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Page 1: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Bahasa  Indonesia  

Page 2: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Malay  Archipelago  

•  During  Islam  era:  Malay  (Jawi  Script)  –  spoken  by  Muslim  Persian  traders,  Javanese  (Sanskrit  Script)  

•  Dutch  and  Portuguese  traders  arrived  during  the  15th  century  

•  Indonesia  became  a  Dutch  colony  

•  Indonesia  independent  -­‐  1945  

Page 3: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Jawi  

Page 4: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Indonesian  

•  Formed  –  15th  century  •  Considered  as  a  formal  dialect  of  Malay  (Riau)  •  Member  of  the  Austronesian  language  family  

Page 5: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Indonesian  -­‐  facts  

•  Spoken  by  170M  people  (23M  naQve  speakers)  

•  Today  official  in  Indonesia  and  East  Timor  •  LaQn  script  •  Influenced  mostly  by  Dutch,  Portuguese,  Javanese  (Sanskrit),  Arabic  and  Chinese  

Page 6: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Indonesia  •  Other  spoken  languages:    

–  Javanese  (75,200,000  speakers),    –  Sundanese  (27,000,000),    –  Malay  (20,000,000),    –  Madurese  (13,694,000),    –  Minangkabau  (6,500,000),    –  Batak  (5,150,000),    –  Bugisnese  (4,000,000),    –  Balinese  (3,800,000),    –  Acehnese  (3,000,000),    –  Sasak  (2,100,000),    –  Makasarese  (1,600,000),    –  Lampungese  (1,500,000),    –  Rejang  (1,000,000).    

 Of  these  13  languages,  only  7  languages  have  presence  on  the  Internet  (Riza  2006).  

h]p://aclweb.org/anthology/I/I08/I08-­‐7014.pdf  

Page 7: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Script &  Phonology  

•  LaQn  with  consonant  representaQon  similar  to  Italian:  

•  c  is  always  ch  •  g  is  always  /ɡ/  (like  in  gain)  •  j  is  like  in  English  (jam)  •  sy  is  like  sh  in  English  •  kh  is  like /x/ خ   in  Arabic  •  Diphthongs  –  ai  (e),  au  (o),  oi  (oi)  •  Four  vowels  (e,  i,  o,  u)  

Page 8: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Morphology  

•  Indonesian  is  agglu%na%ve  language  •  Words  are  created  by:  – AffixaQon  – Compound  words:  ambil  alih  (take  over)  =  ambil  (take)  +  alih  (move).  With  circumfix:  pengambilalihan  

– RepeQQon  •  Words  are  not  classified  by  gender  (same  word  for  he  and  she)  

•  There  is  no  number  indicaQon  

Page 9: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

AffixaQon  

•  Nouns:    –  Prefix:  juru  +  wang  (Money)=  juruwang  (cashier)  –  Infix:  tunjuk  (point)  +  infix  el  =  telunjuk  (command)  –  Suffix:    bangun  (raise)  +  an  =  bangunan  (building)  –  Circumfix:  raja  (king)  +  ke…an  =  kerajan  (government)  

•  Verbs:  –  Prefix:  ber  +  ajar  (teach)  =  berajar  (to  study)  –  Suffix:  letak  (place)  +  kan    =  letakkan  (keep)  –  Circumfix:  pasang  (pair)  +  ber…an  =  berpasangan  (in  pairs)  

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ReduplicaQon  

•  Mainly  (but  not  only)  for  plural  forms  – buku  (book)  and  buku-­‐buku  (books)  kitab  (book)  and  kitab-­‐kitab  (books)  

•  However,    – kipas  (fan)  and  kipas-­‐kipas  (propellers)    

•  Also  -­‐  rhythmic  –   sayur  (vegetable)  and  sayur-­‐mayur  (vegetables)    

Page 11: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Verbs  

•  Not  inflected  for  person  or  number!  •  Not  marked  for  tense!  (usually  adverbs  are  used  for  that,  e.g.  yesterday)  

•  On  the  other  hand  –  marked  for  Voice  and  Mood    – duduk  (to  sit  down)  and  mendudukkan  (to  sit  someone  down)  

 

Page 12: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Word  Order  

•  SVO  or  OVS  –  depends  on  the  voice  of  the  verb  – Pergi  ke  pasar,  saya,  kelmarin    – To  the  market  went  I  yesterday  

•  SomeQmes  subject  and  object  are  omi]ed  – Bisa  dibantu?        – Can  +  to  be  helped?    – Can  (I)  help  (you)?    

Page 13: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

References  

•  Wikipedia:  h]p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language  

•  Phrase  book  (wiki  travel):  h]p://wikitravel.org/en/Indonesian_phrasebook  

•  Resources  Report  on  Languages  of  Indonesia  (H.Riza):  h]p://aclweb.org/anthology/I/I08/I08-­‐7014.pdf  

Page 14: Bahasa%Indonesia - Tel Aviv Universitycs.tau.ac.il/~kfirbar/mt/indonesian.pdf · – Malay%(20,000,000),%% – Madurese(13,694,000),%% – Minangkabau(6,500,000),%% – Batak(5,150,000),%%

Tools  

•  Google  translate  for  Indonesian  •  Many  works  on  morphological  analyzers  and  POS  taggers  for  Indonesian  and  Malay  (e.g.  h]p://aclweb.org/anthology/U/U08/U08-­‐1018.pdf,  h]p://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Indonesia/UI/0901/UI-­‐POSTAG.pdf)