bacteria and viruses brought to you by mr. brinkman
TRANSCRIPT
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Bacteria and Viruses
Brought to you by Mr. Brinkman
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Taxonomy
• The branch of biology dealing with the classification of life.
• 1700s 2 kingdoms: plant and animal• 1800s 3 kingdoms: plant, animal, and
protista• 1950-1990s 5 kingdoms: plant, animal,
protista, fungi, monera• Present: 6 kingdoms: eubacteria,
archaebacteria, protista, animal, plant, fungi
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Prokaryotes
• Traditionally all prokaryotes
• Presently, the prokaryotes are divided into two kingdoms.– Archaecbacteria– Eubacteria
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Eubacteria
• Larger of the two kingdoms• Live almost everywhere• Vital for life functions and
industry• Both helpful and harmful
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Archaebacteria
• Comes from the Greek word archaio which means “ancient”
• Believed by many to be the earliest organisms to inhabit the earth
• All live in harsh environments• 3 separate phyla:
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1. Methane-producing bacteria (methanogens)
• Intestinal tracts of animals
• Bottoms of swamps
• Used for sewage treatment
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2. Salt-loving bacteria (Halophiles)
• Thrive in high salinity waters where no other life can exist.
• Great Salt Lake
• Dead Sea
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3. Hot-acidic loving (thermoacidophiles)
• Thrive at temperatures as great as 180ºF and pHs as low as 2.
• Natural springs.• Yellowstone
National Park
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Facts about bacteria:
• Found everywhere• Very small. Much smaller than any
cell in our body.• No membrane-bound structures or
nucleus. (prokaryotes)• Usually surrounded by a cell wall
and a capsule for additional protection.
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General structure:
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Classification according to shape.
1. Coccus (spherical)
Can be single cells
Pairs
Chains
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2. Bacillus (rod)• Single cells• Pairs• Chains
• example– anthrax
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3. Spirillum(spiral)
Only exist as single cells
Example:cholera, syphillis
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Shapes:
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Metabolic Needs
• Aerobic• The most common type• Cannot live without oxygen
• Anaerobic• Cannot live in the presence of
oxygen• Gets energy through fermentation
(CO2)
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Heterotrophic bacteria
• Decomposer• Feed off the remains of dead
plants and animals. Seldom cause disease
• Parasites• Live on or in other living
organisms. Often cause disease
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Autotrophic bacteria
• Photoautotroph• Use sunlight to convert carbon
dioxide into energy• Ex. cyanobacteria
• Chemoautotroph• Use inorganic chemical compounds
to convert carbon dioxide into energy.
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Genetic material
• Nucleoid= a single circular chromosome containing the DNA and RNA.
• Endospore = tough protective coat that covers and protects the nuclear material.
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Reproduction
• All reproduce asexually
• Usually through binary fission
• Under certain conditions, bacteria can reproduce very quickly–A small colony can double in 20
minutes.
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Binary fission
• The most common type of asexual reproduction.
• A single cell splits to form two daughter cells
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Exchange of DNA
Conjugation = genes move from one cell to another
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Endospores
• A thick covering around the DNA that allows the bacterium to remain dormant for long periods of time. If necessary, many years.
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Helpful bacteria
• Decompose food wastes• Produce vitamins• Produce antibodies• Genetic engineering• Decomposition of dead plants and
animals• Industry & agriculture
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Plant roots
• Found on the roots of plants.
• Can be helpful in ‘fixing’ nitrogen for plant use.
• Rhizobium nodules on roots of soybeans
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VIRUSES
• Are they living or non-living?• Contain genetic material• Lack organelles
Cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell.
• The word virus comes from the Greek word for POISON
• Cause many diseases.
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How big is a virus?
• Much smaller than bacterial cells.
• Scientists have only recently, last 60 years, learned anything about viruses
• Classified according to the types of cells they attack.
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Virus structure:
• A center core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.
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2 main types of viral reproduction:
• LYTIC CYCLE1. Injects its nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA) into the cell to take over cellular activities.
• LYSOGENIC CYCLE1. Coexists with the cell without
destroying the host cell
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Lytic cycle
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Lysogenic cycle
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RETRO-VIRUS
• Direct the production of proteins by the host cell.
• RETROVIRUS = A special type of virus that can make DNA which will produce new RNA, which, in turn, makes proteins that produce new viruses.
• Ex. AIDS VIRUS
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Diseases caused by microorganisms:
• Pathogens: disease-causing agents
• BACTERIAL DISEASE:1) Damage cells and tissues
directly2) Release toxins to interfere
with normal cellular activity
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Common bacterial diseases:
• LymeS disease• Tetanus• Strep throat• Tuberculosis• E. coli poisoning
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Controlling bacterial disease.
• ANTIBIOTICS• 1928. Discovery
of penicillin by Sir Alexander Flemming
• Came from a mold.
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Common methods of bacterial infection.
• Food & water (E. coli)
• Coughing & sneezing
• Sexually transmitted.
• Carried by insects
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Food disease prevention
• Keep hands, and cooking utensils clean
• Canning and preservation techniques with food.
• Pasteurization• Freezing
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How do we prevent viral diseases?
• Cannot be treated with ordinary antibiotics
• Vaccinations. The word comes from the vacca Latin for “cow”.
• A vaccine is a weakened form of a virus that is used to stimulate the immune system to produce antiviral substances.
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Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
• British physician
• Developed the first vaccine in 1798 for the viral disease smallpox.
• Considered the “Father of Immunology”
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Common viral diseases:
• AIDS• Measles• Chickenpox• Smallpox• Influenza• The common cold• West Nile• Polio
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SMALL POX
• Viral disease that is believed to have originated in Egypt at least 2000 years ago.
• Characterized by pox lesions and boils.
• Spread to the Americas by Spanish conquistadors.
• Jenner’s vaccine was developed after observing a bovine disease: “cowpox”
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Eradication of smallpox:Or is it?• In 1967 the World Health
Organization launched a global effort to eradicate smallpox.
• 1978 : Last known case of smallpox.
• 1980 : W.H.O. declares the world free of smallpox.
• Is there any smallpox virus left?
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Viroids and Prions
• Viroid• Small disease causing
particle.• Affect plants
• Prion• Small disease causing particle.• Affects animals.• example:
MAD COW DISEASE