bahasa query komersial
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Pertemuan 10. BAHASA QUERY KOMERSIAL. BAHASA QUERY KOMERSIAL STRUKTUR QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BAHASA QUERY KOMERSIAL
Pertemuan 10
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BAHASA QUERY KOMERSIAL
STRUKTUR QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
SQL dipublikasikan oleh E.F. CODD (1970) mengenai model relational. Kemudian pada tahun 1974, D. Chamberlin dan R.F. Boyce mengembangkan bahasa query untuk memanipulasi dan mengekstraksi data dari basisdata relational.
Sasaran SQLa. Menciptakan basis data dan struktur relasi
b. Melakukan menajemen data tingkat dasar
c. Membentuk query sederhana dan kompleks
d. Melakukan tugas-tugas dengan seminimal mungkin memakai struktur dan sintaks perintah relatif mudah dipelajari
e. Harus portabel
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Jenis SQL :1. Interactive SQL adalah perintah SQL yang langsung dapat
dioperasikan
2. Static SQL adalah bersifat embedded ( disisipkan ke dalam sebuah program)
3. Dynamic SQL adalah kombinasi antara interactive dan static
Subdivisi SQL1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
Query-query ini digunakan untuk mendefinisikan struktur atau skema basis data
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
Query-query ini digunakan untuk manajemen data dalam basis data
3. DCL ( Data Control Language)
Query-query ini berhubungan dengan pengaturan hak akses dan wewenang.
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PENGELOMPOKAN STATEMEN SQL1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
CREATE DATABASE DROP DATABASE
CREATE TABEL DROP TABEL
CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX
CREATE VIEW DROP VIEW
ALTER TABLE
2. Data Manipulation Language
INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE
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3. Data Access
GRANT , REVOKE
4. Data Integrity
RECOVER TABLE
5. Auxiliary
SELECT INTO OUTFILE,
LOAD, RENAME TABLE
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Aplikasi yang digunakan sebagai contoh adalah phptriad-mysql front
Dari Address ketik : http://localhost/phpmyadmin
Tampilan password ketik root dan untuk password ketik password
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KASUS DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)A. CREATE
1. Pembuatan DatabaseNama Database adalah yang dapat mewakili suatu kejadian dapat berupa nama organisasi atau perusahaan.Sintaks : CREATE DATABASE nama_databaseContoh : Buat database dengan nama KAMPUS CREATE DATABASE KAMPUS
2. Pembuatan TabelSintaks : CREATE TABLE nama_table ( nama_kolom1 tipe_data_kolom1,
nama_kolom2,tipe_data_kolom2,….)Contoh : Buat struktur tabel dengan nama tabel MHS dengan data NIM char(8), NAMA char(25), ALAMAT char(30)
CREATE TABLE MHS (NIM char(8) not null, NAMA char(25) notnull, ALAMAT char(30) notnull)
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3. Pembuatan IndexSintaks : CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX nama_index
ON nama_table (nama_kolom) ;Contoh : Buat index data mahasiswa berdasarkan NIM dengan nama MHSIDX Dimana NIM tidak boleh samaCREATE UNIQUE INDEX MHSIDX ON MHS(NIM)
4. Pembuatan View Sintaks :
CREATE VIEW nama_view [ (nama_kolom1,….) ]AS SELECT statement [WITH CHECK OPTION] ;
Contoh :Buat view dengan nama MHSVIEW yang berisi semua data mahasiswa CREATE VIEW MHSVIEW AS SELECT * FROM MHS
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B. DROP (MENGHAPUS)1. Menghapus Database
Sintaks : DROP DATABASE nama_db ;2. Menghapus Tabel Sintaks : DROP TABLE nama_table ;3. Menghapus Index Sintaks : DROP INDEX nama_index ;4. Menhapus View Sintaks : DROP VIEW nama_view ;
Contoh :
DROP DATABASE KAMPUS;DROP INDEX MHSIDX;DROP VIEW MHSVIEW;
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C. ALTER TABLE (MERUBAH STRUKTUR TABEL)Sintaks : ALTER TABLE nama_tabel
ADD nama_kolom jenis_kolom[FIRST | AFTER nama_kolom]
CHANGE [COLUMN] oldnama newnama MODIFY nama_kolom jenis kolom, … DROP nama_kolom RENAME newnama_tabel
Contoh :1. Tambahkan kolom JKEL dengan panjang 1 char pada tabel MHS
ALTER TABLE MHS ADD JKEL char(1);
2. Ubah panjang kolom JKEL menjadi 15 charALTER TABLE MHS MODIFY COLUMN JKEL char(15);
3. Hapus kolom JKEL dari data table MHS ALTER TABLE MHS DROP JKEL;
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• ALTER TABLE MHS DROP INDEX MHSIDX;
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DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
1. INSERT Sintaks : INSERT INTO Nama_tabel [(nama_kolom1,…)]Contoh :Masukan data mhs dengan NIM 10296832 Nurhayati beralamat di JakartaINSERT INTO MHS VALUES(“10296832”,”Nurhayati”,“Jakarta”); tambahkan record baru seperti dibawah ini.
NIM NAMA ALAMAT
1029683210296126312965004129652550096487211963531029600121198002
NurhayatiAstutiBudiPrananigrumPipitQuraishFintriJulizar
JakartaJakartaDepokBogorBekasiBogorDepokJakarta
Tabel MHS
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• INSERT INTO MHS VALUES("10296126","Astuti","Jakarta");• INSERT INTO MHS VALUES("31296500","Budi","Depok");• INSERT INTO MHS
VALUES("41296525","Prananigrum","Bogor");• INSERT INTO MHS VALUES("50096487","Pipit","Bekasi");• INSERT INTO MHS VALUES("21196353","Quraish","Bogor");• INSERT INTO MHS VALUES("10296001","Fintri","Depok");• INSERT INTO MHS VALUES("21198002","Julizar","Jakarta");
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2. UPDATESintaks : UPDATE nama_tabel
SET nama_kolom = value_1WHERE kondisi ;
Contoh : Ubah alamat menjadi “Depok” untuk mahasiswa yang memiliki NIM “10296832”
UPDATE MHSSET ALAMAT=”Depok” WHERE NIM=” 10296832”;
3. DELETE Sintaks : DELETE FROM nama_table
WHERE kondisi Contoh : Hapus data mahasiswa yang mempunyai NIM “21198002”
DELETE FROM MHSWHERE NIM=” 21198002”
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Tabel MataKuliah
KD_MK NAMA_MK SKS
KK021KD132KU122
Sistem Basis DataSistem Informasi ManajemenPancasila
232
Tabel dibawah ini untuk mengerjakan Select (tampilan) dari SQL dan tambahkan dua tabel baru yaitu tabel Nilai dan MataKuliah
NIM KD_MK MID FINAL
102968321029612631296500412965252119635350095487
KK021KD132KK021KU122KU122KD132
607055907580
75904080750
Tabel Nilai
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• CREATE TABLE MataKuliah (KD_MK char(5) not null, NAMA_MK char(30) not null, SKS int(3) not null);
• CREATE UNIQUE INDEX MatKulIDX ON MataKuliah(KD_MK);
• CREATE TABLE Nilai (NIM char(8) not null, KD_MK char(5) not null, MID int(3) not null, FINAL int(3) not null);
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• INSERT INTO MataKuliah VALUES("KK021", "Sistem Basis Data",2);
• INSERT INTO MataKuliah VALUES("KD132","Sistem Informasi Manajemen",3);
• INSERT INTO MataKuliah VALUES("KU122","Pancasila",2);
• INSERT INTO Nilai VALUES("10296832","KK021",60,75);• INSERT INTO Nilai VALUES("10296126","KD132",70,90);• INSERT INTO Nilai VALUES("31296500","KK021",55,40);• INSERT INTO Nilai VALUES("41296525","KU122",90,80);• INSERT INTO Nilai VALUES("21196353","KU122",75,75);• INSERT INTO Nilai VALUES("50095487","KD132",80,0);
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4. SELECT Sintaks : SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] nama_kolom
FROM nama_tabel
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY column_list ]
[HAVING condition ]
[ ORDER BY column_list [ASC | DESC]]
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NIM NAMA ALAMAT
10296832102961263129650041296525
NurhayatiAstutiBudiPrananingrum
JakartaJakartaDepokBogor
Contoh :. a. Tampilkan semua data mahasiswa SELECT NIM,NAMA,ALAMAT FROM MHS;
Atau
SELECT * FROM MHS;
Maka hasilnya adalah :
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b. Tampilkan Mata Kuliah yang SKSnya 2
Select NAMA_MK from MataKuliah Where sks = 2
Maka Hasilnya :
NAMA_MK
Sistem Basis DataPancasila
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c. Tampilkan semua data nilai dimana nilai MID lebih besar sama dengan 60 atau nilai finalnya lebih besar 75.
maka penulisannya :
SELECT * FROM NILAI WHERE MID >= 60 OR FINAL > 75
NIM KD_MK MID FINAL
10296832102961264129652521196353
KK021KD132KU122KU122
60709075
75908075
Hasilnya :
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JOIN
1.JOIN atau INNER JOINMenggabungkan dua tabel dimana diantara dua tabel
datanya bersesuaian.
2. LEFT JOIN atau LEFT OUTER JOINMenggabungkan dua tabel dimana diantara dua tabel
datanya bersesuaian dan juga semua record pada tabel sebelah kiri.
3. RIGHT JOIN atau RIGHT OUTER JOINMenggabungkan dua tabel dimana diantara dua tabel
datanya bersesuaian dan juga semua record pada tabel sebelah kanan.
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SELECT Nilai.NIM, MHS.NAMA, Nilai.KD_MK, Nilai.MIDFROM Nilai INNER JOIN MHSON Nilai.NIM = MHS.NIM
Hasil :
NIM NAMA KD_MK MID
102968321029612631296500412965252119635350095487
NurhayatiAstutiBudiPrananigrumQuraishPipit
KK021KD132KK021KU122KU122KD132
607055907580
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SELECT MHS.NIM, MHS.NAMA, Nilai.KD_MK, Nilai.MIDFROM MHS LEFT OUTER JOIN NilaiON Nilai.NIM = MHS.NIM
Hasil :
NIM NAMA KD_MK MID
1029683210296126312965004129652521196353500954871029600121198002
NurhayatiAstutiBudiPrananigrumQuraishPipitFintriJulizar
KK021KD132KK021KU122KU122KD132--
607055907580--
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SELECT MHS.NIM, MHS.NAMA, Nilai.KD_MK, Nilai.MIDFROM Nilai RIGHT OUTER JOIN MHSON Nilai.NIM = MHS.NIM
Hasil :
NIM NAMA KD_MK MID
1029683210296126312965004129652521196353500954871029600121198002
NurhayatiAstutiBudiPrananigrumQuraishPipitFintriJulizar
KK021KD132KK021KU122KU122KD132--
607055907580--
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DATA ACCESS
1. GRANT Sintaks : GRANT hak_akses ON nama_db
TO nama_pemakai [IDENTIFIED BY] [PASSWORD] ‘Password’
[WITH GRANT OPTION] ;
GRANT hak_akses ON [nama_db]nama_tabelTO nama_pemakai [IDENTIFIED BY] [PASSWORD] ‘Password’[WITH GRANT OPTION];
Contoh : Berikan hak akses kepada Adi untuk menampikan nilai final test pada tabel Nilai.
GRANT SELECT (FINAL) ON NILAI TO ADI
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2. REVOKE Sintaks : REVOKE hak_akses ON nama_db
FROM nama_pemakai ;
REVOKE hak_akses ON nama_tabelFROM nama_pemakai ;
Contoh : Tarik kembali dari Adi hak akses untuk menampilkan nilai final test
REVOKE SELECT (FINAL) ON NILAI FROM ADI
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DATA INTEGRITY
RECOVER TABLE
Sintaks : RECOVER TABLE nama_tabelContoh : Kembalikan keadaan data mahasiswa seperti pada saat sebelum terjadi kerusakan
RECOVER TABLE MHS ;
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AUXILIARY
1. SELECT … INTO OUTFILE ‘filename’Sintaks ini digunakan untuk mengekspor data dari tabel ke
file lain.Sintaks : SELECT … INTO
OUTFILE ‘Nama File’[FIELDS | COLUMNS] [TERMINATED BY 'string']
[[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY 'char'] [ESCAPED BY 'char'] ]
Contoh : Ubah semua data mahasiswa ke bentuk ASCII dan disimpan ke file teks di directory/home/adi dengan pemisah antar kolom ‘|’
SELECT * FROM MHSINTO OUTFILE “/home/adi/teks”
FIELDS TERMINATED BY “ ”;
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2. LOAD Sintaks query ini digunakan untuk mengimpor data dari file lain
ke tabel.Sintaks : LOAD DATA INFILE “ nama_path”
INTO TABLE nama_tabel [ nama_kolom] ;[FIELDS | COLUMNS] [TERMINATED BY 'string']
[[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY 'char'] [ESCAPED BY 'char'] ]
Contoh : Memasukkan data-data dari file teks yang berada pada direktori “/home/adi” ke dalam tabel MHS_2. Dimana pemisah antara kolom dalam file teks adalah tab (\t) :
LOAD FROM “/home/adi/teks”INTO MHS_2 FILELDS TERMINATED BY ‘\t’;
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• LOAD DATA INFILE "c:/xampp/datamhs.txt" INTO TABLE MHS_2 FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t';
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3. RENAME TABLESintaks :
RENAME TABLE OldnamaTabel TO NewNamaTabel
Contoh : RENAME TABLE MHS TO MAHASISWA
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MENGGUNAKAN FUNGSI AGGREGATE :1. COUNT digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah.
Menghitung jumlah record mahasiswa dari tabel MAHASISWA
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MAHASISWA
2. SUM digunakan untuk menghitung total dari kolom yang mempunyai tipe data numerik.
SELECT SUM(SKS) AS ‘TOTAL SKS’ FROM MATAKULIAH
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3. AVG digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata dari data-data dalam sebuah kolom.SELECT AVG(FINAL) AS ‘FINAL’ FROM Nilai
4. MIN digunakan untuk menghitung nilai minimal dalam
sebuah kolom.SELECT MIN(FINAL) FROM Nilai
5. MAX diguankan untuk menghitung nilai maksimum dalam sebuah kolomSELECT MAX(MID) FROM Nilai
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SUBQUERY Adalah subselect yang dapat digunakan di klausa WHERE dan HAVING dipernyataan select luar untuk menghasilkan tabel akhir.
Aturan-aturan untuk membuat subquery, yaitu :1. Klausa Order By tidak boleh digunakan di subquery, Order By hanya
dapat digunakan di pernyataan Select luar.2. Klausa subquery Select harus berisi satu nama kolom tunggal atau
ekspresi kecuali untuk subquery-subquery menggunakan kata kunci EXIST
3. Secara default nama kolom di subquery mengacu ke nama tabel di klausa FROm dari subquery tersebut.
4. Saat subquery adalah salah satu dua operan dilibatkan di pembandingan, subquery harus muncul disisi kanan pembandingan
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Penggunanaan ANY dan ALLJika subquery diawali kata kunci ALL, syarat hanya akan
bernilai TRUE jika dipenuhi semua nilai yang dihasilkan subquery itu.
Jika subquery diawali kata kunci ANY, syaratnya akan bernilai TRUE jika dipenuhi sedikitnya satu nilai yang dihasilkan subquery tersebut.
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Penggunanaan EXIST DAN NOT EXISTEXIST akan mengirim nilai TRUE jika dan hanya jika terdapat
sedikitnya satu baris di tabel hasil yang dikirim oleh subquery dan EXIST mengirim nilai FALSE jika subquery mengirim tabel kosong.
Untuk NOT EXIST kebalikan dari EXIST.
(Masing-masing dosen membuat contoh untuk subquery)
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CONTOH SUBQUERY :1. Coba ambil nilai mid dan final dari mahasiswa yang bernama Astuti. SELECT MID, FINAL FROM NILAI WHERE NIM=( SELECT NIM FROM MAHASISWA WHERE NAMA=‘Astuti’)
2. Ambil nilai kode matakuliah, mid dan final dari mahasiswa yang tinggal di jakarta.
SELECT KD_MK, MID, FINAL FROM NILAI WHERE NIM IN(SELECT NIM FROM MAHASISWA WHERE ALAMAT = ‘Jakarta’)
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3. Ambil nama-nama mahasiswa yang mengikuti ujian. SELECT NAMA FROM MAHASISWA WHERE EXISTS (SELECT NIM FROM NILAI WHERE NILAI.NIM= MAHASISWA.NIM)
4. Ambil nama-nama mahasiswa yang tidak mengikuti ujian. SELECT NAMA FROM MAHASISWA WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT NIM FROM NILAI WHERE NILAI.NIM= MAHASISWA.NIM)
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Aplikasi yang digunakan sebagai contoh adalah phptriad-mysql front
Dari Address ketik : http://localhost/phpmyadmin
Tampilan password ketik root dan untuk password ketik password
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1. Dibawah ini terdapat perintah dalam DDL (Data Definition Language), Kecuali….
a. Create d. Drop
b. Alter Table e. Create View
c. Insert
2. Perintah dalam DDL untuk menghapus suatu tabel yang telah terbentuk, adalah…
a. Drop Index Table d. Drop Table Index
b. Drop Index e. Delete from table
c. Drop Table
Latihan Soal
Perancangan Basis Data
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2. Perintah dalam DDL untuk menghapus suatu tabel yang telah terbentuk, adalah…
a. Drop Index Table d. Drop Table Index
b. Drop Index e. Delete from table
c. Drop Table
3. Perintah dalam DDL untuk menghapus suatu tabel index yang telah terbentuk, adalah ….
a. Drop Table d. Drop Table Index
b. Drop Index e. Create Index on
c. Drop Index on TableName
Latihan Soal
Perancangan Basis Data
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3. Perintah dalam DDL untuk menghapus suatu tabel index yang telah terbentuk, adalah ….
a. Drop Table d. Drop Table Index
b. Drop Index e. Create Index on
c. Drop Index on TableName
4. Perintah SQL yang digunakan untuk membuat suatu database Perguruan Tinggi adalah
a. Create [Perguruan Tinggi]
b. Create Database [Perguruan Tinggi]
c. Create Tabel [Perguruan Tinggi]
d. Use Database [Perguruan Tinggi]e. Create View PerguruanTinggi
Latihan Soal
Perancangan Basis Data
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4. Perintah SQL yang digunakan untuk membuat suatu database Perguruan Tinggi adalah
a. Create [Perguruan Tinggi]
b. Create Database [Perguruan Tinggi]
c. Create Tabel [Perguruan Tinggi]
d. Use Database [Perguruan Tinggi]e. Create View PerguruanTinggi
5. Yang merupakan clause Data Access pada struktur Query Language adalah
a. Recover Table d. Insert
b. Revoke e. Update
c. Create View
Latihan Soal
Perancangan Basis Data
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5. Yang merupakan clause Data Access pada struktur Query Language adalah
a. Recover Table d. Insert
b. Revoke e. Update
c. Create View
1. Dibawah ini terdapat perintah dalam DDL (Data Definition Language), Kecuali….
a. Create d. Drop
b. Alter Table e. Create View
c. Insert
Latihan Soal
Perancangan Basis Data