bacteria and biocide
TRANSCRIPT
BACTERIA AND BIOCIDES
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RESPONSE TO OXYGEN AEROBIC ANAEROBIC FACULTATIVE MICROAEROPHILIC EH REQUIREMENTS
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCE
BARAPHILES THERMOPILES MESOPHILES PSYCHROPHILES HALOPHILES ACIDOPHILES NEUTROPHILES ETC. I.E., BAROPHILLIC THERMOPHILES
[SESSILE VS PLANKTONIC]
TYPES OF BACTERIA THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN THE OIL FIELD Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRBs)
desulfovibrio desulfomaculum
Anaerobic Bacteria Aerobic Bacteria Facultative Bacteria Iron Bacteria Others
sulfur oxidizing nitrate reducing methanogens fungi
[SESSILE VS PLANKTONIC]
SIGNS OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION
BLACK WATER [H2S]
[FeS]/SOLIDS PLUGGING / FILTER PROBLEMS /
HIGH INJECTIVITY PRESSURES PITTING CORROSION - PATTERNS HIGH BACTERIA COUNTS
BREEDING SITES
SLIME FORMERS
These bacteria need oxygen to grow. Although oil field waters are naturally very low in oxygen in many instances air can get into field water through system leaks.
OPEN PONDS SHALLOW WATER SUPPLY WELLS ON PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT ON TUBING
BREEDING SITES
SRB’SCan be found in many areas. Will only grow in an
environment that has low concentrations of oxygen.
RAT HOLES PACKER FLUIDS HEATER TREATERS FILTER BEDS AT OIL/WATER INTERFACES UNDER DEPOSITS
Intake Pumps
Strainer
Filtration
Deaeration
ChemicalTreatment
Injection Pump
Reservoir
ProcessCooling
DesalinationMudMake-up
Dump WaterStore
MudStore
WATER INJECTION SYSTEM
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7) (8)
( ) Sampling Point
Sampling Notes:
1. General organisms for water quality; blooms ; efficacy of chlorination; consolidation techniques for sulfate-reducing bacteria.
2. General organisms; clogging filters; backwash schedules; souring of deep-beds.
3. Sulfate-reducing bacteria.
4. Sulfate-reducing bacteria probably by consolidation techniques; check biocide efficiency.
5. Backflushing of reservoir; check sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfur.
6. Heat exchangers, etc; general organisms slime formation and loss of heat transfer.
7. Quality of drinking water.
8. Blooms; sulfate-reducing bacteria; odor nuisance of mud in store.
Reservoir
Wellhead
High PressureSeparator
Low PressureSeparator
Pipeline
Storage
Storage
Tanker
Oily Water
(1)
(2A)
(2B)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
( ) Sampling Point
Sampling Notes: 1. Sulfate-reducing bacteria levels after shut-ins; sulfate-
reducing bacteria on downloads SV; sulfate-reducing bacteria in sea water breakthrough.
2. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in water bottoms. 3. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in pipeline water at landfalls;
pigging debris; biocide efficacy tests. 4. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in tank bottoms. 5. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in offshore sea water ballasted
crude storage tanks; general oil degrading organisms. 6. General oil degrading organisms; sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Often main source of contamination of pipelines.
ENUMERATION / IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA Serial dilution followed by culturing in the appropriate
media Epifluorescence A.T.P Photometry Microscopic techniques “Fast” count methods
A true identification of bacteria is very complicated. This is generally not carried out in an oil field operation.
*sanicheck*rapid check
CULTURING OF BACTERIA
In order to successfully culture bacteria an environment needs to be provided that allows them to grow and multiply.
Requirements:Specificity
[Salt]
pH
Eh-(poising agents)
Temperature of incubation
Visualization
Time to develop growth
Availability of media
MEDIA REQUIREMENTS
SRB ANAEROBES AEROBESFood source lactic acid
acetic acidothers
various sugars protein extracts
Cations Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, etc Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, etc Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, etcSulfate + + + + +pH ~7 ~7 ~7Eh (poising Agent) + + -General Nutrients yeast yeastSalts Adjust to suit
organism
CULTURE MEDIA
KH2PO4 0.5gNH4CL 1.0gCaSO4 1.0gMgSO4
. 7H2O 2.0g
yeast extract 1.0gNa lactate 3.5gNa acetate 2.8gAsorbic acid 0.1gThioglycollic acid 0.1gFeSO4
. 7H2O 0.5g
pH AdjustCaClMgCl2 AdjustNaClH2O Add up to 1000ml
SRB Broth(Modified Postgate B)
CULTURE MEDIA
glucose 10.0gKNO3 0.6gNa2HPO4 0.45gMgSO4
. 7H2O 0.1g
FeSO4 . 7H2O 0.001g
yeast extract 3.0gNH4Cl 0.5gCysteine-HCl 0.5gpH 7.0NaCl adjust
H2O Add up to 1000ml
General Anaerobic Broth
CULTURE MEDIA
Beef Extract 3.0gPeptone 5.0gpH 7.0NaCl adjustH2O Add up to 1000 ml
API Aerobic Broth
DO’S AND DON’TS ON BACTERIA CULTURING
CRITICALLY IMPORTANT Adjust salinity to match field salt level. When in between go
to lower chloride. Incubate - temperature, time Darkness - Do not expose to UV Shoot a number of bottles (6) to define severity of problem Safety - needle destruction, bottle disposal, letter of
justification Observe shelf life Thermo-heat the media to avoid killing thermophiles
DO’S AND DON’TS ON BACTERIA CULTURING
MAY BE IMPORTANT Changing syringes Alcohol swabbing Volume of sample-precision 1ml +/- 0.2 ml Gauge of needle - avoid large diameter Media manufacturer - stay with one Postgate v. API for SRB
DO’S AND DON’TS ON BACTERIA CULTURING
DOES NOT MATTER Drawing vacuum on bottle before withdrawing
needle Size of syringe
SERIAL DILUTION
Bottles ShowingGrowth
Bact. Count (colonies/ml)
1 1-102 10-1003 100-10004 1000-10,0005 10,000-100,000
If the above procedures are carried out in triplicate (or higher)there are statistical tables available for more accurate counts
SERIAL DILUTION
SAMPLE 0-10 10-100 etc. etc. etc.
PLUGGING PROBLEMS
Bacteria can cause plugging and reduced flow in filters, down hole formations and lines. They can coat the walls of heat exchangers and reduce their efficiency. Formation of insoluble salts (FeS) Formation of slime and cell debris
HOW DO BACTERIA CAUSE CORROSION
-H2S production
SO4-2 + H2 H2S
sulfate hydrogen sulfide
Acid production
sugars various acids(other substrates) (lactic, acetic, propionic)
CO2 + H2
CATHODIC DEPOLARIZATION
2 ELECTRONS
From the anodic metal oxidation
+2H+ 2H H2
In the cell cytochrome systemoxidation of hydrogenreduction of sulfate
SO4-2
H2O + S-2 + Energy
AssimilationReactions
ADP
ATP
BACTERIAL CONTROL WITH BIOCIDES
Lab procedures Compatibility tests (biocide c field fluids)
c other treatment chemicals Time kill tests. This procedure evaluates the amount of chemical
needed and amount of contact time required for a biocide to kill the bacteria or significantly reduce their population density. This test measures the bactericidal potency of a biocide.
Bacteriostatic test. This procedure evaluates the ability of a reagent to stop the growth of (but not necessary kill) bacteria.
Biocide studies on bacterial films. These techniques are used to measure the effect of biocides on sessile bacteria that have been grown on a surface.
BACTERIAL CONTROL WITH BIOCIDES
[H2S]
Corrosion rates Measurements of injectivity pressure filter plugging, total
solids etc.
Field monitors and surveys (establish base lines)Planktonic Sessile
appropriate samplepoints (bug vials)
Robbins sidestream device
pinpoint specific areasof high conc.
Robbins in-line devicecouponspipe sections etc.
BACTERIAL CONTROL WITH BIOCIDES
TREATMENT PROCEDURES: Continuous vs slug Specific sites vs general Correlation with lab data Treatment in conjuction with a surfactant Treatment in conjuction with mechanical devices
Butterworth Sprayers
Pigs
Other clean up procedure
AN EXAMPLE OF A TREATMENT REGIMEN
OXYGEN CORROSION
SCAVENGERS INHIBITION PIG BIOCIDE PIG
PIPELINE
BIOCIDES MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Interfere with fundamental cell requirements denaturation of proteins and enzymes disruption of lipids cause cell wall disruption damage / inactivation of DNA, RNA
Most biocides have pluralistic modes of action Significance of resistance
Glycocalyx formation Specificity of action is rare
Synergisms
BIOCIDE REGISTRATION / LABELING
EPA LABEL REQUIREMENTS
BIOCIDES
DESCRIPTION AND AVAILABILITY
BIOCIDES (MISCELLANEOUS)Other biocideImidazolines NapervilleSulfones NapervilleSodium Hypochlorite NapervilleBenzothiazole NapervilleTin oxide NapervilleThiocyanate NapervilleGuanidine (VANTOCIL)
Europe
Copper Sulfate NapervilleMetronidazole Not Available
BIOSURFACANTS (biodispersants)
EC1082A Diamine plus surfactants
EC9047A Surfactant only
EC1088A Diamine plus surfactants
SAMPLING OF BACTERIA / REVIEW
Sessile bacteria - need to obtain the bacteria from the surface.
Planktonic bacteria - need to obtain the bacteria out of the liquid.
The procedures for obtaining sessile counts are somewhat more cumbersome than for planktonic but utilize the same fundamental principles.
Important Factors: Eh requirements oxygen concentration sampling techniques
BIOCIDE INCOMPATIBILITIES
Reactions with other chemicals. Temperature sensitivity. Sensitivity to pH. Solubility in brines. Foaming. Emulsion Formation
BACTERIAL METABOLISM
TYPE
Respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
EXAMPLEC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + energy
CH3COOH + SO4-2 2CO2 + H2S
+2OH- + energy
C6H12O6 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + energy
CONCLUSION
The determination of what problems exist in a field can be difficult and frustrating.
Many times more than one type of corrosion is taking place simultaneously. In these instances it may be very hard to determine which one (or more) is the significant factor that needs to be controlled.
RELATIONSHIP OF TEST DATA TO FIELD SYSTEMS
BATCH TREATMENT CONTINUOUS TREATMENT
CHEMICALS USED FOR BACTERIAL CONTROL
BACTERICIDES - CHEMICALS WHICH KILL BACTERIA
BACTERIOSTATS - CHEMICALS WHICH RETARD OR INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA
MICROBIOCIDES - CHEMICALS WHICH KILL OTHER FORMS OF LIFE IN ADDITION TO BACTERIA
MICROBIOSTATS - CHEMICALS WHICH RETARD OR INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF OTHER FORMS OF LIFE IN ADDITION TO BACTERIA
SAMPLING / ENUMERATION OF BACTERIA
PROCEDURES WITH PLANKTONIC BACTERIA
PROCEDURE WITH SESSILE BACTERIA
TAXONOMY
Kingdom - Plant
Phylum - Thallophyta
Class - Schizomycetes
Order - Pseudomonadales
Family - Spirillaceae
Genus - Desulfovibrio
Species - ie. vulgaris
desulfuricans
africans
MISC. CLASSIFICATIONS
Spore formers Staining techniques
gram pos
gram neg
gram variable
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
Rods Curved (sigmoid) (like the letter C) Vibrio (like a comma or s shaped) Spiral Semilunar (cresent shaped) Coccoid (round) Filamentous Flageller classifications
peritrichous (uniform over body) monotrichous (one flagella/cell) lophotrichous (dist-about one end)
RememberBacteria can exhibit polymorphism or pleomorphism-especially under conditions of
stress.
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
There are several ways in which bacteria are grouped.Many of these depend on what particular aspect of the organism is of interest or is being studied.
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Algae - Contain Chlorophyll, Require Sunlight
Fungi - Do Not Contain Chlorophyll
*Bacteria - Some Properties Common To Both Algae and Fungi
INTRODUCTION
PRACTICAL THEORETICAL INTEREST HANDOUTS
BIOCIDES
NAME DESCRIPTION AVAILABILITYHouston Europe Naperville
Glutaraldehyde Dialdehyde EC6111A EC9131A yesEC6112A EC9128A
Glut mixtures with quats EC6109A (1) yesEC6110A
Glut mixtures with other chemicals no (1) yes
Formaldehyde no(2) 7-6444 noFormaldehyde mix with other actives no EC9135A no
Diamines R-N-C-C-C-N- EC6106A 7-7672 yesEC6107A EC6210A
Diamine mixtures with other chemicals no (1) yes R+
Quats R-N-R EC6116A EC9123A yes R
Quat mixtures with other chemicals no (1) yes
Isothiazoline Heterocyclic (KATHON) EC6114A no yes S
Thiocarbamates -N-C-S- ASP744 no yesDryocide
THPS Phosphonium quat (3) EC9126A (3)THPS mixtures with other acivites no 7-6450 no
DBNPA Brominated amide EC6116A no yes
Triazine Heterocyclic EC6113A no yes
Dazomet Heterocyclic EC6115A no yes
DIKIOR Chlorine dioxide (4) no no
(1) More than one available(2) Not registered for oilfield use in the USA.(3) Will be added to the product line as soon as it clears the EPA.(4) Will be added to the product line.
SCHEMATIC OF FLUSH MOUNTED BIOPROBE
~2”
PLASTIC FRONT (GLUED ONTO METAL PLATE)
THREADED BACK SIDE
ALLEN SCREW(TO HOLD STUD IN PLACE)
STUD (BIOBULLET)
The flush mounted bioprobe is threaded in the back and screws directly into the line. The plastic on the front isolates the removable studs from the rest of the metal probe and thus eliminates galvanic corrosion. The field water flows over the studs in the line. Bacteria, if present can settle on and stick to the studs. The studs can be removed and the number of bacteria present on the surface is determined.
BUTYL RUBBER STOPPER
STERILE STEEL WIRE USED TO SUSPEND STUD
GLASS BOTTLE, 125cm3
CAPACITY
TEST BOTTLE SOLUTION:ANAROBIC, BOTTLE FILLEDTO NECK
RUBBER ‘O’ RING
MILD STEEL STUD FROM BIOFILM GENERATOR
PLASTIC COATED STIRRINGBAR
MAGNETIC STIRRER