bacteria : the proteobacteria
DESCRIPTION
Bacteria : The Proteobacteria. Chapter 17. The Phylogeny of Bacteria. I. Phylum Proteobacteria. The Phylogeny of Bacteria – Major phyla of domain Bacteria. Phylogenetic Overview of Bacteria. Phylum Proteobacteria A major lineage (phyla) of Bacteria - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Bacteria: The Proteobacteria
Chapter 17
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Phylogeny of Bacteria
I. Phylum Proteobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Phylogeny of Bacteria – Major phyla of domain Bacteria
Phy
loge
netic
Ove
rvie
w o
f Bac
teria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Phy
lum
Pro
teob
acte
ria
A m
ajor
line
age
(phy
la)
of B
acte
ria
In
clud
es m
any
of t
he m
ost
com
mon
ly e
ncou
nter
ed b
acte
ria
M
ost
met
abol
ical
ly d
iver
se o
f al
l dom
ain
Bac
teria
E
.g.,
chem
olith
otro
phy,
che
moo
rgan
otro
phy,
pho
totr
ophy
M
orph
olog
ical
ly d
iver
se
D
ivid
ed in
to f
ive
clas
ses
A
lpha
-, B
eta-
, Del
ta-,
Gam
ma-
, Eps
ilon-
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Major Genera of Proteobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1. P
urpl
e P
hoto
trop
hic
Bac
teria
2. T
he N
itrify
ing
Bac
teria
3. S
ulfu
r- a
nd Ir
on-O
xidi
zing
Bac
teria
4. H
ydro
gen-
Oxi
dizi
ng B
acte
ria
5. M
etha
notr
ophs
and
Met
hylo
trop
hs
II Phototrophic, Chemolithotrophic & Methanotrophic Proteobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1. Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
P
urpl
e P
hoto
trop
hic
Bac
teria
C
arr
y o
ut a
no
xyg
en
ic p
ho
tosy
nth
esi
s; n
o O
2 e
volv
ed
M
orp
ho
log
ica
lly d
ive
rse
gro
up
G
en
era
fall
with
in th
e A
lph
a-,
Be
ta-,
or
Ga
mm
ap
rote
ob
act
eria
C
on
tain
ba
cte
rioch
loro
ph
ylls
an
d c
aro
ten
oid
pig
me
nts
P
rod
uce
intr
acy
top
lasm
ic p
ho
tosy
nth
etic
me
mb
ran
es
with
va
ryin
g m
orp
ho
log
ies
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Liquid Cultures of Phototrophic Purple Bacteria
Figure 15.2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Membrane Systems of Phototrophic Purple Bacteria
Figure 15.3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
P
urpl
e S
ulfu
r B
acte
ria
U
se h
ydro
ge
n s
ulfi
de
(H
2S)
as
an
ele
ctro
n d
on
or
for
CO
2 re
du
ctio
n in
ph
oto
syn
the
sis
S
ulfi
de
oxi
diz
ed
to e
lem
en
tal s
ulfu
r (S
o ) th
at i
s st
ore
d
as
glo
bu
les
eith
er
insi
de
or
ou
tsid
e c
ells
S
ulfu
r la
ter
disa
ppea
rs a
s it
is o
xidi
zed
to s
ulfa
te (
SO
42
- )
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Photomicrographs of Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Figure 15.4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
P
urpl
e S
ulfu
r B
acte
ria (
cont
’d)
M
an
y ca
n a
lso
use
oth
er
red
uce
d s
ulfu
r co
mp
ou
nd
s,
such
as
thio
sulfa
te (
S2O
32-)
A
ll a
re G
am
ma
pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
F
ou
nd
in il
lum
ina
ted
an
oxi
c zo
ne
s o
f la
kes
an
d o
the
r
aq
ua
tic h
ab
itats
wh
ere
H2S
acc
um
ula
tes,
as
we
ll a
s
sulfu
r sp
ring
s
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Genera and Characteristics of Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Genera and Characteristics of Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Genera and Characteristics of Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Blooms of Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Figure 15.5
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria
P
urpl
e N
onsu
lfur
Bac
teria
O
rigin
ally
tho
ught
org
anis
ms
wer
e un
able
to
use
sulfi
de a
s
an e
lect
ron
dono
r fo
r C
O2 r
educ
tion,
now
kno
w m
ost
can
M
ost
can
grow
aer
obic
ally
in t
he d
ark
as
chem
oorg
anot
roph
s
S
ome
can
also
gro
w a
naer
obic
ally
in t
he d
ark
usin
g
ferm
enta
tive
or a
naer
obic
res
pira
tion
M
ost
can
grow
pho
tohe
tero
trop
hica
lly u
sing
ligh
t as
an
ener
gy s
ourc
e an
d or
gani
c co
mpo
unds
as
a ca
rbon
sou
rce
A
ll in
Alp
ha-
and
Bet
apro
teob
acte
ria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Representatives of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria
Figure 15.6
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Genera and Characteristics of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Genera and Characteristics of Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2. The Nitrifying Bacteria
N
itrify
ing
Bac
teria
A
ble
to g
row
che
mol
ithot
roph
ical
ly a
t th
e ex
pens
e of
redu
ced
inor
gani
c ni
trog
en c
ompo
unds
F
ound
in A
lpha
-, B
eta-
, G
amm
a-,
and
Del
tapr
oteo
bact
eria
N
itrifi
catio
n (o
xida
tion
of a
mm
onia
to
nitr
ate)
occ
urs
as t
wo
sepa
rate
rea
ctio
ns b
y di
ffer
ent
grou
ps o
f ba
cter
ia
A
mm
onia
oxi
dize
rs (
nitr
osify
ers)
(e.
g., N
itros
ococ
cus)
N
itrite
oxi
dize
r (n
itrify
er)
(e.g
., N
itrob
acte
r)
Many species have internal membrane systems that house key
enzymes in nitrification
Ammonia monooxygenase: oxidizes NH3 to NH2OH
Nitrite oxidase: oxidizes NO2- to NO3
-
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
N
itrify
ing
Bac
teria
(co
nt’d
)
W
ide
spre
ad
in s
oil
an
d w
ate
r
H
igh
est
nu
mb
ers
in h
ab
itats
with
larg
e a
mo
un
ts o
f
am
mo
nia
i.e
., si
tes
with
ext
ensi
ve p
rote
in d
ecom
posi
tion
and
sew
age
trea
tmen
t fac
ilitie
s
M
ost
are
ob
liga
te c
he
mo
lith
otr
op
hs
an
d a
ero
be
s
O
ne e
xcep
tion
is a
nnam
ox o
rgan
ism
s, w
hich
oxi
dize
am
mon
ia
anae
robi
cally
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.7
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
http://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v063n02p67&fulltext=yes
As carbon dioxide rises, food quality will decline without careful nitrogen management
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummingshttp://hoorayfordecaycomposting.com/2013/01/28/the-nitrogen-cycle/
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
3. Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria
S
ulfu
r-O
xidi
zing
Bac
teria
G
row
ch
em
olit
ho
tro
ph
ica
lly o
n r
ed
uce
d s
ulfu
r cm
pd
s
Tw
o b
roa
d c
lass
es
N
eutr
ophi
les
A
cido
phile
s (s
ome
also
use
fer
rous
iron
(F
e2+)
Thiobacillus (rods) Sulfur compounds most commonly used as electron
donors are H2S, So, S2O32-; generates sulfuric acid
Achromatium (spherical cells)
Common in freshwater sediments
Some obligate chemolithotrophs possess special structures that house Calvin cycle enyzmes (carboxysomes)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
B
eggi
atoa
F
ilam
ento
us,
glid
ing
bact
eria
F
ound
in h
abita
ts r
ich
in H
2S
e
.g.,
sulfu
r sp
rings
, dec
ayin
g se
awee
d be
ds, m
ud la
yers
of
lake
s, s
ewag
e po
llute
d w
ater
s, a
nd h
ydro
ther
mal
ven
ts
Mos
t gr
ow m
ixot
roph
ical
ly
with
red
uced
sul
fur
com
poun
ds a
s el
ectr
on d
onor
s
and
org
anic
com
poun
ds a
s ca
rbon
sou
rces
Thioploca Large, filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that form cell
bundles surrounded by a common sheath
Thick mats found on ocean floor off Chile and Peru
Couple anoxic oxidation of H2S with reduction of NO3- to NH4
+
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Non-filamentous Sulfur Chemolithotrophs Figure 15.9Filamentous Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria
S
ulfu
r-O
xidi
zing
Bac
teria
(co
nt’d
)
T
hiot
hrix
F
ilam
ento
us s
ulfu
r-ox
idiz
ing
bact
eria
in w
hich
fila
men
ts
grou
p to
geth
er a
t th
eir
ends
by
a ho
ldfa
st t
o fo
rm
cellu
lar
arra
ngem
ents
cal
led
rose
ttes
O
blig
ate
aero
bic
mix
otro
phs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Thiothrix
Figure 15.12
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4. Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria
H
ydro
gen-
Oxi
dizi
ng B
acte
ria:
M
ost
ca
n g
row
au
totr
op
hic
ally
with
H2
as
sole
ele
ctro
n
do
no
r a
nd
O2
as
ele
ctro
n a
cce
pto
r (“
kna
llga
s” r
ea
ctio
n)
B
oth
gra
m-n
eg
ativ
e a
nd
gra
m-p
osi
tive
re
pre
sen
tativ
es
kno
wn
C
on
tain
on
e o
r m
ore
hyd
rog
en
ase
en
zym
es
tha
t fu
nct
ion
to b
ind
H2
an
d u
se it
to e
ithe
r p
rod
uce
AT
P o
r fo
r re
du
cin
g p
ow
er
for
au
totr
op
hic
gro
wth
Most are facultative chemolithotrophs and can grow chemoorganotrophically
Some can grow on carbon monoxide (CO) as electron
donor (carboxydotrophs)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Hydrogen Bacteria
Figure 15.13
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of Common Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
5. Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
M
etha
notr
ophs
U
se C
H4a
nd
a fe
w o
the
r o
ne
-ca
rbo
n (
C1
) co
mp
ou
nd
s
as
ele
ctro
n d
on
ors
an
d s
ou
rce
of c
arb
on
W
ide
spre
ad
in s
oil
an
d w
ate
r
O
blig
ate
ae
rob
es
M
orp
ho
log
ica
lly d
ive
rse
Methylotrophs Organisms that can grow using carbon compounds
that lack C-C bonds [(CH3)2N (trimethylamine)HCOO-
(formate), CH3OCOO CH3 (Dimethyl carbonate), (CH3)2SO (dimethyl sulfoxide), CH3OH (methanol), CH3NH2 (methylamine), CH3)2NH (dimethylamine)]
Most are also methanotrophs – use CH4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
5. Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
Met
hano
trop
hs (
cont
'd)
M
eth
an
otr
op
hs
me
tha
ne
mo
no
oxy
ge
na
se
W
hich
inco
rpor
ates
an
atom
of
oxyg
en f
rom
O2 in
to m
etha
ne
to p
rodu
ce m
etha
nol
M
eth
an
otr
op
hs
con
tain
larg
e a
mo
un
ts o
f ste
rols
Classification of Methanotrophs Two major groups:
Type I
Type II
Contain extensive internal membrane systems for methane oxidation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
5. Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
Typ
e I M
etha
notr
ophs
Ass
imila
te C
1 c
om
po
un
ds
via
the
rib
ulo
se
mo
no
ph
osp
ha
te c
ycle
Ga
mm
ap
rote
ob
act
eria
M
em
bra
ne
s a
rra
ng
ed
as
bu
nd
les
of d
isc-
sha
pe
d v
esi
cle
s
La
ck c
om
ple
te c
itric
aci
d c
ycle
O
blig
ate
me
thyl
otr
op
hs
Type II Methanotrophs Assimilate C1 compounds via the serine pathway Alphaproteobacteria Paired membranes that run along periphery of cell
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Electron Micrographs of Methanotrophs
Figure 15.14
Type II membrane systemMethylosinus (α Proteobacteria)
Carbon assimilation pathway: serine
Type I membrane systemMethylococcus capsulatans (β-Proteobacteria)
Carbon asimilation pathwy: ribulose monophosphate pathway
Lookup the metabolic pathways for Methylomonas methanica (type II) and Methylococcus capsulatans (type 1) in KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?scale=0.35&query=methylocystis&map=map01100&scale=0.35&auto_image=&show_description=hide&multi_query=&show_module_list)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Some Characteristics of Methanotrophic Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
5. Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
W
ide
spre
ad
in a
qu
atic
an
d
terr
est
rial e
nvi
ron
me
nts
M
eth
an
e m
on
oo
xyg
en
ase
a
lso
oxi
diz
es
am
mo
nia
;
com
pe
titiv
e in
tera
ctio
n b
etw
ee
n
sub
stra
tes
C
ert
ain
ma
rine
mu
sse
ls h
ave
sy
mb
iotic
re
latio
nsh
ips
with
m
eth
an
otr
op
hs
Ecology and Isolation of
Methanotrophs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1. P
seu
do
mo
nad
s in
clu
din
g P
seu
do
mo
nas
2. A
ceti
c A
cid
Bac
teri
a
3. F
ree-
Liv
ing
Aer
ob
ic N
itro
gen
-Fix
ing
Bac
teri
a
4. N
eiss
eria
, Ch
rom
ob
acte
riu
m, &
Rel
ativ
es
5. E
nte
ric
Bac
teri
a
6. V
ibri
o, A
livib
rio
, an
d P
ho
tob
acte
riu
m
7. R
icke
ttsi
as
III Aerobic & Facultatively Aerobic ChemoorganotrophicProteobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1. Pseudomonads including Pseudomonas
K
ey
Ge
ne
ra:
P
seu
do
mo
na
s
Bu
rkh
old
eria
Z
ymo
mo
na
s
Xa
nth
om
on
as
A
ll ge
nera
are
:
Str
aigh
t or
curv
ed r
ods
with
pol
ar fl
agel
la
Sta
in g
ram
neg
ativ
e C
hem
oorg
anot
roph
s
Obl
igat
e ae
robe
s
Pos
ses
pola
r fla
gella
Phylogenetically, the group is scattered within the Proteobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Typical Pseudomonad Colonies – eg Burkholderia cepacia
Figure 15.16a
Lophotrichous polar flagella
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1. Pseudomonads including Pseudomonas
M
embe
rs o
f the
gen
us P
seud
omon
as a
nd r
elat
ed
gene
ra c
an b
e de
fined
on
the
basi
s of
phy
loge
ny a
nd
phys
iolo
gica
l cha
ract
eris
tics
N
utrit
iona
lly v
ersa
tile
E
colo
gica
lly im
port
ant o
rgan
ism
s in
wat
er a
nd s
oil
S
ome
spec
ies
are
path
ogen
ic
In
clud
es h
uman
opp
ortu
nist
ic p
atho
gens
and
pla
nt
path
ogen
s
R
efer
to th
e ne
xt tw
o sl
ides
for
an o
ver
view
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Subgroups and Characteristics of Pseudomonads
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Pathogenic Pseudomonads
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
G
enus
Zym
omon
as
G
en
us
of l
arg
e, g
ram
-ne
ga
tive
ro
ds
tha
t ca
rry
ou
t
vig
oro
us
ferm
en
tatio
n o
f su
ga
rs to
eth
an
ol
U
sed
in p
rod
uct
ion
of f
erm
en
ted
be
vera
ge
s
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2. A
cetic
Aci
d B
acte
ria
Org
an
ism
s th
at c
arr
y o
ut c
om
ple
te o
xid
atio
n o
f alc
oh
ols
&
sug
ars
L
eads
to
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
org
anic
aci
ds a
s en
d pr
oduc
ts
M
otil
e r
od
s
Ae
rob
ic
H
igh
tole
ran
ce to
aci
dic
co
nd
itio
ns
C
om
mo
nly
fou
nd
in a
lco
ho
lic ju
ice
s
Use
d in
pro
duct
ion
of v
ineg
ar
S
om
e c
an
syn
the
size
ce
llulo
se
Co
lon
ies
can
be
ide
ntif
ied
on
Ca
CO
3 a
ga
r p
late
s co
nta
inin
g e
tha
no
l
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
A
var
iety
of s
oil m
icro
bes
are
capa
ble
of fi
N2
aero
bica
lly
Dis
trib
uted
in a
lpha
, bet
a an
d ga
mm
a P
rote
obac
teria
3. Free-Living Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
The major genera of bacteria capable of fixing N2
nonsymbiotically are Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and Beijerinckia
Azotobacter are large, obligately aerobic rods; can form resting structures (cysts)
All genera produce extensive capsules or slime layers; believed to be important in protecting nitrogenase from O2 (nitrogenase is oxygen-sensitive)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Azotobacter vinelandiiFigure 15.18
Cysts (3 um)
Cells (2 um)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.19a
Slime producing Nitrogen2-fixing Bacteria
Cells of Derixia gummosa encased in slime
Beijerinckia species produce colonies with abundant slime
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Aci
d-to
lera
nt,
free
-livi
ng N
2 fix
ing
bact
eria
live
in a
cid
soils
Derixia gummosaBeijerinckia indica
(PHB is present)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4. Neisseria, Chromobacterium, and Relatives
N
eiss
eria
, Chr
omob
acte
rium
, and
thei
r re
lativ
es c
an b
e
isol
ated
from
ani
mal
s, a
nd s
ome
spec
ies
of th
is g
roup
are
path
ogen
ic.
N
. gon
orrh
oeae
– g
onor
rhea
N
. men
ingi
tidis
– fa
tal i
nfla
mm
atio
n of
bra
in m
embr
ane
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of the Genera of Gram-Negative Cocci
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.21a
Chromobacterium violaceum – produces violacein, a
purple pigment
Colony showing purple colour Structure of the aromatic compoun, violacein
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
5. Enteric Bacteria (Fam. Enterobacteriaceae)
R
ela
tive
ly h
om
og
en
eo
us
ph
ylo
ge
ne
tic g
rou
p w
ithin
the
G
am
ma
pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
Fa
culta
tive
ae
rob
es
M
otil
e o
r n
on
-mo
tile
, no
nsp
oru
latin
g r
od
s
Po
sse
ss r
ela
tive
ly s
imp
le n
utr
itio
na
l re
qu
irem
en
ts
Fe
rme
nt s
ug
ars
to a
va
riety
of e
nd
pro
du
cts
Enteric bacteria can be separated into two broad groups by the type and proportion of fermentation products generated by anaerobic fermentation of glucose
Mixed-acid fermentators 2,3-butanediol fermentators
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Enteric Fermentations
Figure 15.23a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
D
iagn
ostic
test
s an
d di
ffere
ntia
l med
ia a
re o
ften
used
to id
entif
y va
rious
gen
era
of e
nter
ic b
acte
ria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Key Diagnostic Reactions Used to Separate Enteric Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Key Diagnostic Reactions Used to Separate Enteric Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
A Simple Key to the Main Genera of Enteric Bacteria
Figure 15.24
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
E
sche
richi
a
Un
ive
rsa
l in
ha
bita
nts
of i
nte
stin
al t
ract
of h
um
an
s a
nd
w
arm
-blo
od
ed
an
ima
ls
S
ynth
esiz
e vi
tam
ins
for
host
S
om
e s
tra
ins
are
pa
tho
ge
nic
– c
au
se h
ea
lth p
rob
lem
s
En
tero
pa
tho
ge
nic
(E
PE
C)
– s
urf
ace
K a
ntig
en
s a
llow
s a
ttach
me
nt &
co
lon
isa
tion
E
nte
rhe
mo
rrh
ag
ic (
EH
EC
) –
foo
d /
wa
ter,
O1
57
:H7
(O =
CW
, so
ma
tic, L
PS
; H =
fla
ge
lla p
rote
ins)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
S
alm
onel
la a
nd S
hige
lla
Clo
sely
re
late
d t
o E
sch
eri
chia
(D
DH
> 5
0 &
70
%
resp
ect
ive
ly)
U
sua
lly p
ath
og
en
ic
S
. ty
ph
i - t
yph
oid
S
alm
on
ella
is c
ha
ract
eri
zed
imm
un
olo
gic
ally
by
3 s
urf
ace
an
tige
ns:
(u
sed
fo
r tr
ack
ing
ep
ide
mic
s)
O
an
tige
ns
H
an
tige
ns
V
i an
tige
ns,
ou
ter
po
lysa
cch
ari
de
laye
r; t
ypin
g S
. ty
ph
i
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
P
rote
us
Ge
nu
s co
nta
inin
g r
ap
idly
mo
tile
ce
lls; c
ap
ab
le o
f sw
arm
ing
F
req
ue
nt c
au
se o
f urin
ary
tra
ct in
fect
ion
s in
hu
ma
ns
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin CummingsB
utan
edio
l fer
men
tato
rs –
Ent
erob
acte
r, K
lebs
iella
& S
erra
tia
are
a cl
osel
y re
late
d gr
oup
of o
rgan
ism
s
S
erra
tia
prod
uces
sec
onda
ry m
etab
olite
, pro
digi
osin
, a r
ed
pigm
ent
is
olat
ed fr
om w
ater
, soi
l, in
sect
/ ve
rteb
rate
gut
s,
hum
an in
test
ine.
S
. mar
cesc
ens:
hu
man
pat
hoge
n
infe
ctio
ns fr
om m
edic
al p
roce
dure
s
cont
amin
ant i
n in
trav
enou
s flu
ids
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Reactions Used to Separate 2,3-Butanediol Producers
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
6. Vibrio, Alivibrio, and Photobacterium
T
he V
ibrio
Gro
up
Ce
lls a
re m
otil
e, s
tra
igh
t or
curv
ed
ro
ds
F
acu
ltativ
e a
ero
be
s
Po
sse
ss a
ferm
en
tativ
e m
eta
bo
lism
B
est
kn
ow
n g
en
era
are
Vib
rio, A
livib
rio &
Ph
oto
ba
cte
rium
M
ost
inh
ab
it a
qu
atic
en
viro
nm
en
ts
Some are pathogenic
Some are capable of light production (bioluminescence)
Catalyzed by luciferase, an O2-dependent enzyme
Regulation is mediated by population density (quorum
sensing)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
B
acte
rial B
iolu
min
esce
nce
L
igh
t em
issi
on
Mo
st a
re m
arin
e is
ola
tes
(Vib
rio, A
livib
rio,
Ph
oto
ba
cte
rium
) b
ut s
om
e te
rre
stria
l
Ma
y co
lon
ise
sp
eci
aliz
ed
lig
ht o
rga
ns
of s
om
e m
arin
g fi
sh
& s
qu
ids
or
on
de
ad
ski
n o
f cru
sta
cea
n /
fish
V
. ch
ole
ra &
V. v
uln
ificu
s a
re p
ath
og
en
s; c
are
wh
en
h
an
dlin
g lu
min
ou
s b
act
eria
B
iolu
min
esc
en
ce o
nly
wh
en
oxy
ge
n is
pre
sen
t
Lu
xCD
AB
E g
en
e p
rod
uct
s, lu
cife
rase
, oxy
ge
n a
nd
a
po
pu
latio
n d
en
sity
re
spo
nse
(a
cyl h
om
ose
rine
[AH
L],
qu
oru
m s
en
sin
g)
is r
eq
uire
d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Bioluminescent Bacteria as Light Organ Symbionts
Figure 15.27c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
7. Rickettsias
R
icke
ttsia
s
S
ma
ll, c
occ
oid
or
rod
-sh
ap
ed
ce
lls
M
ost
ly o
blig
ate
intr
ace
llula
r p
ara
site
s; s
ma
ll g
en
om
e
size
C
an
no
t gro
w o
uts
ide
a h
ost
ce
ll; d
o n
ot s
urv
ive
lon
g
ou
tsid
e th
e h
ost
C
au
sativ
e a
ge
nt o
f se
vera
l hu
ma
n d
ise
ase
s
T
ypic
al p
roca
ryo
tic c
ell
stru
ctu
re
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.28a
Figure 15.28b
Small 0.3um cells in tissue culture (a). EM of R. popilliae growing in a vacuole in the host beetle, Melolontha melolontha (b)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of Rickettsias
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
W
olba
chia
G
en
us
of r
od
-sh
ap
ed
Alp
ha
pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
In
tra
cellu
lar
pa
rasi
tes
of a
rth
rop
od
inse
cts
A
ffect
the
re
pro
du
ctiv
e fi
tne
ss o
f ho
sts
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
IV Morphologically Unusual Proteobacteria
1. S
piril
la
2. S
heat
hed
Pro
teob
acte
ria: S
phae
rotil
us &
Lep
toth
rix
3. B
uddi
ng a
nd P
rost
heca
te/S
talk
ed B
acte
ria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1. S
piril
la
Gro
up
of m
otil
e, s
pira
l-sh
ap
ed
Pro
teo
ba
cte
ria:
S
piri
llum
& r
ela
tive
s
Ma
ge
nto
spiri
llum
Bd
ello
vib
rio
Ke
y ta
xon
om
ic fe
atu
res
incl
ud
e
C
ell s
hape
and
siz
e
Num
ber
of p
olar
fla
gella
M
etab
olis
m
P
hysi
olog
y
Eco
logy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Spirilla : Spirillum Volutans
Figure 15.30a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
M
agne
tota
ctic
Spi
rilla
H
igh
ly m
otil
e
Is
ola
ted
fro
m fr
esh
wa
ter
ha
bita
ts
M
ag
ne
tota
ctic
mo
vem
en
t – d
irect
ed
by
ma
gn
etic
fie
ld
F
e30
4 m
ag
en
toso
me
& F
e3S
4 (g
reig
ite)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
B
deve
llovi
brio
(le
ech)
P
rey
on
oth
er
ba
cte
ria
O
blig
ate
ae
rob
es
M
em
be
rs o
f De
ltap
rote
ob
act
eria
W
ide
spre
ad
in s
oil
an
d w
ate
r, in
clu
din
g m
arin
e e
nvi
ron
me
nts
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Developmental Cycle of Bdellevibrio Bacteriovorus
Figure 15.33b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Attachment and Penetration of a Prey Cell by Bdellevibrio
Figure 15.32a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2. Sheathed Proteobacteria: Sphaerotilus & Leptothrix
S
heat
hed
Bac
teria
F
ilam
en
tou
s B
eta
pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
U
niq
ue
life
cyc
le in
wh
ich
fla
ge
llate
d s
wa
rme
r ce
lls
form
with
in a
lon
g tu
be
or
she
ath
U
nder
unf
avor
able
con
ditio
ns,
swar
mer
cel
ls m
ove
out
to e
xplo
re n
ew e
nviro
nmen
ts
C
om
mo
n in
fre
shw
ate
r h
ab
itats
ric
h in
org
an
ic m
atte
r
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sheathed Proteobacteria: Sphaerotilus & Leptothrix
S
phae
rotil
us
N
utr
itio
na
lly v
ers
atil
e
A
ble
to u
se s
impl
e or
gani
c co
mpo
unds
O
blig
ate
ae
rob
es
C
ells
with
in th
e s
he
ath
div
ide
by
bin
ary
fiss
ion
E
vent
ually
sw
arm
er c
ells
are
libe
rate
d fr
om s
heat
hs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sphaerotilus Natans
Figure 15.34a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sphaerotilus Natans
Figure 15.34b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sphaerotilus Natans
Figure 15.34c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sheathed Proteobacteria: Sphaerotilus & Leptothrix
S
phae
rotil
us a
nd L
epto
thrix
are
abl
e to
pre
cipi
tate
iron
oxid
es
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Leptothrix and Iron Precipitation
Figure 15.35
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
3. B
uddi
ng a
nd P
rost
heca
te/S
talk
ed B
acte
ria
L
arg
e a
nd
he
tero
ge
ne
ou
s g
rou
p
P
rima
rily
Alp
ha
pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
F
orm
va
riou
s ki
nd
s o
f cyt
op
lasm
ic e
xtru
sio
ns
bo
un
de
d
by
a c
ell
wa
ll (c
olle
ctiv
ely
ca
lled
pro
sth
eca
e)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Features of Stalked, Appendaged and Budding Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Prosthecate Bacteria
Figure 15.36a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Prosthecate Bacteria
Figure 15.36b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Prosthecate Bacteria
Figure 15.36c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Cell Division
Figure 15.37
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
B
uddi
ng B
acte
ria
D
ivid
e a
s a
re
sult
of u
ne
qu
al c
ell
gro
wth
T
wo
we
ll-st
ud
ied
ge
ne
ra
H
ypho
mic
robi
um (
chem
oorg
anot
roph
ic)
R
hodo
mic
robi
um (
phot
otro
phic
)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Hyphomicrobium Cell Cycle
Figure 15.38
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Morphology of Hyphomicrobium
Figure 15.39a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Morphology of Hyphomicrobium
Figure 15.39b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
P
rost
heca
te a
nd S
talk
ed B
acte
ria
A
pp
en
da
ge
d b
act
eria
tha
t atta
ch to
pa
rtic
ula
te m
atte
r,
pla
nt m
ate
rial,
an
d o
the
r m
icro
be
s in
aq
ua
tic
en
viro
nm
en
ts
A
pp
en
da
ge
s in
cre
ase
su
rfa
ce-t
o-v
olu
me
ra
tio o
f th
e
cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stalked Bacteria
Figure 15.40a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stalked Bacteria
Figure 15.40b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stalked Bacteria
Figure 15.40c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
C
aulo
bact
er
C
he
mo
org
an
otr
op
h
P
rod
uce
s a
cyt
op
lasm
-fill
ed
sta
lk
O
ften
se
en
on
su
rfa
ces
in a
qu
atic
en
viro
nm
en
ts w
ith
sta
lks
of s
eve
ral c
ells
atta
che
d to
form
ro
sette
s
H
old
fast
str
uct
ure
pre
sen
t on
the
en
d o
f th
e s
talk
use
d
for
atta
chm
en
t
M
od
el s
yste
m fo
r ce
ll d
ivis
ion
an
d d
eve
lop
me
nt
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Growth of Caulobacter
Figure 15.41
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
15.16 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
G
allio
nella
C
he
mo
lith
otr
op
hic
iro
n-o
xid
izin
g b
act
eria
P
oss
ess
twis
ted
sta
lk-li
ke s
tru
ctu
re c
om
po
sed
of f
err
ic
hyd
roxi
de
C
om
mo
n in
wa
ters
dra
inin
g b
og
s, ir
on
sp
ring
s, a
nd
oth
er
en
viro
nm
en
ts r
ich
in F
e2+
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Neutrophilic Ferrous Iron Oxidizer, Gallione Ferruginea
Figure 15.42a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Neutrophilic Ferrous Iron Oxidizer, Gallione Ferruginea
Figure 15.42b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
V. Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria
15
.17
Glid
ing
Myx
obac
teria
15
.18
Sul
fate
- an
d S
ulfu
r-R
educ
ing
Pro
teob
acte
ria
15
.19
The
Eps
ilonp
rote
obac
teria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
15.17 Gliding Myxobacteria
G
lidin
g
A
form
of m
otil
ity e
xhib
ited
by
som
e b
act
eria
G
lidin
g B
acte
ria
A
re ty
pic
ally
eith
er
lon
g r
od
s o
r fil
am
en
ts
L
ack
fla
ge
lla, b
ut c
an
mo
ve w
he
n in
co
nta
ct w
ith
surf
ace
s
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Classification of the Fruiting Myxobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Classification of the Fruiting Myxobacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
15.17 Gliding Myxobacteria
M
yxob
acte
ria
G
rou
p o
f glid
ing
ba
cte
ria th
at f
orm
mu
ltice
llula
r
stru
ctu
res
(fru
itin
g b
od
ies)
an
d s
ho
w c
om
ple
x
de
velo
pm
en
tal l
ife c
ycle
s
D
elta
pro
teo
ba
cte
ria
C
he
mo
org
an
otr
op
hic
so
il b
act
eria
L
ifest
yle
incl
ud
es
con
sum
ptio
n o
f de
ad
org
an
ic m
atte
r
or
oth
er
ba
cte
rial c
ells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
15.17 Gliding Myxobacteria
F
ruiti
ng m
yxob
acte
ria e
xhib
it co
mpl
ex b
ehav
iora
l pa
ttern
s an
d lif
e cy
cles
V
eg
eta
tive
ce
lls a
re s
imp
le, n
on
flag
ella
ted
ro
ds
tha
t
glid
e a
cro
ss s
urf
ace
s a
nd
ob
tain
the
ir n
utr
ien
ts
prim
aril
y b
y ly
sin
g o
the
r b
act
eria
an
d u
tiliz
ing
re
lea
sed
nu
trie
nts
U
nder
app
ropr
iate
con
ditio
ns,
vege
tativ
e ce
lls
aggr
egat
e, c
onst
ruct
fru
iting
bod
ies,
and
und
ergo
diff
eren
tiatio
n in
to m
yxos
pore
s
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Myxococcus
Figure 15.43a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Myxococcus
Figure 15.43b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stigmatella aurantiaca
Figure 15.44a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Stigmatella aurantiaca
Figure 15.44b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Bodies of Three Species of Fruiting Myxobacteria
Figure 15.45a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Bodies of Three Species of Fruiting Myxobacteria
Figure 15.45b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Bodies of Three Species of Fruiting Myxobacteria
Figure 15.45c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
15.17 Gliding Myxobacteria
T
he li
fe c
ycle
of f
ruiti
ng m
yxob
acte
rium
is c
ompl
ex
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Life Cycle of Myxococcus xanthus
Figure 15.46
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Swarming in Myxococcus
Figure 15.47a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Swarming in Myxococcus
Figure 15.47b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Body Formation in Chondromyces crocatus
Figure 15.48a
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Body Formation in Chondromyces crocatus
Figure 15.48b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Body Formation in Chondromyces crocatus
Figure 15.48c
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fruiting Body Formation in Chondromyces crocatus
Figure 15.48d
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Proteobacteria
D
issi
mila
tive
sulfa
te-
and
sulfu
r-re
duci
ng b
acte
ria
O
ver
40
ge
ne
ra o
f De
ltap
rote
ob
act
eria
U
se S
O42-
an
d S
o a
s e
lect
ron
acc
ep
tors
an
d o
rga
nic
com
po
un
ds
or
H2
as
ele
ctro
n d
on
ors
H
2S
is a
n en
d pr
oduc
t Most obligate anaerobes
Widespread in aquatic and terrestrial environments
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Proteobacteria
P
hysi
olog
y of
sul
fate
-red
ucin
g ba
cter
ia
G
rou
p I
O
xidi
ze la
ctat
e, p
yruv
ate,
or
etha
nol t
o ac
etat
e an
d
excr
ete
fatt
y ac
id a
s an
end
pro
duct
G
rou
p II
O
xidi
ze f
atty
aci
ds,
lact
ate,
suc
cina
te,
and
benz
oate
to
CO
2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Sulfate- and Sulfur- Reducing Bacteria
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Enrichment Culture of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
Figure 15.49g
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Epsilonproteobacteria
E
psilo
npro
teob
acte
ria
A
bu
nd
an
t in
oxi
c–a
no
xic
inte
rfa
ces
in s
ulfu
r-ric
h
en
viro
nm
en
ts
e.
g.,
hydr
othe
rmal
ven
ts
M
an
y a
re a
uto
tro
ph
s
U
sing
H2,
form
ate,
sul
fide,
or
thio
sulp
hate
as
elec
tron
dono
r
P
ath
og
en
ic a
nd
no
n-p
ath
og
en
ic r
ep
rese
nta
tive
s
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Characteristics of Key Genera of Epsilonproteobacteria