss. o Benjamin Franklin: A Lecture on the Providence o God in the

Government o the World. Southern Literary Messenger2.5 (1836): 29395.

Frye, Northrop. Te Anatomy o Criticism. Princeton: Princeton University Press,

1957.

Fukuchi, Curtis. Poes Providential Narrative o Arthur Gordon Pym. Emerson Society

Quarterly27.3 (1981): 14856.

Garvey, . Gregory. Risking Reprisal: Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie and the

Legitimation o Public Action by Women. American ranscendental Quarterly

8.4 (1994): 28798.

Gay, Peter.A Loss o Mastery: Puritan Historians in Colonial America.Berkeley and Los

Angeles: University o Caliornia Press, 1966.

Gilmore, Michael . Te Middle Way: Puritanism and Ideology in American Romantic

Fiction. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1977.

Gitelman, Lisa. Arthur Gordon Pym and the Novel Narrative o Edgar Allan Poe.

Nineteenth-Century Literature 47.3 (1992): 34961.

Goddu, eresa A. Gothic America: Narrative, History, and Nation. New York: Columbia


Goodenough, Elizabeth. Grandathers Chair: Hawthornes Deeper History o New

England. Te Lion and the Unicorn: A Critical Journal o Childrens Literature 15.1

(1991): 2742.

Goodrich, Samuel G. Peter Parleys Method o elling About the History o the World to

Children. Hartord: H.F. Sumner, 1832.

Gossett, Suzanne and Barbara Ann Bardes. Women and Political Power in the


24/35

14 9Works Cite d

Republic: wo Early American Novels. Legacy: A Journal o American Women

Writers 2.2 (1985): 1330.

Gould, Philip. Catharine Sedgwicks Recital o the Pequot War.American Literature

66.4 (1994): 64162.

Gross, Louis S. Redening the American Gothic rom Wieland to Day o the Dead. Ann

Arbor and London: AMI Research Press, 1989.

Gura, Philip F. Te Wisdom o Words: Language, Teology, and Literature in the New

England Renaissance. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981.

Hall, David D. Worlds o Wonder, Days o Judgment: Popular Religious Belie in Early

New England. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Hall, Michael G. Te Last American Puritan: Te Lie o Increase Mather 16391723.

Middletown, C: Wesleyan University Press, 1988.

Hartman, James D. Providence ales and the Birth o American Literature. Baltimore

and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Hawks, Francis L. Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History o the United States o

AmericaVirginia. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1836.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Te Centenary Edition o the Works o Nathaniel Hawthorne.

23 vols. Ed. Wm. Charvat, Roy Harvey Pearce, Claude M. Simpson, Tomas

Woodson. Columbus: Te Ohio State University Press, 19841994.

. Te Duston Family. Te Complete Writings o Nathaniel Hawthorne, Old Manse

Edition. 22 vols. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifin, 1900. 17: 22938.

Hedges, William L. Washington Irving: An American Study, 18021832. Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965.

Hedrick, Joan D. Peaceable Fruits: Te Ministry o Harriet Beecher Stowe.American

Quarterly40.3 (1988): 30722.

Herbert, . Walter. Dearest Beloved: Te Hawthornes and the Making o the Middle

Class Family. Berkeley: University o Caliornia Press, 1993.

. Moby Dick and Calvinism: A World Dismantled. New Brunswick: Rutgers


Homan, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. 1972. New York: Paragon House, 1990.

Hovey, Kenneth Alan. Te Teology o History in O Plymouth Plantation and Its

Predecessors. Early American Literature 10.1 (1975): 4766.

Hubbard, William. Te Present State o New-England. Being a Narrative o the roubles

with the Indians in New-England, rom the rst planting thereo in the year 1607, to

this present year 1677. London, 1677.

Hutcheson, Francis.An Historical Essay concerning Witchcra. London, 1718.

Hutchinson, Tomas. Te History o Massachusetts rom the First Settlement Tereo in

1628, until the Year 1750. 2 vols. Salem, 1795.

Insko, Jerey. Anachronistic Imaginings: Hope Leslies Challenge to Historicism.

American Literary History16.2 (2004): 179207.

Irving, Washington.Journals and Notebooks. Vol. II. 18071822. Ed. Walter A. Reichart

and Lillian Schlissel. Boston: wayne, 1981.

. Te Sketch Book o Georey Crayon, Gent. Ed. Haskell Springer. Boston: wayne,

1978.

Irwin, John . Te Mystery to a Solution: Poe, Borges, and the Analytic Detective Story.

Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.


25/35

150 Works Cited

Janeway, James. Mr. James Janeways Legacy to his Friends: Containing wenty Seven

Famous Instances o Gods Providences in and about Sea-Dangers and Deliverances.

London, 1674.

Jewett, Sarah Orne. Te Letters o Sarah Orne Jewett. Ed. Annie Fields. Boston:

Houghton Mifin, 1911.

Johnson, Cynthia Brantley. Hawthornes Hannah Dustan and Her roubling American

Myth. Nathaniel Hawthorne Review 27.1 (2001): 1735.

Johnson, Edward.Johnsons Wonder-working Providence o Sions Saviour in New England

16281651. 1654. Ed. J. Franklin Jameson. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1946.

Johnson, Parker H. Humiliation Followed by Deliverance: Metaphor and Plot in

Cotton MathersMagnalia. Early American Literature 15.3 (1980/81): 23746.

Karalis, Maria. Catharine Maria Sedgwicks Hope Leslie: Te Crisis Between Ethical

Political Action and US Literary Nationalism in the New Republic. American

ranscendental Quarterly12.4 (1998): 32744.

Kelley, Mary. Private Woman, Public Stage: Literary Domesticity in Nineteenth-Century

America. New York: Oxord University Press, 1984.

. A Woman Alone: Catharine Maria Sedgwicks Spinsterhood in Nineteenth-

Century America. New England Quarterly51.2 (1978): 20925.

Kennedy, J. Gerald. Te Narrative o Arthur Gordon Pym and the Abyss o Interpretation.

New York: wayne, 1995.

. Poe, Death, and the Lie o Writing. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Kessselring, Marion L. Hawthornes Reading 18281850: A ranscription and

Identication o itles Recorded in the Charge-Books o the Salem Athenaeum. New

York: Te New York Public Library, 1949.

Kilgour, Maggie. Te Rise o the Gothic Novel. London and New York: Routledge,

1995.

Kimball, William J. wo Views o History. Studies in Short Fiction 8 (1971): 63739.

Kirkham, E. Bruce. Te Source o the Shipwreck inTe Pearl o Orrs Island.American

ranscendental Quarterly40: 365, 66.

Knight, Janice. Orthodoxies in Massachusetts: Rereading American Puritanism.

Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Larado, Laura. Hawthornes Literature or Children. Athens and London: University

o Georgia Press, 1992.

Levin, David. Cotton Mather: Te Young Lie o the Lords Remembrancer, 16631703.

Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1978.

. History as Romantic Art: Bancro, Prescott, Motley, and Parkman. Stanord:

Stanord University Press, 1959.

. In Deense o Historical Literature: Essays on American History, Autobiography,

Drama, and Fiction. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.

. William Bradord: Te Value o Puritan Historiography. Major Writers o

Early American Literature. Ed. Everett Emerson. Madison: University o Wisconsin

Press, 1972. 1131.

Levin, Harry. Te Power o Blackness: Hawthorne, Melville, Poe. New York: Alred A.

Knop, 1958.

Lowance, Mason I. ypology and the New England Way: Cotton Mather and the

Exegesis o Biblical ypes. Early American Literature 4.1 (1970): 1537.


26/35


27/35

152 Works Cited

Miller, Perry. Te New England Mind: From Colony to Province. 1953. Cambridge:

Belknap Press o Harvard University Press, 1981.

. Te New England Mind: Te Seventeenth Century. 1939. Cambridge: Belknap

Press o Harvard University Press, 1981.

Mirick, Benjamin L. Te History o Haverill, Massachusetts. Haverill: A. W. Tayer,

1832.

Mizruchi, Susan L. Te Power o Historical Knowledge: Narrating the Past in Hawthorne,

James, and Dreiser. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.

Morton, Nathaniel. New Englands memoriall. 1669. Ed. Howard J. Hall. New York:

Scholars Facsimiles and Reprints, 1937.

Murdock, Kenneth Ballard. Increase Mather: he Foremost American Puritan.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926.

Neal, Daniel. Te History o the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconormists; rom the

Reormation in 1517, to the Revolution in 1688. 2 vols. New York, 1843.

Nelson, Dana. Sympathy as Strategy in Sedgwicks Hope Leslie. In Te Culture o

Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America. Ed.

Shirley Samuels. New York: Oxord University Press, 1992. 191202.

Onishi, Naoki. MelvillesMoby Dick. Explicator50.3 (1992): 14850.

Parrington, Vernon Louis. Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Daughter o Puritanism. Main

Currents in American Tought. Vol. 1. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich,

1930. 37178.

Poe, Edgar Allan. Collected Writings o Edgar Allan Poe. Vol I: Te Imaginary Voyages.

Ed. Burton R. Pollin. Boston: wayne, 1981.

. ales and Sketches. Ed. Tomas Ollive Mabbott. 2 vols. Urbana and Chicago:

University o Illinois Press, 2000.

Pollin, Burton R. Discoveries in Poe. Notre Dame and London: University o Notre

Dame Press, 1970.

Porte, Joel. Te Romance in America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and

James. Middletown, C: Wesleyan University Press, 1969.

Pribek, Tomas. Between Democritus and Cotton Mather: Narrative Irony in

Te Apple-ree able. Studies in the American Renaissance. Ed. Joel Myerson.

Charlottesville: University Press o Virginia, 1989. 24155.

Priestly, Joseph. Lectures on History and General Policy. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1803.

Rachman, Stephen. Es lsst sich nicht schreiben: Plagiarism and Te Man o the

Crowd in Te American Face o Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Shawn Rosenheim and

Stephen Rachman. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995,

4987.

Read, David. Silent Partners: Historical Representation in William Bradords O

Plymouth Plantation. Early American Literature 33.3 (1998): 291314.

Reilly, John E. A Source or the Immuration in Te Black Cat, Nineteenth-Century

Literature 48.1 (1993): 9395.

Reynolds, David S. Beneath the American Renaissance: Te Subversive Imagination in

the Age o Emerson and Melville. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.

. Faith in Fiction: Te Emergence o Religious Literature in America. Cambridge

and London: Harvard University Press, 1981.

. Poes Art o ransormation: Te Cask o Amontillado in Its Cultural Context.


28/35

15 3Works Cite d

In New Essays on Poes Major ales. Ed. Kenneth Silverman. New York and London:

Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Ridgely, J. V. ragical-Mythical-Satirical-Hoaxical: Problems o Genre in Pym.


Ringe, Donald A. American Gothic: Imagination and Reason in Nineteenth-Century

Fiction. Lexington: University Press o Kentucky, 1982.

Romines, Ann. Te Home Plot: Women, Writing, and Domestic Ritual. Amherst:

University o Massachusetts Press, 1992.

Rosenzweig, Paul. Dust Within the Rock: Te Phantasm o Meaning in Te Narrative

o Arthur Gordon Pym.Studies in the Novel14.2 (1982): 13751.

Royot, Daniel. Franklin as Founding Father o American Humor. In Reappraising

Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective. Ed. J. A. Leo Lemay. Newark:

University o Delaware Press, 1993. 38895.

Rubin-Dorsky, Jerey. Adrit in the Old World: he Psychological Pilgrimage o

Washington Irving. Chicago and London: University o Chicago Press, 1988.

Scheick, William J., ed. wo Mather Biographies: Lie & Death and Parentator.

Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1989.

Scheiding, Oliver. Subversions o Providential Historiography in Herman Melvilles

Benito Cereno. Re-Visioning the Past: Historical Sel-Reexivity in American

Short Fiction. Ed. Bernd Engler and Oliver Scheiding. rier: Wissenschalicher

Verlag rier, 1998. 12140.

Schultz, Nancy Lusignan. Te Artists Crainess: Miss Prissy in Te Ministers Wooing.

Studies in American Fiction 20.1 (1992). 3344.

Sage, Victor. Horror Fiction in the Protestant radition. New York: St. Martins Press, 1988.

Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. Hope Leslie. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers


. Lie and Letters o Catharine M. Sedgwick. Ed. Mary E. Dewey. New York:

Harper & Brothers, 1871.

. Te Power o Her Sympathy: Te Autobiography and Journal o Catharine Maria

Sedgwick. Ed. Mary Kelley. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1993.

Sedgwick, Eve Kososky. Te Coherence o Gothic Conventions. New York and London:

Methuen, 1986.

Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournul and Never-ending Remembrance. New

York: HarperCollins, 1991.

. Te Lie and imes o Cotton Mather. New York: Columbia University Press,

1985.

Spengemann, William C. Te Adventurous Muse. New Haven: Yale University Press,

1977.

Stanton, Rev. E. F. Manual Labor Schools. Southern Literary Messenger2.4 (1836):

24452.

Stewart, E. Kate. Another Source or Te Black Cat. Poe Studies 18.2 (1985): 25.

Stievermann, Jan. Writing o Conquer All Tings: Cotton MathersMagnalia Christi

Americana and the Quandary oCopia. Early American Literature 39.2 (2004):

26397.

Stowe, Charles Edward. Lie o Harriet Beecher Stowe Compiled rom Her Letters and

Journals. Boston: Houghton Mifin, 1889.


29/35

154 Works Cited

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Te Writings o Harriet Beecher Stowe. 16 vols. New York:

AMS, 1967.

and Catherine E. Beecher. Te American Womans Home or, Principles o

Domestic Science. 1869. Rpt. Hartord, C: Te Stowe-Day Foundation, 1991.

Swann, Charles. Nathaniel Hawthorne: radition and Revolution. Cambridge Studies

in American Literature and Culture, 52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1991.

Swartzlander, Susan. Appealing to the Heart: Te Use o History and the Role o

Fiction in Alice Doanes Appeal. Studies in Short Fiction 25.2 (1988): 12128.

Sweeney, Gerard M. Whartons Bewitched. Explicator56.4 (1998): 198201.

ang, Edward. Making Declarations o Her Own: Harriet Beecher Stowe as New

England Historian. New England Quarterly71.1 (1998): 7796.

Tacher, James. History o the own o Plymouth, rom its rst settlement in 1620, to the

present time. Boston, 1835.

Tompson, G. R. Te Art o Authorial Presence: Hawthornes Provincial ales. Durham

and London: Duke University Press, 1993.

ravis, Jennier. Pain and Recompense: Te rouble with Ethan Frome. Arizona

Quarterly53.3 (1997): 3764.

Upham, Charles W. Lectures on Witchcra, Comprising a History o the Delusion o

Salem in 1692. Boston: Carter, Hendee and Babcock, 1831.

Van Cromphout, Gustaa. Cotton Mather: Te Puritan Historian as Renaissance

Humanist. Early American Literature 49.3 (1977): 32737.

Van Horne, John C. Collective Benevolence and the Common Good in Franklins

Philosophy. In Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective. Ed.

J. A. Leo Lemay. Newark: University o Delaware Press, 1993. 43540.

Ware, racy. A Descent into the Maelstrm: Te Status o Scientic Rhetoric in a

Perverse Romance. Studies in Short Fiction 29.1 (1992): 7784.

Warren, Austin. Grandather Mather and His Wonder Book. Sewanee Review 72.1

(1964): 96116.

Weber, Alred. Die Annge des Kurzen Erzhlens im Amerika des 17. und 18.

Jahrhunderts: Die Providences der Amerikanischen Puritaner. Mythos und

Aulrung in der Amerikanischen Literatur. Ed. Dieter Meindl and Friedrich W.

Horlacher. Erlangen: Erlanger Forschungen, 1985, 5570.

Weierman, Karen Woods. Reading and Writing Hope Leslie: Catharine Maria

Sedgwicks Indian Connections. Te New England Quarterly75.3 (2002): 41543.

Weis, Ann-Marie. Te Murderous Mother and the Solicitous Father: Violence,

Jacksonian Family Values, and Hannah Dustons Captivity. American Studies

International36.1 (1998): 4665.

Wenska, Walter P. Bradords wo Histories: Pattern and Paradigm in O Plymouth

Plantation. Early American Literature 13.2 (1978): 15164.

Wharton, Edith.A Backward Glance. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1933.

. Ethan Frome. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1911.

. Whartons New England: Seven Stories andEthan Frome. Ed. Barbara A. White.

Hanover and London: University Press o New Hampshire, 1995.

White, Hayden. he Content o the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical

Representation. Baltimore and London: Te Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.


30/35

15 5Works Cite d

. Metahistory: he Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe.

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

. ropics o Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore and London: Te

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

. Te Value o Narrativity in the Representation o Reality. Critical Inquiry7

(1980): 527.

Whittier, John Greenlea. Leaves rom Margaret Smiths Journal. 1849. Upper Saddle

River, NJ: Literature House, 1970.

. Legends o New England. 1831. Ed. John B. Pickard. Gainesville: Scholars

Facsimiles, 1965.

. Te Supernaturalism o New England. 1847. Ed. Edward Wagenknecht. Norman:

University o Oklahoma Press, 1969.

Williams, Daniel E. Pillars o Salt: An Anthology o Early American Criminal Narratives.

Madison, WI: Madison House, 1993.

. Puritans and Pirates: A Conrontation Between Cotton Mather and William

Fly in 1726. Early American Literature 22.3: 23351.

Williams, Roger.A Key into the Language o America. Providence: Publications o the

Narragansett Club, 1866.

Winship, Michael P. Seers o God: Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and Early

Enlightenment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Winthrop, John. Winthrops Journal 16301649. 182526. Ed. James Kendall Hosmer.

New York: Barnes and Noble, 1959.

. History o New England. New York: Scribners, 1908.

Wol, Cynthia Grin.A Feast o Words: Te riumph o Edith Wharton. New York:

Oxord University Press, 1977.

Wolstenholme, Susan. Gothic (Re)Visions: Writing Women as Readers. Albany: State

University o New York Press, 1993.

Wood, Gordon S. Te Americanization o Benjamin Franklin. New York: Penguin,

2004.

Zagarell, Sandra A. Expanding America: Lydia Sigourneys Sketch o Connecticut,

Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie. ulsa Studies in Womens Literature 6 (1987):

22545.

Zanger, Jules. Poes Te Pit and the Pendulum and American Revivalism. Religion in

Lie 49 (1980): 96105.

Zi, Larzer. Puritanism in America: New Culture in a New World. New York: Viking,

1973.

. Upon What Pretext? Te Book and Literary History. Publications o the

American Antiquarian Society95.2 (1985): 297315.


31/35

Adams, John R., 80n12

Amreville, Marc, 115n32

Arch, Stephen Carl, 2n1, 8, 12n20, 18,

20n12, 23n18

Arner, Robert D., 13n22

Bancro, George, 38, 9092, 9798

Bardes, Barbara Ann, 130n12

Bauermeister, Erica R., 128n10Baym, Nina, 93, 104, 111

Bell, Michael Davitt, 115n33, 12324

Bell, Susan Cherry, 5n6

Bercovitch, Sacvan, 7n9, 18n10, 76

Berens, John F., 3n2

Berkson, Dorothy, 71n3

Boyle, Robert, 23n17

Bradord, William, 15, 17, 1819, 121

Brown, Charles Brockden, 140

Bryant, William Cullen, 130Budick, Emily, 109, 116, 117n36

Buell, Lawrence, 9n17, 10, 12n20, 65n1,

82

Bush, Harold K., 90n10

cannibalism, 5152

captivity narrative, 2, 13n22, 8384,

96102, 12326

Carey, George, 13n22

Child, Lydia Maria, 13

Choules, John O., 91n11

chronicle, 1718, 32

Clark, Michael, 13n21

Clarke, Samuel, 14, 15n3, 16n5

Cohen, B. Bernard, 96n17

Cohen, Daniel A., 27, 4345

Colacurcio, Michael J., 87, 92, 109n26,

116n34, 117

conversion narrative, 4, 4546, 5657,

69, 79Crozier, Alice C., 65n1

Crumpacker, Laurie, 71n3

Daly, Robert, 18

Davidson, Cathy, 9n17

Davidson, Frank, 13n21

Dawson, Jan, 90n10

deathwatch, 2, 6970, 72; and deathbed

vision, 69

Dekker, George, 92n13Demos, John, 121n5

deus ex machina, 50, 106

Dier, Mary. See Dyer, Mary

dreams, 68, 7980, 8384, 142

drunkenness, 36, 41, 5556, 107, 108.

See also temperance tale

Dunne, Michael, 109n26, 116, 117n36

Duston, Hannah, 13n22, 96102

Dyer, Mary, 15, 36

Eaken, John Paul, 47n14, 48n16, 54

157

Index

w


32/35

158 Index

Eberwein, Jane Donahue, 3n2, 5, 12n21

Edwards, Jonathan, 38, 120

Ehrenpreis, Anne Henry, 116n34

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 91

Emery, Allan, 110n27

Engler, Bernd, 2n1, 18, 32n26

exceptionalism, American, 1, 45, 6,

1920, 38, 65, 76, 9092

Felt, Joseph B., 111

Fetterly, Judith, 74, 12829

Fiedler, Leslie, 9n16, 10

Fisher, Marvin, 13n22

Ford, Douglas, 12223, 125

Forrest, William Mentzel, 38

Foster, Charles H., 65n1, 70n2, 81n14

Foucault, Michel, 122

Franklin, Benjamin, 68, 39

Frye, Northrop, 12324

Fukuchi, Curtis, 47, 48n16

gallows narrative, 2, 3, 2733, 4345,

5564

Garvey, . Gregory, 127n9

Gay, Peter, 3

ghosts, 7, 50, 13235

Gilmore, Michael ., 7n11, 13n21, 26

Glanvill, Joseph, 88n4

Goddu, eresa, 910, 40, 41

Goodenough, Elizabeth, 93n16

Goodrich, Samuel G., 96n17

Gossett, Suzanne, 130n12

gothic mode, 910, 3941, 45, 6364,

7273, 10910

Gould, Philip, 122

Gross, Louis S., 9n17

Gura, Philip F., 12n21

Haklyut, Richard, 43

Hall, David D., 1n1, 22n16, 26n22

Hartman, James D., 2n1, 3n2

Hawks, Francis L., 38, 43

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 1112, 8793,

14143; on Cotton Mather, 56, 9,

11, 8789, 9596, 100101, 109, 112;

embedded narratives in the work o,

105, 1078, 116, 14243; and ethos

o the historian, 89, 92, 9395, 100

105, 1078, 11517, 139, 14142;

and George Bancro, 9092; reading

in early American history, 87, 8992;

works: Alice Doanes Appeal,

8788, 92, 10910, 11516, 117,

142; David Swann, 92, 1058, 130,

14243; Dr. Bullivant, 87; Te

Duston Family, 8788, 92, 96102;

Edward Randolphs Portrait, 87

88; Te Gray Champion, 87; Te

Haunted Quack, 88n4; Te House

o the Seven Gables, 87, 92, 11017,

14243; Main-street, 87, 92, 1025,

142; Mrs. Hutchinson, 88; Sir

William Phips, 88; Te Prophetic

Pictures, 88; imes Portraiture,

87; wice-told ales, 118; Te Whole

History o Grandathers Chair, 87n1,

9396, 105, 130, 142

Hedrick, Joan D., 65n1, 71n3

Herbert, . Walter, 12n21, 99n20

heresy, 15, 36, 113, 123

Hildreth, Richard, 90n9

historical narrative: contrasted with

chronicle, 1718, 32; and ideology,

1718; providential, 45, 6, 1416,

1923, 3839, 8892; relationship

to literature, 1718, 2327, 3132;

and social history, 1517, 21. See

also Bancro, George; White,

Hayden

Homan, Daniel, 58

Hubbard, William, 15, 121

Hungare, Phillip, 3335

Hutcheson, Francis, 87n2, 89

Hutchinson, Tomas, 87n2, 89, 111

inanticide, 2733, 5758

insanity, 134, 142

Insko, Jerey, 112n6

Irving, Washington, 89

Janeway, James, 14, 17, 3335, 41, 43, 45

Jewett, Sarah Orne, 85


33/35

15 9Index

Johnson, Cynthia Brantley, 97n18,

99n20

Johnson, Edward, 1415, 17, 20, 121

Johnson, Parker H., 3n2

Karalis, Maria, 131

Kelley, Mary, 71n3, 120n2, 121n4, 122n6

Kennedy, J. Gerald, 47, 48, 52

Kesselring, Marion L., 87n2, 90n7

Kirkham, E. Bruce, 84

Levin, David, 18n10, 23n18, 9091

Lowance, Mason I., 76n7

Lowell, James Russell, 1011

Madsen, Deborah L., 110n27

Magnalia Christi Americana (Cotton

Mather), 35, 1016, 1927; on

Abigail Eliot, 5960; authorial ethos

o, 5, 2224, 36, 7071, 13839;

on Hannah Duston, 96101; as

historical narrative, 36, 1536;

historiographic statement in, 5,

7374, 86; on James Morgan, 55n24;

on Mrs. J. C., 70; on Mrs. John

Bailey, 69; on Joseph Beacon, 50n18;

literary models or book six, 1417;

literary style o, 5, 2327, 3435,

101, 114; on Major Gibbons, 5152,

139n20; on Mary Dyer, 16n3; on

Mary Martin, 2733, 5758; on

Phillip Hungare, 3436; popularity

o, 38, 1011, 8892, 9799; on

Pyncheon amily, 112, 114; social

history in, 4, 1516, 21; and spiritual

declension, 34, 2022; structure o,

4; themes o, 34; on Tomas Maule,

11214; on William Laiton, 51n19;

on William rowbridge, 51n19, 75n6

Martin, Mary, 2733, 5758

Mather, Cotton, 59, 1011, 13;

authorial ethos o, 5, 2224, 36,

42, 60, 64; and Benjamin Franklin,

68; inuence on nineteenth-

century historians, 8892, 9799;

and James Russell Lowell, 1011;

on native Americans, 26, 101, 113;

and popular culture, 2627, 4445,

6364; popularity o, 3, 78; on

Quakers, 7, 26, 113; reputation in

the nineteenth century, 59, 1013;

and science, 6, 2122, 31, 39, 95; as

secretary to the Salem witch trials,

10, 58; and spiritual declension,

4, 2022; and Washington Irving,

89; works: Boniacius: An essay

upon the good, 67; Diary, 7, 19n11;

Memorable Providences, Relating

to Witchcras and Possessions, 15;

Mirabilia Dei, 15n2; Parentator,

14n1; Pillars o Salt, 15, 44; Te

Religious Mariner, 12n21; Te Sad

Eects o Sin, 4445; Silentarius: A

brie essay on the holy silence and

godly patience, 7; erribilia Dei,

15, 27n24; Te wonderul works

o God commemorated, 15; Te

Wonders o the Invisible World, 10,

13n21, 13n22, 58n29; Te Words

o Understanding, 78n10. See also

Magnalia Christi Americana

Mather, Increase, 20, 22n15, 2324,

33, 41, 43, 44, 88; works:A Call

rom Heaven o the Present and

Succeeding Generations, 20; A

doctrine o divine providence open

and applied, 36n30; Essay or the

Recording o Illustrious Providences,

14, 24, 33, 3435, 87n2

Matheson, . J., 56n25

Melville, Herman, 1213

Miller, Perry, 2n1

Mirick, Benjamin L., 96n17, 9899,

102n22

Mizruchi, Susan L., 90, 117

Morton, Nathaniel, 15

murder, 2, 41, 4445, 50, 97101,

107n24, 109, 13235. See also

cannibalism; inanticide; suicide

native Americans, 96102, 104, 11214,

12135


34/35

160 Index

Neal, Daniel, 91n11

Neal, John, 13

Nelson, Dana, 122n6

Onishi, Naoki, 51n20

Parrington, Vernon Louis, 65n1

Poe, Edgar Allan, 56, 9, 1112,

3764; and Christianity, 3739; and

conversion narrative, 4546; and

gallows narrative, 5558; literary

sources or, 37, 5455; and narrative

causation, 42, 6061, 6263; and

narrative closure, 4243, 4647,

5254, 5758, 60; narrators in the

work o, 4142, 4546, 55, 60, 64,

14041; and New England literary

culture, 4041; and nonction prose,

4344, 54, 63; and temperance tale,

5556; works:Te Black Cat,

11, 39, 41, 42, 5461, 63, 140; A

Descent into the Maelstrom, 41;

Eleonora, 41; Te Gold Bug, 42;

Ligeia, 42; MS. Found in a Bottle,

39, 4547, 63; Te Murders in the

Rue Morgue, 42; Te Mystery o

Marie Roget, 43; Te Narrative o

Arthur Gordon Pym, 11, 39, 43, 47

54, 63, 123, 130, 140; Te Pit and

the Pendulum, 38n4; Te ell-ale

Heart, 41; William Wilson, 11, 37,

39, 40, 42, 6163, 140

Pollin, Burton R., 37n1

Porte, Joel, 48n16

Priestly, Joseph, 91n11

providence, divine, 12, 45, 1921, 106;

in twentieth-century ction, 13; in

twentieth-century rhetoric, 1. See also

history, providential; providence tale

providence tale, 16, 1922; authorial

ethos o, 6, 22; as ction, 5, 11,

2327; history o, 3, 13, 1417;

in sermonic literature, 3. See also

captivity narrative; conversion

narrative; gallows narrative;

temperance tale

Purchas, Samuel, 43

Rachman, Stephen, 54

Reilly, John E., 54n22

Reynolds, David S., 9n16, 44, 55n24, 56,

14041

Ridgely, J. V., 47n13

Ringe, Donald A., 7

Robbins, Tomas, 89

Rosenzweig, Paul, 47

Royot, Daniel, 6n8

Rubin-Dorsky, Jerey, 9

Scheick, William J., 23n17

Scheiding, Oliver, 2n1, 12n21, 18

Schultz, Nancy Lusignan, 80n12

Sedgwick, Catharine Maria, 56, 9,

1112, 11931; and Calvinism,

12021; and Cotton Mather, 56, 9,

11; embedded narratives in the work

o, 12426, 142; and ethos o the

historian, 12426, 14041; and the

emale historian, 125; Hope Leslie,

1112, 119, 12131, 142; reading in

early American history, 12021

sexual transgression, 2732, 109, 116,

123, 128, 13235

Silverman, Kenneth, 78, 23, 38n2,

4041

Smolinski, Reiner, 32n27

Stewart, E. Kate, 54n22

Stievermann, Jan, 21n14

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1112, 6566,

140144; and Calvinism, 11, 65;

on Cotton Mather, 66, 72, 88;

embedded narratives in the work

o, 6970, 82, 142; and the emale

historian, 66, 6973, 8081, 83,

86, 111, 14041; and the emale

ministry, 7172, 7981, 86, 111;

andMagnalia Christi Americana,

5, 6566; ministers in the work o,

7374, 8081; works: Te American

Womans Home, 71n3; Earthly Care

A Heavenly Discipline, 71; Te

Ministers Wooing, 65, 66, 7881,


35/35

161Index

111, 14042; Oldtown Folks, 65, 66;

Te Pearl o Orrs Island, 65, 6679,

8182, 8486, 14042; Te Pink and

White yranny, 66; Poganuc People,5, 65, 66; Sam Lawsons Oldtown

Fireside Stories, 66, 78, 8184

suicide, 61

Swann, Charles, 109n26, 117n36

Sweeney, Gerald M., 134n15

ang, Edward, 80n12

temperance tale, 43, 5557

Tacher, James, 9091

Tompson, G. R., 109n26Toreau, Henry David, 13

ravis, Jennier, 136n18

typology, 7678, 97, 115

Upham, Charles W., 111, 116n34

Van Cromphout, Gustaa, 23n19

Van Horne, John C., 7n8

Warren, Austin, 24Weber, Alred, 3n2

Weierman, Karen Woods, 120n2,

122n5, 122n6

Weis, Ann-Marie, 13n22, 99n20

Wenska, Walter P., 18

Wharton, Edith, 1112, 11920,

13132; and Calvinism, 13132;

and Cotton Mather, 56, 9, 1112;

embedded narratives in the work o,134, 142; and the emale historian,

13233, 13738; and identity

o historian, 13338; works:A

Backward Glance, 131; Bewitched,

120, 13138; Ethan Frome, 11920,

131, 13538; Summer, 131; Te

riumph o Night, 132

White, Hayden, 17, 22, 2425, 3132,

35, 39, 4243, 46, 103, 117, 130,

14344Whittier, John Greenlea, 8n14, 13, 85

Williams, Daniel E., 44n11

Williams, Eunice, 121

Williams, John, 120, 121

Williams, Roger, 121, 130

Winship, Michael P., 2n1, 22n15, 23n17

Winthrop, John, 15n3, 17, 2933, 121

witchcra, 3, 4, 7, 10, 19n11, 5859, 75,

81, 83, 104, 10912, 13135

Wol, Cynthia Grin, 136Wood, Gordon, 6n8

Zagarell, Sandra A., 122n6

Zanger, Jules, 38

Zi, Larzer, 5, 24, 37

baker americas

Documents