bÀi thu hoẠch vẬt liỆu composite

8/3/2019 BI THU HOCH VT LIU COMPOSITE

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BI THU HOCH

Tm hiu v vt liu composites

Sinh vin : Trnh Vit Ha

MSSV : 11110710025

Lp HP : 43D

Chuyn :

1. Cc vn lin quan n vt liu polymer

- Cc loi polyme thng dng s dng cho vt liu composite nn

- Bn cht ha hc

- Cng ngh, phng php, nguyn l

- Tnh cht, phm vi ng dng

2. Cc loi si tm hiu cc loi si trong vt liu composite

- Cc loi si, u nhc im v phm vi ng dng

- Cu to, kin trc ca si

- Phng php ch to


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Trnh by :

1.Cc vn lin quan n vt liu polymer

Polymer = poly (nhiu) + mer (phn, n v). V d nha PVC

Polyme l nhng hp cht m phn t ca chng gm nhng nhm nguyn

t c ni vi nhau bng lin kt ho hc v lp di lp li nhiu ln to

thnh nhng mch di v c khi lng phn t ln

Vt liu nn polyme gm c :

- Nha nhit cng

- Nha nhit do ,gm c kt tinh v v nh hnh

- Cao su

Cc vt liu polymer thong dng cho vt liu nn :

- Polyme nhit rn : Epoxy ,Upe ,Phenolics ,Melamines ,PF ,PU- Polyme nhit do : PE , PS ,PA , PVC, PP , POM

Sau y ta s nghin cu c th mt s loi vt liu thng dng trong cc

nhm trn ,v bn cht ha hc ,cng ngh ,phng php ,nguyn l ,tnh cht v

phm vi ng dng

Polyme nhit do:

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyethylene c ngun gc t hoc kh thin nhin thay i (methane, ethane,

propane trn) hoc t cracking xc tc ca du th thnh xng. Trong polyethylene

thng mi, s lng monomer n v lp li khong t 1000 n 10 000 (phm vitrng lng phn t t 28 000 n 280 000).

- Bn cht ha hc:


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Polyetylen l mt hp cht hu c (poly) gm nhiu nhm etylen CH2-CH2 lin

kt vi nhau bng cc lin kt hydro no

- Cng ngh ,phng php ch to PE

- Tnh cht v phm vi ng dng


4/15

PE mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v khng dn nhit, khng

cho nc v kh thm qua.Ty thuc vo loi PE m chng c nhit ha thy

tinh Tg -100 C v nhit nng chy Tm 120 C.

PE mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v khng dn nhit, khng

cho nc v kh thm qua.Ty thuc vo loi PE m chng c nhit ha thy

tinh Tg -100 C v nhit nng chy Tm 120 C.

- ng dng :

Polyetylen c dng bc dy in

Bc hng, lm mng mng che ma, chai l.

Ch to thit b trong ngnh sn xut ha hc.

Polystyrene (PS)

- Bn cht ha hc:

V ha hc, polystyrene l mt chui di hydrocarbon trong trung tm carbon

xen k l gn lin vi nhm phenyl (tn cho cc vng thm benzen cng thc ha

hc Polystyrene ca l (C 8 H 8) n;. n c cha cc ha cht thnh phn carbon

v hydro .

- Cng ngh ,phng php ch to

Cng ngh sn xut PS ca NSCC : Quy trnh sn xut polystyren ca Cng ty

Nippon Steel Chemical (NSCC) hin ang c p dng ti 2 nh my ca Nht

Bn vi tng cng sut 200.000 tn/nm. Vi quy trnh ny, ngi ta sn xut ra

hn 50 cp sn phm polystyren khc nhau. Sn phm ph bin nht l GPPS


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(poly-styren dng trong, v nh hnh, c s dng rng ri lm bao b thc phm

v CD,...).

Quy trnh bao gm mt qu trnh polyme ha lin tc nguyn liu styren di tc

dng ca cc tc nhn nhit v ha cht. kiu thit k in hnh, thng c 2

dng phn ng ring cho GPPS v HIPS. Dng phn ng GPPS c kh nng to ra

nhiu cp khc nhau ca sn phm GPPS - t loi phn t lng thp, chy

cao, n loi phn t lng cao, bn nhit. Dng phn ng HIPS c mt thit b

phn ng c thit k thch hp, cho php iu chnh s phn phi cao su trn

mng polystyren. S phn phi tt hn ca cao su s to cho polyme sn phm c

bn cao hn, ng tht gim nh mc tiu hao cao su.

Qu trnh ny cng cho php khng ch c ht cao su vi chnh xc di 1

micron. Cc ht cao su nh s to ra b mt trn nhn cho sn phm lm t nha

HIPS vi bn cao, cc tnh nng c hc v hon thin b mt vt tri so vi

sn phm lm t nha ABS.

Mi dng phn ng GPPS v HIPS u c cc thit b polyme ha t theo dy,

cc dy chuyn bay hi hai bc v to ht. Thit b bay hi c thit k snxut ra sn phm polystyren vi tng d lng cc cht d bay hi thp hn 100

ppm (trng lng). Thit b thng thng cn gm c cc b phn chun b nguyn

liu, thu hi monome styren, kh nc v bc d nha khi ln.

- Tnh cht v ng dng

Tnh cht :

Tnh cht vt l :

PS l loi nha cng trong sut, khng c mi v, chy cho ngn la khng

n nh. PS khng mu v d to mu, hnh thc p, d gia cng bng phng

php p v p phun ( nhit gia cng vo khong 180 - 200oC).

Tnh cht c hc :


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Tnh cht c hc ca PS ph thuc vo mc trng hp. PS c trng

lng phn t thp rt dn v co bn ko thp. Trng lng phn t tng ln

th bn c v nhit tng, dn gim i. Nu vt qu mc trng hp

nht nh th tnh cht c hc li gim. Gii hn bn ko s gim nu nhit

tng ln. gin di tng i s bt u tng khi t ti nhit 80oC.

Vt qu nhit PS s tr ln mm v dnh nh cao su. Do PS ch c

dng nhit thp hn 800C

ng dng :

Bt polystyrene l cht cch in tt, nhit v do thng c s dng

nh vt liu xy dng cch nhit, chng hn nh trong xy dng h thng kt

cu cch in bng iu khin. N cng c s dng cho cng trnh kin trc

mang trng lng nh (chng hn nh trang tr tr ct). PS bt cng s l c

tnh gim xc, do n c s dng rng ri trong bao b.

M rng polystyrene (EPS) l mt bt t bo ng cng nhc v kh

khn. N thng l mu trng v ht polystyrene m rng trc. S dng quenthuc bao gm cc tm c cho xy dng cch nhit v ng gi vt liu (" lc

") m cc mt hng d v bn trong hp.

Polyvinyl clorua (PVC)

- Bn cht ha hc :

PVC l mt hp cht hu c gm nhiu nhm vinyl clorua monome lin kt vi

nhau bng cc lin kt hydro no

- Cng ngh ,phng php ch to


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u tin, nguyn liu VCM l p lc v ha lng, v sau a vo l phn

ng polyme, trong c nc v nh ch cc i l trc. Thng qua kch ng

tc cao trong l phn ng, cc git nh ca VCM thu c. Tip theo, ngi

khi xng cho polyme c a vo l phn ng, v PVC l sn phm ca phn

ng theo mt vi thanh ti 40 - 60 C. PVC thu c thng qua polyme nh ch l

lng trong nc nh cc ht 50 ~ 200 micromet ng knh (trong bn hnh

thc). Sau , bn thi t l phn ng ng trng hp nh tng tc cn li

monomer, mt nc, kh v kch thc ca ht kim sot bng cch kim tra nng

sut PVC trong hnh thc mt loi bt trng. Khng phn ng VCM l hon ton

phc hi thng qua qu trnh tc, v sau khi thanh lc, ti ch lm nguyn liu

ti s dng trong qu trnh ny. Sn xut nha PVC thng qua qu trnh ny "nh

ch" c gi trong ngnh cng nghip s dng t vit tt S-PVC.

Nh tng polyme v polyme s lng ln thay th, t rng ri s dng, cngngh sn xut nha PVC. Nh tng polyme lp nha tt hn c cc ht nhiu

nh hn, c yu cu bi cc ng dng nht nh. y l loi nha i khi c


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gi l 'dn' PVC v c gi trong ngnh cng nghip s dng ch vit tt P-PVC

phn bit n t S-PVC

-Tnh cht v ng dng

Tnh cht :

PVC c dng bt mu trng hoc mu vng nht. PVC tn ti hai dng

l huyn ph (PVC.S - PVC Suspension) v nh tng (PVC.E - PVC

Emulsion).

PVC.S c kch thc ht ln t 20 - 150 micron. PVC.E nh tng c mn cao.

PVC khng c, n ch c bi ph gia, monome VC cn d, v khi gia

cng ch to sn phm do s tch thot HCl ... PVC chu va p km.

tng cng tnh va p cho PVC thng dng ch yu cc cht

sau: MBS, ABS, CPE, EVA vi t l t 5 - 15%.

PVC l loi vt liu cch in tt, cc vt liu cch in t PVC thng s

dng thm cc cht ha do to cho PVC ny c tnh mm do cao hn, daiv d gia cng hn. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca PVC l a

phn tn v khi lng phn t v i lng ny tng theo s tng mc

bin i

ng dng :

PVC ng dng trong cng ngh khng sinh hc v ha hc, s la chn

cho hu ht cc h gia nh ng thot nc v cc ng dng ng ng khc,

ni m s n mn s hn ch vic s dng kim loi . N cng l mt vt liu

thch hp cho nh knh, sn chi nh nh, g, khung chi h bi, v

kh bt, toppers xe ti ty chnh, b xy dng khng l cho tr em.


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Vi s b sung hp cc b t tc ng v n nh, n s tr thnh mt loi

vt liu ph bin cho cc ca s v ca ra vo khung hnh. Bng cch thm

cht ho do, n c th tr nn linh hot, c s dng trong cp ng

dng nh mt dy cch in. N cng c s dng lm a nha

Polypropylen ( PP )

- Bn cht ha hc :

PP l mt hp cht hu c gm nhiu nhm Propylen monome lin kt vi nhau

-Cng ngh ,phng php ch to


10/15

-Tnh cht v ng dng

Tnh cht :

Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm

do nh PE, khng b ko gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit

kh nng b x rch d dng khi c mt vt ct hoc mt vt thng nh.

Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r.

PP khng mu khng mi,khng v, khng c. PP chy sng vi ngn la mu

xanh nht, c dng chy do, c mi chy gn ging mi cao su.

Chu c nhit cao hn 100oC. Tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn)

bao b PP (140oC), cao so vi PE - c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu

trc bn ngoi, nn thng t dng PP lm lp trong cng.

C tnh cht chng thm O2, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc.

ng dng : c s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng bao gm c bao b , dt may ( v

d , dy thng, lt nhit v thm) , vn phng phm, cc b phn nha v

cc thng cha c th ti s dng cc loi, thit b phng th nghim, loa

phng thanh , linh kin t, v tin giy polymer. Mt polymer Ngoi ra t

cc monomer propylene , n l chc chn v bt thng khng vi cc

dung mi, cn c v axit ha hc.

Polypropylene cng c s dng nh l mt thay th cho polyvinyl clorua

(PVC) cch in cho cc loi cp in cho cp LSZH trong mi trng

thng gi thp, ch yu l cc ng hm.


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N cng c th c sn xut dng tm, c s dng rng ri sn

xut cc th mc vn phng phm, ng gi v hp lu tr.

2. Tm hiu cc loi si trong vt liu composites

Hin nay c 5 loi si s dng ph bin trong vt liu composite.

Si thy tinh

Si cacbon

Si ARAMIT c tnh cao

Si tng hp n nh nhit

Cc loi si khc

C th tm hiu tng loi si :

Si thy tinh:

+u im:

- r, nh

- bn ring cao

- gn kt tt gia hai pha nn - ct. Loi ph bin nht l polyeste - si thy

tinh, tip n l nylon - si thy tinh.+Nhc im:

-khng cng vng trong mt s trng hp yu cu (nh khi lm kt

cu ca my bay, cu...),

- nhit lm vic thp.

+ Phm vi ng dng :

Hin composite polyme - si thy tinh c dng ngy cng nhiu trong cc

phng tin vn ti c bit l v (thn) xe hi, tu bin, ng dn, container cha

hng, tm lt sn cng nghip.

+ Phng php ch to si thy tinh:


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Si thu tinh c ch to t mt ngun nguyn liu thu tinh sch. Cng

vi xc tc gim nhit nng chy, tng do hay tng chit sut thnh phm

..., hn hp c nung n nhit ti hn. im nhit ny, thu tinh s c

do cn thit cho cng ngh ko si.

Thu tinh nng chy c ko si bng phng php siu thm thu v hiu

ng vi si qua mao dn. Cng c k thut c dng y l my ly tm, n loi

tr bt kh trong si thu tinh chng gy t sn phm, si khng qu ngn.

Si thu tinh to ra s lm ngui nhanh trnh dnh nhau, v c gom li,

tri v nn nh khng gia nhit thnh tm, thnh di hay cc dng khc nh xe si

v dt v.v... theo kch c v nhu cu th trng.

Si cacbon

+ u im:

- bn ko cao

-Modul n hi cao

-Nhit lm vic cao

(khong 1500 )-Chng oxy ha tt

+ Nhc im:

-C khuyt tt trong cu trc tinh th b mt

-Gi thnh sn phm cao

+ Phm vi ng dng:

-Dng lm cc a phanh

-Dng lm chi tit l nhit,..

-Dng trong ngnh hng khng.

+Phng php ch to si cacbon:


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Si cacbon c sn xut bng cch nhit phn c kim sot cc si hu c

chn trn nhm loi oxy, nit, hydro to thnh si cacbon. C tnh si cacbon

cng cao khi tng cu trc tinh th v mc nh hng si, cng nh gim cc

khuyt tt trn si. Cch tt nht c c si cacbon nh hng cao l chn si

nguyn liu nh hng cao, sau duy tr mc nh hng ny trong qu trnh

n nh v cacbon ha.

Si ARAMIT c tnh cao:

+ u im:

- bn ko, bn ct cao

-Bn ha hc cao

-Gin n nhit thp, chng chy tt

-n nh...

+ Nhc im:

- bn nn, bn un thp.

-Rt nhy vi bin dng ct gia cc lp

+ Phm vi ng dng:-Lm mt s dng c th thao

-Trong k thut ngi ta s dng hn hp si thy tinh-kevlar, cacbon-kevlar

ch to cc thit b chng phng x, chng nhit.

+ Phng php ch to si ARAMIT:

Si c gia cng nh phng php tng hp nhit thp, sau ko

thnh si trong dung dch. Tip theo si c x l nhit lm tng modul n

hi.

Si tng hp n nh nhit:

Nh phng php tng hp ha hc ngi ta thu c cc loi si:

- Si Kermel


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-Si Nomex

-Si Kynol

-Si Apyeil

Phng php ch to si tng hp n nh nhit:

Nh phng php tng hp ha hc, ngi ta thu c cc si tng hp n

nh nhit. Kt hp si ny vi nha n nh nhit ta thu c vt liu c c tnh

n nh nhit nhit cao.


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