bacterial disease. bacteria lack chlorophyll and cannot produce own foodlack chlorophyll and cannot...
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BACTERIAL DISEASEBACTERIAL DISEASE
BACTERIABACTERIA
• Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce own Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce own foodfood
• Require 400 to 600X magnificationRequire 400 to 600X magnification
• Flagella to swimFlagella to swim
BACTERIABACTERIA
PATHOGENPATHOGEN
• Pseudomonas, XanthomonasPseudomonas, Xanthomonas, , Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium, and and ErwiniaErwinia
BACTERIABACTERIA
LIFE CYCLELIFE CYCLE
• Dormant in plant material or soilDormant in plant material or soil
• Reproduce by mother cell dividing in halfReproduce by mother cell dividing in half– 2 daughter cells2 daughter cells
BACTERIABACTERIA
• Halo around bacterial leaf spotHalo around bacterial leaf spot
BACTERIABACTERIA
INFECTIONINFECTION
• Do not produce spores (there are Do not produce spores (there are exceptions)exceptions)
• Pathogen appears as Pathogen appears as oozeooze
BACTERIABACTERIA
INFECTIONINFECTION
• Enter plant through natural openings or Enter plant through natural openings or woundswounds
BACTERIABACTERIA
CONTROLCONTROL
• Prevent injuries and introductionPrevent injuries and introduction
• Copper containing fungicides Copper containing fungicides – Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulfate and lime)Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulfate and lime)– KocideKocide
FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT
HOST: Rose family (pear, apples, quince…)HOST: Rose family (pear, apples, quince…)
• Bradford pearBradford pear
FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• "Scorched" branches"Scorched" branches– Shepherd’s crookShepherd’s crook
FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT
INFECTIONINFECTION
• Enter through flowersEnter through flowers
• "Ooze" at cankers"Ooze" at cankers
FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT
CONTROLCONTROL
• Resistant cultivarsResistant cultivars
• Pruning and sanitizingPruning and sanitizing
Fire BlightFire Blight
Fire BlightFire Blight
Fire BlightFire Blight
Fire BlightFire Blight
Bacterial Leaf SpotBacterial Leaf Spot
• IvyIvy
VIRUSVIRUS
VIRUSVIRUS
• True obligate parasitesTrue obligate parasites
• Outside living cells act like Outside living cells act like chemical substanceschemical substances
• Cannot be cultured on Cannot be cultured on artificial mediaartificial media
• Virions: virus particles, Virions: virus particles, seen only with a electron seen only with a electron microscopemicroscope
VIRUSVIRUS
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• Mosaic / mottlingMosaic / mottling
• Loss of vigorLoss of vigor
• Distorted growthDistorted growth
VIRUSVIRUS
INFECTIONINFECTION
• Infected for lifeInfected for life
• Commonly transmitted by insectsCommonly transmitted by insects– Thrips…Thrips…
VIRUSVIRUS
VIRUSVIRUS
INFECTIONINFECTION
• Rarely kill plant in short amount of timeRarely kill plant in short amount of time
• Predispose plantsPredispose plants
VIRUSVIRUS
CONTROLCONTROL
• Avoid transmitting by plant partsAvoid transmitting by plant parts
• Reduce vectorsReduce vectors
• ResistanceResistance
Citrus Greening DiseaseCitrus Greening Disease
• Severe damage to citrus industrySevere damage to citrus industry
Citrus Greening DiseaseCitrus Greening Disease
• Vectored by Asian citrus psyllidVectored by Asian citrus psyllid
Citrus Greening DiseaseCitrus Greening Disease
• Fruit inedible and juice undrinkableFruit inedible and juice undrinkable
CAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLECAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLE
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• Sporadic leaves and flowersSporadic leaves and flowers
• Not stable year to year Not stable year to year
• Flowers lose color, variegatedFlowers lose color, variegated
CAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLECAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLE
CONTROLCONTROL
• Avoid contaminated stockAvoid contaminated stock
• Remove plant, if undesirable Remove plant, if undesirable
Canna Virus Canna Virus
• Vein streakingVein streaking
• Weakened plantsWeakened plants
• Lack of floweringLack of flowering
Canna VirusCanna Virus
• Aphids suspected vectorAphids suspected vector
• No resistant varietiesNo resistant varieties
Nonviral VariegationNonviral Variegation
• Genetic mutation is heritableGenetic mutation is heritable
• Some cells stop producing chlorophyllSome cells stop producing chlorophyll
Viral VariegationViral Variegation
Firepower NandinaFirepower Nandina
• Propagated in South CarolinaPropagated in South Carolina
• Infected with two viruses Infected with two viruses – Cucumber mosaic virusCucumber mosaic virus – Nandina mosaic virusNandina mosaic virus
Hosta VirusHosta Virus
Hosta VirusHosta Virus
NEMATODESNEMATODES
NEMATODESNEMATODES
• Unsegmented roundwormsUnsegmented roundworms
• Can be found in every form of plant and Can be found in every form of plant and animalanimal
• Most are considered beneficialMost are considered beneficial
NEMATODESNEMATODES
SPECIESSPECIES
• Sting, Root knot, Cyst, and othersSting, Root knot, Cyst, and others
NEMATODESNEMATODES
SPECIESSPECIES
• There are beneficial species attacking There are beneficial species attacking insectsinsects
NEMATODESNEMATODES
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• StuntingStunting
• YellowingYellowing
• Wilting Wilting
• Stubby rootsStubby roots
NEMATODESNEMATODES
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• Only Root Knot and Cyst nematodes Only Root Knot and Cyst nematodes cause ID symptomscause ID symptoms
• ID by labID by lab
NEMATODESNEMATODES
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• CystCyst nematodes nematodes
NEMATODESNEMATODES
DAMAGEDAMAGE
• Severely damage rootsSeverely damage roots
NEMATODESNEMATODES
DAMAGEDAMAGE
• Foliar nematodesFoliar nematodes
NEMATODESNEMATODES
CONTROLCONTROL
• FumigationFumigation
• Biological controlsBiological controls– Chitin, fungalChitin, fungal
• NematicidesNematicides
GALLSGALLS
GALLSGALLS
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• Distortions or swellingsDistortions or swellings
• Leaves, flowers, branches, or trunkLeaves, flowers, branches, or trunk
GALLSGALLS
Insect-causingInsect-causing
• Harbor the eggs and larvaHarbor the eggs and larva
• Larval secretions induce abnormal growthLarval secretions induce abnormal growth– Hyperplasia Hyperplasia
• Protection and foodProtection and food
GALLSGALLS
BacteriaBacteria
• Crown gall (Crown gall (Agrobacterium Agrobacterium tumefacienstumefaciens))
• Gall at root crown (often)Gall at root crown (often)
• Can kill young plantsCan kill young plants
• http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspxbacterial-galls.aspx
Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary
Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary
• http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspxbacterial-galls.aspx
Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary
• http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspxbacterial-galls.aspx
Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary
• http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspxbacterial-galls.aspx
Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary
• http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspxbacterial-galls.aspx
Crown gallCrown gall
• Crown gall (Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens))
GALLSGALLS
Crown gall (Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens))
GALLSGALLS
CONTROLCONTROL
• Prune out gallsPrune out galls
• Purchase healthy stockPurchase healthy stock
Leaf GallLeaf Gall
PATHOGEN: FungalPATHOGEN: Fungal
HOST: Azalea and SassanquaHOST: Azalea and Sassanqua
GALLSGALLS
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS
• Individual leaves thick and fleshyIndividual leaves thick and fleshy
• Early springEarly spring
GALLSGALLS
CONTROLCONTROL
• Hand pickHand pick
• Rarely chemicalRarely chemical