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Promoting Low Carbon Development Project

National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

SUDAN-NAMA FRAMEWORK

31 March 2015

Authors

No. Sector Expert’s Name Expert’s Affiliation

1 Energy Osama Salah Mohamed Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity

Quosay Awad Ahmed University of Khartoum

2 Industrial Processes Naeima Abdelgadir Hilal Industrial Researches and Consultancy Centre

3 Agriculture Sawsan Khair Elsied Range and Pasture General Directorate, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands

4 Land use change and Forestry

Salah Yousif Mohmaed National Forest Corporation

5 Administration and report compilation

Asia Adlan Mohamed

Rehab Ahmed Hassan

Hana Hamadalla

Axel Michaelowa

Michel Köhler

Björn Dransfeld

University of Khartoum

Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR)

Perspectives Climate Change

Table of Contents1 Background..............................................................................................................................................12 Link with Sudan’s climate change policies and “Low Carbon Development Strategy”............................23 Methodology............................................................................................................................................44 Overview of Emission Sectors and Assessment of Relevance and Mitigation Potential...........................5

4.1 Agriculture Sector..............................................................................................................54.1.1 General Information about the Sector.....................................................................................................5

4.1.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable Development..................................................................7

4.1.3 GHG emissions and trends................................................................................................................8

4.1.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans Related to the Sector.......................................................................10

4.1.5 Relevance of the Agricultural Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation Potential.....................................10

4.2 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector.............................................................................124.2.1 General Information About the Sector...........................................................................................12

4.2.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable Development................................................................14

4.2.3 GHG Emissions and Trends.............................................................................................................14

4.2.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans for the Forest Sector........................................................................15

4.2.5 Relevance of the Forestry Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation Potential..........................................17

4.3 Energy sector...................................................................................................................194.3.1 General Information About the Sector.................................................................................................19

4.3.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable Development.....................................................................23

4.3.3 GHG Emissions and Trends...................................................................................................................23

4.3.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans Related to the Sector............................................................................24

4.3.5 Relevance of the Energy Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation Potential................................................27

4.4 Industrial Processes.........................................................................................................294.4.1 General Information About the Sector...........................................................................................29



4.4.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans Related to the Industry Sector.........................................................32

4.4.5 Relevance of the Industrial Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation Potential........................................33

4.5 Waste Sector...................................................................................................................354.5.1 General Information About the Sector...........................................................................................35



4.5.4 Policies Strategies and Plans Related to the Waste Sector.............................................................36

4.5.5 Relevance of the waste sector for NAMAs and Mitigation Potential:.............................................36

5 Proposal for a Sudanese NAMA Framework..........................................................................................38

5.1 Elements of the Sudanese NAMA framework.................................................................385.2 Proposed NAMA Institutional framework.......................................................................395.3 NAMA Identification and Selection Process.....................................................................44

5.3.1 Assessment of NAMA options according to multi-criteria analysis (MCA)......................................46

5.3.2 Evaluation of mitigation options and sectors under the Sudanese NAMA framework...................48

5.3.3 Identification of concrete NAMAs that achieve national development and mitigation objectives.57

5.4 Proposed MRV System for NAMAs..................................................................................615.4.1 Sudanese Context...........................................................................................................................62

5.4.2 Recommendation for setting-up the Sudanese NAMA framework MRV........................................63

6 References..............................................................................................................................................65

References for Chapter 4..........................................................................................................65Agriculture sector.....................................................................................................................65Land Use Change and Forestry Sector......................................................................................66Energy Sector............................................................................................................................66Industrial Processes..................................................................................................................67

Annex I: Sudan NAMA evaluation results.............................................................................................................68Annex II: NAMA Design Template.......................................................................................................................74Annex III: Lighthouse example for NAMA development – Mexico NAMA for sustainable housing....................80

List of Tables

Table 1: Percentage of share of major economic sectors in Sudan’s GDP 2010-2013.................................5

Table 2: Estimated livestock population (million) 2013................................................................................6

Table 3: GHG Emissions from Agriculture, 2000 (Gg)................................................................................8

Table 4: GHG emissions from LUCF, 2000 (Gg).......................................................................................14

Table 5: GHG emissions from the energy sector, 2000 (Gg)......................................................................23

Table 6: GHG emissions from industrial processes, 2000 (Gg)..................................................................32

Table 7: GHG emissions from waste management, 2000 (Gg)...................................................................36

Table 8: Identified NAMAs from sector assessment...................................................................................44

Table 9: Summary of Sudanese Development Priorities.............................................................................46

Table 10: Assessment Criteria for Sudanese NAMA framework................................................................47

Table 11: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Agriculture sector....................................................................49

Table 12: Main barriers for agriculture sector NAMAS..............................................................................49

Table 13: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Land Use Change and Forestry Sector....................................49

Table 14: Main barriers for land use and forestry sector NAMAS..............................................................50

Table 15: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Electricity Supply..........................................51

Table 16: Main barriers for Energy Sector - Electricity Supply NAMAS..................................................51

Table 17: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Electricity Demand.......................................52

Table 18: Main barriers for Energy Sector - Electricity Demand NAMAS................................................52

Table 19: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Transportation...............................................53

Table 20: Main barriers for transport sector NAMAS.................................................................................53

Table 21: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Households....................................................53

Table 22: Main barriers for household NAMAS.........................................................................................54

Table 23: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Others............................................................54

Table 24: Main barriers for other energy sector NAMAS...........................................................................54

Table 25: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Industrial Processes Sector......................................................55

Table 26: Main barriers for industry sector NAMAS..................................................................................55

Table 27: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Waste Sector............................................................................56

Table 28: Main barriers for waste sector NAMAS......................................................................................57

Table 29: Ranking the Sudanese NAMA proposals under the NAMA Framework....................................58

Table 30: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the agriculture sector............................................................60

Table 31: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the forestry sector................................................................60

Table 32: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the energy sector..................................................................60

Table 33: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the industrial process sector.................................................60

Table 34: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the waste sector....................................................................61

Table 35: Sudanese GHG inventory data quality assessment......................................................................63

List of Figures

Figure 1: Interrelation of Sudanese NAMAs, NAMA Framework and LCDS (dark blue for the mitigation dimension and light blue for adaptation and vulnerability)...................................................................2

Figure 2: General step-by-step structure for elaborating the Sudanese LCDS and NAMA framework.......4

Figure 3: Sudan livestock density...............................................................................................................6

Figure 4: Livestock distribution.....................................................................................................................7

Figure 5: Breakdown of CO2e emissions associated with agricultural activities, 2000................................9

Figure 6: Livestock population and manure production estimates, 2000......................................................9

Figure 7: Sudan’s Energy Balance for the Year 2011.................................................................................20

Figure 8: GHG emission in Million Tonne CO2 Equivalent from different energy demand sectors..........24

Figure 9: NAMA Framework Example.......................................................................................................38

Figure 10: Components of NAMA Framework...........................................................................................39

Figure 11: General NAMA framework for Sudan.......................................................................................40

Figure 12: Envisaged institutional arrangement for the Sudanese NAMA framework...............................40

Figure 13: Institutional Arrangement for Sudanese DNA serving as NAMA Unit.....................................42

Figure 14: Screening process of proposed NAMA activities......................................................................44

Figure 15: NAMA framework MRV in the context of LCDS and individual NAMA activities................62

Figure 16: General approach for setting up an MRV system (suitable for individual NAMAs and the NAMA framework).............................................................................................................................64

Abbreviations

BAU Business As Usual (scenario)

BUR Biennial Update Report

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CERs Certified Emission Reductions

CO2e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

COP Conference of the Parties

DCFB Densified Complete Feed Blocks

DNA Designated National Authority

DTMRB Densified Total Mixed Ration Blocks

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FNC Forest National Corporation

FRA Forest Resources Assessment

GCF Green Climate Fund

GDP Gross Domestic Product

Gg Billion g (=1000 t)

GHG Greenhouse Gas

HCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources

IEA International Energy Agency

INDC Intended National Determined Contribution

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

kWh Kilowatthours

LCDS/LEDS Low Carbon/Emission Development Strategies

LDC Least Developed Country

LPG Liquid petroleum gas

LUCF Land-use change and forestry

LULUCF Land-use, land-use change and forestry

MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification

NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action

NC National Communication

NG National grid

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

PV Photovoltaics

RE Renewable Energy

SIDS Small Island Developing State

TLU Tropical Livestock Unit

TNA Technical Needs Assessment

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WB World Bank

1 BackgroundThis document is a key deliverable of the “Promoting Low Carbon Investment Project” coordinated by the Sudan Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) and financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). As outlined in the documents “Methodology and technical guideline for the development of a Sudanese LCDS and NAMA Framework” (see Perspectives 2014a) and “Review of regional and international experiences in the preparation of LCDS and secondary information from development partners” (see Perspectives 2014b), the development of a Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) is recommended to be linked with a comprehensive Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) framework. Various synergies can be achieved when synchronizing the design of NAMAs in different economic sectors in a NAMA framework under a LCDS umbrella, and ideally making NAMA identification the bottom up process of elaborating the LCDS. To enable the set up of such NAMA framework, detailed information about greenhouse gas (GHG) emission characteristics of relevant economic sectors is required. Thus the National Team of the Sudan’s NAMA and LCDS Working Group provided information about emission characteristics and reduction potentials of the Sudanese economy (see chapter 4). Building on this information chapter 5 describes elements of a Sudanese NAMA Framework, such as institutional set up, MRV system and NAMA identification process. For the latter a set of 40 NAMAs has been evaluated and ranked according to the evaluation results.

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2 Link with Sudan’s climate change policies and “Low Carbon Development Strategy”Figure 1illustrates the links between the individual NAMAs, the NAMA Framework and the Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) in the Sudanese context. Because of the magnitude of the ambition and its close links to development (co)benefits, it makes sense to integrate climate considerations into development planning, e.g. LCDS design. Further it reflects the related dimension of climate change for Sudan: Vulnerability to future climate impacts and potential adaptation activities to avoid severe loss and damage.

Figure 1: Interrelation of Sudanese NAMAs, NAMA Framework and LCDS (dark blue for the mitigation dimension and light blue for adaptation and vulnerability)

Source: Own illustration

While the NAMA framework describes a joint approach to identify and manage suitable mitigation activities in different economic sectors, the LCDS acts as a top-level umbrella integrating climate considerations into development planning. Because of the magnitude of the ambition and its close links to development (co)benefits, it makes sense to connect the NAMA framework to the LCDS. This has several implications regarding the methodological approach relevant for e.g. baseline determination or selection of NAMAs under the framework. Thus the NAMA framework can be seen as key element that provides consistent approaches to achieve emission reductions in several economic sectors as well as a comprehensive Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system delivering required data and information for the LCDS. The LCDS itself compares the NAMA framework results to a nation-wide baseline, overall Sudanese policy targets and other economic parameters. Vulnerability reduction and adaptation objectives can be included in the context of the LCDS leading to reflection of synergies between mitigation and adaptation on the NAMA framework level. As outlined below, a comprehensive set of cooperating institutions is well-suited to manage and operationalize both the LCDS and NAMA framework development.

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On the bottom layer of the illustrated pyramid, the analysis of economic sectors reveals the potential for individual NAMAs addressing main barriers for mitigation measures. Some parameters and design features of these NAMAs will be framed in a synergetic manner in order to embed them in a joint NAMA framework that is located in the middle layer. Through highlighting the importance of sustainable co-benefits, the framework can incentivize the specific NAMAs to take into account integrative approaches. A centralized institution guarantees that these synergetic characteristics are applied. Further a centralized MRV system tracks results in a combined approach. Thus the NAMA framework can be seen as key element that provides consistent approaches to achieve emission reductions in several economic sectors as well as a comprehensive MRV system delivering required data and information for the LCDS.

To illustrate the links between LCDS and NAMAs, a good example for integrating LCDS and NAMAs is Colombia. Under the Colombian Low Carbon Development Strategy (CLCDS) sectoral and sub-sectoral action plans were elaborated, and numerous mitigation measures are being formulated as NAMAs.1 Between 2006 and 2009, with the assistance of the World Bank, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa undertook in-depth analyses of national mitigation options, identified policy instruments to mobilise the most promising options and assessed how barriers to policy implementation could be overcome (see ESMAP, 2009). A lighthouse example for NAMA development is the sustainable housing NAMA in Mexico.2 The aim of the NAMA is to supplement on-going initiatives for energy-efficient housing as laid out in Mexico's Special Climate Change Programme and operated by a leading national mortgage provider. The NAMA's two objectives are to extend the basic efficiency standards to the entire new housing market in Mexico and to upgrade efficiency standards to more ambitious levels. See also Annex III for a summary of the NAMA.

1 See http://www.mapsprogramme.org/category/projects/colombia-projects/ for an introduction to the CLCDS.2 Information on this is NAMA is available in Spanish at http://www.conavi.gob.mx/viviendasustentable.

3

http://www.conavi.gob.mx/viviendasustentable

3 MethodologyThe methodology of how to elaborate the NAMAs and their related NAMA framework follows the defined steps as outlined in “Methodology and technical guideline for the development of a Sudanese LCDS and NAMA Framework” (see Perspectives 2014a). Hereby the green coloured parts have been completed by the Sudanese NAMA Working Group, while elaboration of elements of the orange coloured steps has started by the national team in the context of this report (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: General step-by-step structure for elaborating the Sudanese LCDS and NAMA framework

Source: Perspectives 2014a, p.4

As a prerequisite to elaborate a suitable NAMA framework these steps apply an assessment of current emissions and emission trends in the different economic sectors of Sudan. The results can be found in chapter 4. The blue coloured parts are describing core design components of the NAMA framework. Within the blue elaboration steps, the identified reduction potential and mitigation measures are framed into NAMAs, assessed according to their suitability and prioritized. Finally they are embedded in a NAMA framework including a common institutional framework and MRV system.

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9.) Development of a MRV system for the LCDS

8.) Identification of NAMAs, their mitigation and development benefits

7.) Selection and prioritization of mitigation options and sectors

6.) Assessment of options (multi-criteria analysis)

5.) Identification of mitigation potential and options

4.) Development of GHG inventory and baseline scenario

3.) High-level body for development and coordination of LCDS activities

2.) Stakeholder process identifies relevant institutions and persons

1.) High level political support; sufficient finance and HR

4 Overview of Emission Sectors and Assessment of Relevance and Mitigation Potential

4.1 Agriculture Sector

4.1.1 General Information about the SectorThe agriculture sector in Sudan consists of two main components, agrarian and livestock components. The former comprises three sub-sectors of farming systems, namely irrigated agriculture, traditional rain-fed agriculture and mechanized agriculture. Livestock includes fisheries and natural rangelands, which are estimated to be ± 48.2 million hectare, 25.7% of total country area (FAO 2012).

The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of Sudan’s economy in terms of its contribution to GDP. The contribution of agriculture to the GDP was about 33.8% in 2013 and with 33.4% had the second rank of major economic sectors in the GDP during the period 2010-2013 (Table 1) (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation 2013).

Table 1: Percentage of share of major economic sectors in Sudan’s GDP 2010-2013

Sector 2010 2011 2012 2013 averageAgriculture 32.5 34.1 33.1 33.8 33.4Industry 24.7 20.3 14.2 13.9 18.3Services 42.8 45.6 52.7 52.3 48.3

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (2013)

According to the Ministry of Information (2011) arable land is estimated as 200 million feddans (84 million ha), and irrigated cropped land is 11 million feddans (4.6 million ha). Rain-fed cropped land is 29 million feddans (12 million ha), and forests, woodlands and rangelands comprise 67 million ha (669 471 km²). Mobile forms of land use in Sudan are important not just for pastoralists but for farmers who practice traditional shifting cultivation.

Sudan is endowed with large and diverse domesticated livestock species. There are different types and breeds of livestock, the majority of which is raised by different tribes. Various species also have different production attributes and uses, with camels providing transport in addition to milk and meat, goats providing rapid rates of post-drought herd recovery, sheep providing seasonal income opportunities related to Islamic festivals and camels and cattle providing prestige and social status in some areas (HCENR 2013a). According to the Sudan Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU)3 in 2013, livestock population is estimated as 43.1 million. It is distributed all over the country with small ruminants extending all through the country, camels concentrated in the north, and cattle in the middle to south with per capita increasing southwards (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).

The vast arid and semi-arid territories of Sudan are a valuable resource for animal production, provided that livestock can access grazing selectively. The main patterns of livestock production system are traditional production system which mainly depend on the natural pasture; semi intensive production system that mainly depend on the natural pasture and complimentary feeding practiced by sedentary or

3TLU = covers Camels, Goats, Sheep, and Cattle. Standard Units: 1 cattle= 1 TLU; 1 sheep = 0.12 TLU; 1 camel = 1.3 TLU and

1 goat = 0.07 TLU.

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agro-pastoralists, transhumance pastoralists and an intensive commercial production system. About 90% of livestock are managed in traditional pastoral production systems that depend on rangelands comprising grasslands and shrub-lands. Nearly 80% of all rangelands are located in semi-desert and savannah ecological zones that are characterized by variable and unpredictable rainfall. There are several other agricultural activities that are common practices in Sudan, particularly field burning of agricultural residues and prescribed savannah burning.

In terms of fisheries the estimated annual catch of fresh water and marine fish is about 55,000 metric tons which is no more than 30% of the potential fish resources of the country (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation 2013).

Table 2: Estimated livestock population (million) 2013

Cattle Sheep

Goats Camels

Total

30.0 39.6 31.0 4.8 105.3Source: Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands (2013)

Figure 3: Sudan livestock density

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Source: SIFSIA-FAO-Sudan, (2012)

Figure 4: Livestock distribution

Source: SIFSIA-FAO-Sudan (2012)

4.1.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable DevelopmentThe agriculture sector is the dominant sector in the Sudanese economy, playing different important functions. Agriculture is the main source of employment and household income for about 70% of the total population. About 57% of the labour force is employed in agriculture and related activities such as agro-industries (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation 2013). Agricultural exports contribute to 80% of the non-oil exports. It also plays a vital role in the protection of the environment as the vegetation cover mitigates natural hazards effects, enhances temperatures and sequesters GHG emissions.

The livestock component is the most important pillar of the national economy and the largest non-oil sector contributing to the national economy. In 2013 about four million sheep and 300 thousand cattle were exported. Commodity based trade is expected to rise and in the future, provided international quality and sanitary standards can be met. This is likely to become an economic activity on par with live animal exports. In 2013 the estimated return on the value of livestock exports to the national economy was 620 million US$.

The livestock subsector has a critically important role in alleviating poverty and securing food through the provision of 1,466 million tons of red meat, 89.13 thousand tons of fish, 55 thousand tons of poultry meat, 45 thousand tons of eggs, 4,359 million tons of milk, and 53.5 thousand pieces of leather for the year 2013 (Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands 2013).

Livestock, including fisheries, is a valuable and renewable natural resource that supports the livelihoods of 14% to 20 % of the rural population, and contributes to 60% of the agricultural GDP (ibid). It is the largest provider of funds for rainfed agriculture inputs and provides inputs to the manufacturing industry

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Axel Michaelowa, 29/03/15,

Should read: reduces?


Numbers for red meat and milk seem to be very high. Probably comma should be relaced by dot?

(leather, dairy products, feed concentrates). Moreover, it is a major provider of low carbon, sustainable energy animal draught power that transports a large bulk of the commodities in town, urban and rural areas.

4.1.3 GHG emissions and trendsSudan's Second National Communication (HCENR 2013a) reported that agriculture-related activities accounted for the dominant portion of GHG emissions in 2000. It generated about 57,611 Gg (thousand tons) carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) emissions and sinks for the year 2000.

From 1995, the year of the initial GHG inventory until 2000 GHG emissions have increased by about 8%; from 72,014 Gg CO2e in 1995 to 77,650 Gg CO2e in 2000. The major drivers for these changes in GHGs emission levels in the agriculture sector increased by roughly 27%, primarily due to an increase in livestock populations. The following sources of emission were covered: 1- Livestock (manure management and enteric fermentation); 2- Rice cultivation;3- Field burning of agricultural residues.4- Prescribed burning of savanna. There is no coverage for soil-related GHG emission/removal due to lack of data. Savanna burning coverage is limited to areas within fire line construction conducted by Range and Pasture Administration.

Table 3 summarizes GHG emissions associated with agriculture in 2000 which represents about 74% of total CO2e emissions of Sudan.

Table 3: GHG Emissions from Agriculture, 2000 (Gg)

Green House Gas Source and Sink Categories CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O NOx CO

Total Emission from Agriculture 57,611 1,923 56 17 353A. Enteric Fermentation 38,851 1,850B. Manure Management 18,590 72 55C. Rice Cultivation 4 0,2D. Agricultural Soils 0 0E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas 3 0 0F. Field Burning of Savannas 164 1 0 17 353G. Other 0 0 0

Notes: Grey-shaded cell indicate not applicable. Only emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were included in the determination of total CO2e levels

Figure 5 illustrates the breakdown in agriculture-related GHG emissions in 2000 by emitting activity. Enteric fermentation accounts for about 68% of all CO2e emissions from the agriculture sector, followed by manure management, which accounts for 32% of agricultural CO2e emissions. All other categories (i.e., rice cultivation, prescribed savannah burning and field burning of agricultural residues) are small in comparison, together accounting for about 0.3% of agricultural CO2e emissions.

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Please check whether this wording is correct.

Figure 5: Breakdown of CO2e emissions associated with agricultural activities, 2000

Source: HCENR (2013a)

The high levels of methane emissions associated with enteric fermentation are due to the large role that animals play in the economy of Sudan, particularly in rural areas. As shown in Figure 6, there were approximately 168 million domestic animals in 2000, collectively producing over 35 million tons of manure. Methane emissions associated with these animals are characterized by the following:

Cattle account for the largest source of methane. Most of the cattle population provides draft power and some milk under traditional farming systems. In fact, the traditional sector accounts for the overwhelming majority of these emissions, as the commercialized dairy sectors are very small in comparison;

Emissions from sheep, goats and camels are low. Sheep show the highest emissions followed by goats, camels and finally donkeys. Mules, buffalo, and swine are typically not found in Sudan. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from manure management are primarily associated with cattle, about 50%. Typically, cattle manure management is based on dry lot under range and paddock systems.

Figure 6: Livestock population and manure production estimates, 2000

Source: Based on data available from the MLFR

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Specific reference, please

Axel Michaelowa, 29.03.15,

Animal numbers in this figure differ significantly from those in Table 2 (Table 2 gives 40 million sheep, Figure 6 over 45 million)

Of the remaining 0.3% of agricultural emissions, field burning of agricultural residues account for the largest share, about 96%. Rice production is very limited – only 5238 hectares are cultivated – and accounts for about 3% of remaining agricultural emissions. The remaining 1% of agricultural emissions is associated with the (fire lines) burning of grassland savanna, a practice that is common in Sudan

4.1.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans Related to the SectorIn the agricultural sector, Sudan has a comprehensive and consistent set of policies and strategies, which reflect the importance of the sector in the nation’s development aspirations. The Agricultural Revival Program is a central pillar of economic policies as part of the Quarter Centennial Strategy (2007-2032) Plan and the Second Five Year Plan (2012 -2016). However, the institutional capacity and experience to convert these policies into actions to be implemented at the local level are generally limited.

No low-carbon agriculture is practiced and no attention has been given to emissions of animal origin.Little interventions of carbon credits have been developed for reducing agricultural emissions and promoting the absorption of carbon into soils. The main approach to promote agricultural carbon is to help farmers and pastoralists, especially those who are poor and need assistance in financing, through strengthened extension services to disseminate knowledge about sequestration practices and finance opportunities.

4.1.5 Relevance of the Agricultural Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation PotentialThe livestock sub-sector is a major source of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the agriculture sector that provides opportunities to reduce and remove emissions from this sub-sector, while ensuring food security and enabling economic growth. Therefore, mitigation from the agriculture sector is highly relevant to the development of Sudan’s NAMAs.

Adoption of Agro-pastoral systems and rangelands management techniques to improve feed quality are mitigation actions with high co-benefits for food security, poverty reduction and enhanced resilience of livestock production systems. This will be important in areas where crop and rangelands productivity has been deteriorating, particularly where a large share of the population and economy depends upon it.

Rapid population growth and the expansion of agriculture and pastoralism under climate extremes increase pressures on land and lead to degradation that generates increased greenhouse gas emissions. These could be avoided by adopting sustainable agricultural and land management practices. To make this change capacity building and institutional development is highly required.

Agricultural-based NAMA and mitigation potential:1- Range improvement and grazing land management 2- Adoption of Agro-pastoral systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation)

Rangeland Improvement and Grazing Land Management With reference to Sudan Land Cover Classes (FAO, 2012), Sudan’s rangelands area is estimated as 68 million hectare (32.4% of total country area). Nearly 80% of rangelands are located in semi-desert and low rainfall savannah ecological zones that are characterized by erratic unpredictable rainfall regime. Also, rangelands are subjected to seasonal fires that are responsible for the destruction of 30% of the total annual herbage production as well as GHG emissions. For example, Albaja area of central Sudan was

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purely rangeland area estimated as 564,734 hectares before it was subject to annual burning by invaders for multi-purpose use such as buffer zone by farmer, apiary production, pastoralists careless cooking, charcoal production or poachers (Elgamri and Trigg 2008). The total area of rangeland subjected to annual burning in Albaja was estimated at 52.1% of the total area and biomass loss amounted to 458.7 tons on dry matter basis, hence carbon stock reduction. Accordingly, driven by inappropriate rangeland improvement and management and poor governance, rangelands degradation has often been a key cause of GHGs emissions from rangelands.

Sustainability, provision of pasture reserves, proper utilization (utilizing the herbage at stage which combines good nutrient quality with high yield) will maintain the pasture in its best production condition by economizing its best species and high promoting ground cover. This results in carbon sequestration and improved soil protection to ensure feed and food security. Community-based rangeland improvement and management that may involve rotational grazing, reduction of wildfire incidents, reseeding by desirable and leguminous forage and range plants species, will result in increasing stocking densities and are likely to benefit vegetation productivity and carbon sequestration, and have the potential to play an important role in both mitigating of and adapting to climate change, thereby promoting low carbon development. However, rangeland restoration has generally low sequestration potential per hectare, but potentially extensive environmental benefits, such as long-term storage of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These interventions will have to be targeted across large areas with the greatest sequestration potential, input and opportunity costs.

Uncertainties of carbon sequestration in the rangelands through plant productivity and soil organic carbon can be expected to decline due to frequent droughts. There are also important knowledge gaps regarding data to support realistic estimates of carbon fluxes, the rangeland mitigation potential and understanding of interactions between climate change and management practices, and impacts on the permanence of carbon sequestration.

Agro Pastoral Systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation)Livestock raising forms an important component of the agricultural sector, with production mainly based on communal rangelands (90% of livestock belong to the traditional production systems with low average stocking rate and highly extensive, low-cost range and herd management). The growth of Sudan’s cattle herd has been strong over the last years, from 2 million in the year 2000 to 30 million in 2013 (Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, 2010, 2013). The growth of the cattle herd has important consequences for GHGs emissions from agriculture, where enteric fermentation (methane) is by far the largest source; it accounts for about 68% of all CO2e emissions from the agriculture sector.

The crop residues have low nutritional value and are bulky and fibrous. In addition, these feed resources are also not well managed, especially where these are available in plenty. Apart from the wastage of a potential feed, the burning of straws causes environmental pollution and degradation of soil fertility. In addition, the high temperature generated during the burning of straw eradicates the soil microorganisms, affecting adversely the soil fertility with more emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere.

Low feed quality, poor animal husbandry, slow growth rates, and longer lives of animals mean more methane emissions per kilogram of meat. Technologies and practices that help reduce emissions exist diet management and feed additives, shortening storage duration, and ensuring aerobic conditions. FAO (2013) estimates that the emissions from cattle ranching could be reduced by approximately 30% if all

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Add reference


Figure 6 shows a cattle herd of ~38 million for 2000. Please check which of the statements is correct and delete the wrong one.


The uncertainties decline or the sequestration declines? Please clarify.


The figure of biomass loss is much too low given the huge area. Please check whether that figure should read 000t.

producers in a given system and agro-ecological zone were to apply the practices of the 10% of producers with the lowest emission intensity, while keeping the overall output constant. Therefore, the main measures that would promote agricultural carbon is to adopt agro pastoral systems to help small scale farmers and pastoralists, especially those who are poor and need assistance in financing, increase carbon sequestration.

Manufacture of Straw-based Densified Total Mixed Ration Blocks (DTMRBs), also called Densified Complete Feed Blocks (DCFBs) is an innovative technology to supply balanced feeds to the dairy and other livestock farmers. It involves mechanical mixing of forages with concentrate feedings without densification. This technology offers a means to increase milk and meat production. Apart from an optimum supply of energy and protein through complete feed block, the animals get a proper amount of minerals and vitamins as per their requirement, which enhances reproductive efficiency. The technology allows the addition of feed additives e.g inophores, which by controlling certain protozoa and bacteria in the rumen, generates less waste products (methane). In addition, it decreases ruminal protein breakdown, which results in decreased ammonia production. The shift in ruminal bacteria population and metabolism allows beneficial bacteria to be more efficient through an increase in the amount of propionic acid and a decrease in the production of acetic acid and lactic acid. Therefore, cattle experience an increase in the overall energy status and use feed resources more efficiently (Guan et al. 2006).

Recently, densified straw based feed pellets technology has been developed. Using this technology, densified total mixed ration is delivered as pellets and not as blocks. This technology is particularly useful for those materials that are hard and biomass is available in abundance. Straws that are highly lignified with hard fiber can be easily crushed and converted into Total Mixed Ration pellets. Straws of wheat, groundnut haulms, and cotton can be used for production of straw-based pelleted feed.

The optimum supply of nutrients and micro-nutrients through DTMRB also has a positive impact on the maintenance of good animal health. The feeding of Total Mixed Ration blocks provides immuno-protection against infectious diseases and also decreases the occurrence of metabolic and reproductive disorders. Consequently, this may also reduce the farmer’s expenditure on treatments and on maintaining proper health of the animals.

Other advantages of this technology is its sustainability, as it provides easy handling, transportation and storage of the straw based feed blocks, low-price costs which positively impacts stabilizing milk prices. Its use irrespective of seasons, and the high quality milk it produces. Needless to say, improved performance of the animals obtained from feeding the DTMRB would bring better returns to the farmer.

4.2 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector

4.2.1 General Information About the SectorHistory and Development of Forests in the Sudan during 1902-2002The Woods and Forest Department was established in 1902 and progressed until the establishment of FNC in 1989. The first director of the department, Mr. A. F. Broun, initiated some policy guidelines, most important of which were the protection and reservation of the Blue Nile and White Nile riverain forests, to be managed in a sustainable manner for the supply of fire wood to Nile steamers linking north of the country to the south. Hence a number of wood stations and saw mills were established in various parts of the country, e.g Suki, Disa, Lembwa, in the north and among others Katire and Loka in the south.

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Reference is not in the reference section.

In 1932, it became clear that the interests of the department of forests and those of the province governments relating to the administration, management and the forest revenues should be reconciled. This was done through the forest policy and the two forest ordinances (1932 – revised 1986, updated 2005) approved by the Governor General of the Sudan.

With the expansion of agriculture at the expense of forests, population increase, increased consumption of forest products, increase in animal number, depletion of range and forest lands, drought, desert creep, desertification and famine started to threaten the life of many people in the northern, western and eastern parts of the Sudan. Hence, more strict control and better management was needed. Accordingly, the Forest Ordinances were revised in 1974 and the Forest Policy in 1986. The forest degradation continued at a very speedy rate during the seventies and the eighties when the local people's government system and the regional government system were applied respectively. Forests were indiscriminately felled to supply the provinces treasuries with money for important services such as health, education, water provision and the like. Hence in 1989 a new Forest Act combining the two Forest Ordinances was approved and an Act for the establishment of Forest National Corporation (FNC) was enacted in the same year. FNC is a semi-autonomous body, with headquarters in Khartoum and branches in the states. Between 1996 and 2010 it belonged to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and since then to the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development. Afforestation, production and reservation achievements are also highlighted among the achievements. Research, education, extension, vocational training, conferences, local and international relations are evident. Foreign and Sudanese staff by whom forestry development took place under the hardest living conditions are tabulated for the memory of those who dedicated themselves to forestry and even lost their lives due to unhealthy living conditions or due to wars or crimes by smugglers of forest products.

Forest Cover and Rate of DeforestationForest cover surveys conducted in Sudan with different methodologies and quality of data indicate the decreasing trend of the forest resources due to the abundant drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The results and research of the Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) series dates back to the 1940s. In FRA 2000 (FAO 2000) the deforestation rate equals -989 million hectares, -589 million hectares in FRA 2005 (FAO 2005, and - 372 million hectares in FRA 2010 (FAO 2010. In the period 2010 and backwards the Sudan was one country while the period after 2010 the situation was different due to the fact of the South’s secession. The FRA 2010 (FAO 2010) indicated that deforestation rate of the forest category was (-174 415 ha/yr) and for the other wooded lands category (-184 610 ha/yr). Given the sources for FRA series are reliable due to different data sets for analysis, the conclusion is that forests are continuously degrading with a high rate.

Energy Use and Access to EnergyCensuses of the Energy sector, 2003 revealed the high dependence on biomass fuel for household and industry sectors in spite of the other sources for energy. There are several reasons for that, such as limited accessibility to relatively clean/cheap energy, and its high costs, particularly in rural areas. The solution may rest on the provision of efficient fuels to rural population. Most of the non-renewable energy was consumed and accessed in the urban environment because it is available and reachable.

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Added up, the numbers are greater than total forest area of the country. Please check and correct.

4.2.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable DevelopmentGenerally, the contribution of forests and rangelands to the national economy is grossly underestimated. The Bank of Sudan and Ministry of Finance tend to only consider the direct revenue realized by the FNC and export proceeds from forest products and estimate that it contributes to 3.0% of GDP. They do not take into account:

The total consumption of fodder and animal feed for national herd of 105.3 million head livestock derived from natural pastures and woodlands;

The monetary value of the environmental services particularly the carbon storage and protection of watersheds and courses, agricultural land and human habitats;

The direct revenue from institutional and community management which accrues to the users of these rangelands.

Hence, in the Second National Communication (HCENR 2013a) forestry contribution was estimated as 12% of the GDP considering the indirect environmental, social and economic services.

As we have seen, the Sudan forests are decreasing by high rates owing to the drivers of deforestation and degradation, most importantly, the expansion of agriculture. Forests provide food for the rural and urban population (non-wood forests products) and social services and benefits. They cover 70% of the energy demand in the country, as well as provide building materials especially for the rural population, 30% for animal fodder, 15% of the employment. They reduce poverty by income generation from and non-timber forest products, agricultural crop protection and soil fertility. Therefore, the sector contributes to sustainable development in the country in addition to its contribution to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. The contribution to climate change mitigation will be more effective when the afforestation rate is increased and the emissions from burning of wood for energy requirements are reduced to the minimum. The reduction of wood use for energy purpose and the enhancement of all actions and strategies to increase the forests are prerequisites.

4.2.3 GHG Emissions and TrendsAs per HCENR (2013a) forestry emissions decreased from 15,577 Gg to 9,392 Gg CO 2e between 1995 and 2000, i.e. 12% of total emissions from Sudan. Table 4 shows the subcategories for 2000.

Table 4: GHG emissions from LUCF, 2000 (Gg)

Green House Gas Source and Sink Categories CO2e

CO2

EmissionsCO2

Removals CH4 N2O NOx CO

Total Emission from Land-use Change & Forestry

9,392 23,924 -15,906 59 0 15 520

A. Change in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks

-12,125

0 -12,125

B. Forest and Grassland Conversion

25,298 23,924 0 59 0.4 15 520

C. Abandonment of Managed Lands

-3,781 0 -3,781

D. CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil

0 0 0

E. Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Note: Only emissions of CO2e, CH4 and N2O were included in the determination of total CO2e levels

Emissions from LUCF have reduced by almost 50% compared to 1995 levels as a result of reductions in forest and grassland conversion, coupled with the expansion in afforested areas and managed forested land that might reach in average 142,000 ha annually, in addition to improved application of the inventory methodology (forest characterization).

4.2.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans for the Forest Sector The Sudan Forest Policy was issued in 1932 and supplemented by two laws; the Central Forest Law 1932, the Provincial Forest Law 1932 and the Royalty Order 1939, which were revised in 1989 and updated in 2005. Their objective is to ensure conservation, establishment and development of the forest resources in Sudan to fulfil complete conservation of the environment, to meet the country's needs for forest products through inventories, national planning for land use investment and to assure its role in agricultural production. In addition, the policies aim at combating desertification, improving forest management outside the forest reserves, mobilizing and enhancing community participation in forest management outside forest reserves to create social community forests, and promote multiple uses of the forests. Sudan’s forests were classified into two major types: Protective forests and Production Forests. For the fulfilment of the above objectives, administratively Sudan’s forests had been classified as follows:

National Forests, to satisfy the demands and needs and national services; Regional or State Forests, that belongs to the state region province and locality; Institutional Forests; that were approved in the new forest policy and the Renewable Natural

Resources Act2002; Other forests; composed of community and private forests.

Organization of forests will not be achieved without following the below arrangement:

Concentration of felling (removal) that satisfies the needs of maintaining/ensuring forest reserves; When necessity rises to remove outside the reserves to meet the demands, the situation should be

judged and approved by the General Manager and such types of felling should be restricted to areas where natural regeneration is guaranteed.

Investment in agriculture or others should allocate 5% of the irrigated land and 15% of the rain-fed areas as a forest and make use of the removed forest product.

Simplification of forest reservation procedures (steps of reservation) not less than 20% of the area of Sudan must be maintained as forest reserves to achieve conservation and production objectives.

Compensation of felling outside the reserves by planting into the reserves. Mobilization of national and international efforts to participate in planting and tending. Regulation and restriction of local people's rights and privileges to assure sustainable forest

activities without barriers, on condition that the local people's needs for forest products will be regulated.

Incentivize the private sector and land owners to regard the wood as products of purchase and sale and to grow the trees in rotations just like the cash crops, regardless of the restrictions (ties) of the forest authorities, and provision of technical, monetary and ocular assistance to establish private forests and encourage community forests in rural areas and encourage agro-forestry.

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Revision of National Forestry Policy covers the existing and pre-existing national forestry legislation and a wide range of laws that have an indirect impact on forest conservation and development that are either supportive to, or distractive of sustainable forest management. It also identifies the international and regional instruments of relevance to forestry as they represent a guiding legal and policy frame of reference for domestic law-making. Greater insight was gained from the field inquiries and meetings with the stakeholders and the results of the questionnaire that was carried out. FNC (2011-2013) sets the following priorities:

Retention of the national role of forests: forests provide 69% of the energy consumption, contribute to the GDP by 3.3%, provide 30-70% of fodder to livestock, contain 15% of rural labour force, satisfy the hard wood in different uses and give a variety of non-wood products, while contributing to climate change and mitigation and carbon sequestration.

Settlement of the forest policy that eliminates the disputes between federal and state authorities and to incorporate the forests strongly in the expected new constitution.

Encounter the challenges of the split of South Sudan that the forests resources reduced to quarter the area before the split, and the increase of the population.

Combat desertification and the dry climate and enhance adaptation to climate change. Address land tenure and land use issues that press on forest resources and exert efforts to divide

land in rational means and to gain satisfaction between stakeholders. Satisfy the increasing demand for forest products and deal with the increase in population. Face forest degradation and deforestation. Reduce consumption of fuel-wood and encourage energy alternatives. Promote controlled investment if forests and support wood-based industries that are of mitigation

effects. Increase planted forests and incentivize individual, community and institutional forests.

Conservation, protection and sustainable management of forests should be enhanced. Capacity building and promotion of infra-structure. Forest reservation and forest extension Internal agreements with supportive companies. Commitment to International Conventions.

Major initiatives identified in Sudanese forestry are building upon current projects and programmes, include, amongst others, the Nile Basin Initiatives, Supporting Gum Arabic societies and unions, promotion of marketing of Gum Arabic (World Bank project), re-organization of gum Arabic project, partnership with communities to manage forests, initiatives with development projects. Initiatives of the forests as a national resource should be divided and managed between the central and state government. They should also involve other stakeholders as listed below:

Civil society: The Sudanese Environment Conservation Society, The Sudanese Social Forestry society, The Sudanese Afforestation Society.Private Sector: Examples of successful partnerships with the private sector include the FNC Golf Square project with Dal Group. Individuals intervened in tree planting (including Nabg Al Farisi, small private forests, and natural silk) and investment in the wood and non-wood forest products. Institutions like sugar schemes and agricultural schemes invested in planted forests, amongst others, Kenana, Gezira, and Rahad

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schemes. The private sector contributed to processing and exporting Gum Arabic, edible forest fruits and bee-honey.The private sector had no investment industries based on forest products; the paper, particleboard industries etc. The FNC highlights the importance of the involvement of the private sector in forest-based industries through provision of proposals that will be mentioned and discussed in the NAMA long list. Multilateral institutions: FAO supported the forestry sector in the inventory of forest cover, in projects like the former restocking of the Gum Belt project, Fuel Development for Energy in Sudan FDES/SUD/033 supported inventory and management, Energy and improved stoves, established the extension and planning administrations in the 1990s. However in the last decade the support of FAO has been limited to small projects and providing support for national forest programme and capacity building for forest inventory focal points UNDP and UNEP supported capacity building especially that in relation to climate change, and the development of Sudan’s R-PP as part of REDD+ through workshops and preparation of the report. Donors: Historically donors to the forestry sector was the USA that started financing some projects in the 1980s and withdrew shortly due to political reasons. The countries of the European Communities (EC) supported the forestry sector, such as the governments of Holland, Italy, Finland, Ireland, France and Germany. The government of Canada supported some surveys in Blue Nile and Upper Nile. In addition, the World Bank supported forestry projects starting in 1989 through the fuelwood improvement project, focusing on community needs for forests products and extension programmes to obtain the conservation of forests areas, and sustain the support in 2010 through the gum Arabic community revitalization.

4.2.5 Relevance of the Forestry Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation PotentialAmong the other sectors, the forestry sector is very suitable to be covered by a NAMA framework, because forests act as a source of emissions when burnt for fuel or energy, and act as a sink (removal) of CO2 when they keep growing. The Forest Policy (2006) supports climate mitigation (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation 2012) and provides clear guidelines for rehabilitation, which made local communities more aware of the importance of their resources. Climate change mitigation actions in Sudan to date are focused almost entirely on reduction of deforestation, conservation of existing forests, and tree plantations. For example, increase of forests by afforestation/reforestation programs reduce the use of wood for energy purposes through using some alternatives e.g. LPG, wind driven sawmills, solar heaters etc. And also industrialization of wood products can change the pattern of consumption and find new gates for income generation and through the use of the waste wood for small industries.

Background of Mitigation Options from Previous Studies

At least part of the forest achievements in the 20 th century and beyond could be regarded as mitigation actions. Some of the achievements are:

Forest Reservation: Showing progress of reserved areas from a total of 26000 feddans in 1926 during the period 1910-1950 to 9 million feddans in the year 2000 to 30 million feddans in 2013. Plantation Forests (Planted Forests): Showing the annual programmes of planted areas from 5000-10000 feddans in 1910-1950 to 200 000 feddans in 1999, culminating to a total of 1.2 million feddans in a decade. This is a result of a shift towards including community organisatons

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such as gum Arabic societies and unions, as well as the private sector such as Kenana Sugar company in afforestation activities and establishment of home nurseries

Production of non-wood forest products and types of these products; the most important is the Gum Arabic which Sudan is characterized by specification of its quality and quantity

Surveys and forest management: Showing consumption of forest products as related to population trends and deforestation activities in addition to inventories of forest resources and forest management plans.

Forestry research: a wealth of information and technical innovations over more than 100 years, studies, papers, reports, thesis and books in all branches of forestry. Directors of forest research foreigners and nationals are tabulated.

Forestry education: technical and university forestry education local and abroad, giving tables of graduates of four universities teaching forestry in the country (Now more than 4 universities), detailing numbers of women and men students, the latter are decreasing in numbers over the years.

Forestry extension and the role of women in Sudan forestry: Showing earlier awareness campaigns through leaflets portraying the importance of reservation, um tapping, collection and planting of gum gardens. Modern extension methods started in 1986 with the revised forest policy and the World Bank Forest Resources Project.

These achievements have been counteracted by negative activities and their impact on forestry. Wars in the south (and afterwards in other parts of the country), the systems of governments (the local people's government system during 1971-1979, the regional government system 1980-1985, and the self-rule for the south 1972-1983) have led to enormous of forests destroyed as narrated before.

Since its establishment, FNC is facing difficulties in the administration of forests and struggles with the insistence of the states for taking over all revenues for their social and administrative services. Later it managed to keep good relations with the states and halt these ideas.

To address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, an integrated set of REDD+ strategy options is proposed, which will be screened and prioritized in an inclusive and participatory consultation process with key stakeholder groups. These options are:1: Substitute unsustainable fuel wood and charcoal with Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and other energy alternatives2: Increase the use of sustainable charcoal3: Increase firewood efficiency4: Subsidize renewable energy production and grid infrastructure5: Increase Gum Arabic production6: Forest conservation and sustainable forest management7: Reforestation8: Crop intensification and balanced livestock production .For these activities a budget of US$1850 k is scheduled over the next 4 years.

During the preparation of Technology Needs Assessment and Clean Development Mechanism projects implemented by HCENR, the technologies selected for forestry sector include Improved Cook Stoves and Afforestation and Reforestation for mitigation actions. Some additional proposals for NAMA have

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suggested some actions related to industrialization of forest products that will lead to progress in mitigation actions. Furthermore, policies and strategies should reduce reliance on wood-fuel and shift industries that partly use wood-fuel to use other fuel alternatives. Projects shared or related to different sectors will need the sectors to discuss and collaboratively decide the mitigation actions gained. Of course such concept s are not easy to realize but not impossible. Generally these concepts cooperative between various sectors and requires a base of understanding.

Proposed NAMAs

The proposed NAMA for the forestry sector are shown below:

1. Forest plantation (rural and urban plantation, reserved, community, afforestation and reforestation).

2. Plantation based forest industry.3. Mesquite Management.4. Supporting plantation in riverain and coastal zone ecosystems.5. Exploitation of waste water in the plantation presses. 6. Promotion of alternative energy.7. Forests protection and conservation.

4.3 Energy sector

4.3.1 General Information About the Sector

Energy systems are extremely complex and widespread components of Sudan‘s economy, making assembly of a complete record of the quantities of each fuel type consumed for each "end use" activity a considerable task. GHG emissions in the energy sector result from the production, transformation, handling, and consumption of energy commodities, mainly from fuel combustion and fugitives emissions. There are two major combustion-related emission sources: stationary and mobile. Each source can be divided into activities that include various emission processes. According to the IPCC classification stationary sources of emissions include the following categories:

Energy industries include activities such as energy extraction, energy production and transformation, including electricity generation, petroleum refining, etc.

Manufacturing industries and construction include activities such as iron and steel production, non-ferrous metal production, chemical manufacturing, pulp, paper and print, food processing, beverages and tobacco, etc.

Other sectors such as Commercial/Institutional, Residential, Agriculture/Forestry/Fisheries.Mobile sources of emissions include the following categories:

Civil Aviation Road Transportation (e.g. cars, light duty trucks, heavy duty trucks and buses, motorcycles, etc.) Railways Navigation Other transportation activities, (e.g., pipeline transport)

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Ministry of Petroleum (2013) reported that Sudan consumed about 12.139 million ton million tons of oil equivalents in form of primary energy (excluding losses) in the year 2012; about 56.3% of this amount was in form of biomass while 39% and 4.7% were the percentage from petroleum and hydro-power, respectively. Through the comparison between energy balance for 1999 and 2011, it is found that the growth rate of energy consumption in Sudan is about 3.6% annually, which is higher than the growth rate of energy supply. This indicates that transformation losses are getting less. The following figure demonstrates Sudan’s Energy balance for the year 2011.

Figure 7: Sudan’s Energy Balance for the Year 2011

For simplification, Sudan’s energy sector can be divided into three main subsectors, which are electricity, transportation and household energy use. These subsectors are also divided into areas as follows: 1- Electricity subsector

- Electricity supply- Electricity Demand

2- Transport subsector - Public Transport- Private Car- Goods vehicles

3- Household and public services subsector which represent more than 60% of the energy consumption in Sudan in 2011.

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Electricity SubsectorThe contribution of the energy sector in gross domestic production (GDP) varies from sub-sector to others, for the contribution of electricity sub-sector in (GDP) in 2012 is about 2.6% while the contribution of transportation sub sector was about 11% in the same year1. The electricity service in Sudan is based on two systems; the first system is the national grid that supplies mainly central, eastern, northern, southern Sudan and parts of western Sudan. The second system is the off-grid system, which is composed of isolated small-scale thermal power plants that supply remote cities or regions. According to the Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity (MWRE) statistics, until 2013 only around 34 % of the population have been able to benefit from the electricity services, and about 238.4 kWh as energy per capita. The strategy of MWRE is to concentrate on the household sector and hence to provide access to electricity to over 83% of the population by 2031, and to steadily increase the power usage by 50% in the industrial sector and by 100% in the agricultural sector. The main challenges facing the mitigation measures in the electricity sector are as follows:

Electricity Production: The main source for GHG emission in electricity production is the burning of fossil fuel in the thermal power plants, most notably Heavy fuel oil, Gas oil, Heavy Coke Gas Oil, and Diesel oil. In 2013 the country’s electricity generation installed capacity reached about 2899.4 MW, (10,287 GWh). This capacity includes hydro turbines producing 1,583.4 MW (8,317 GWh) energy production. Steam turbines, gas turbines, combined cycle units and diesel units for Thermal capacity constitutes around 1316 MW (1970 GWh) of energy production.

As the hydroelectric option is limited by seasonality factors (e.g. silt accumulation and variation of the rainy season), other power generation options should be considered. These include clean/renewable energy resources and highly efficient power plants. Additionally, in the short run improving maintenance plans and upgrading the operation systems could improve the production conditions and increase the energy generated quantity, hence MW/ton will be higher. At the same time GHG emissions are expected to be reduced.

National Grid: The National Grid (NG), which consists of large hydro power plants and large thermal units, has a relatively low emission factor of 0.231 in 2012 due to the significant hydropower contribution. After the heightening of Roseires dam, hydropower became the dominating source of electricity in Sudan and its energy production represented 80.85% of the total generated electricity in the NG in 2013. The remaining energy was derived from conventional thermal sources (19.15%). NG covers limited geographical zones mainly in central, eastern, northern, southern and parts of western Sudan. The other parts of Sudan are served by the thermal based off grid options, which have high GHG emissions, and higher operation costs compared to the NG. The access to electricity is 55% in urban areas and 28% in rural areas. In total, only 34% of Sudan’s population currently has access to electricity, whereas, about 42% of the electricity is consumed in the Khartoum area. Extension of NG is believed to lower the load on the off Grid, and thus lowers GHG emissions.

Electricity Demand: MWRE statistics have revealed that the total consumed power has increased from 9,435.15GWh in 2012 to 10,287.17GWh in 2013 (9%). The major groups that consume electricity in Sudan are the residential and services sector with around 80% of the total electricity consumed. This is mainly utilized to satisfy the lighting and cooling demands. To cover the increase of power demand

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MWRE has imported 200 MW from Ethiopia via Interconnection 220KV transmission line since November 2012.

Transportation subsectorPrivate and public passenger and goods transportation is the major non-renewable energy consumer in Sudan. Diesel, gasoline and jet kerosene are fuels used for railway, road and aviation types of transportation.• Roads: Sudan has between 20,000 km and 25,000 km of road, of which only 3,000 km to 3,500 km are paved outside of cities and towns. Roads account for almost three quarters of all commercial transport through heavy-duty trucks and light duty trucks. Annually, buses typically transport between 20 and 30 thousand people within and between cities. Since 2000 Sudan started to import massive amounts of gasoline cars. As a result the market demand for gasoline has increased threefold between 2000 to 2008. It is expected that by 2030, according to the current vehicles importing rate, there will be about 1 million cars and more than 200,000 vehicles for public transportation. In comparison, in 2000 there were only about 93,150 private cars and about 48,500 public transportation vehicles.• Rail: Sudan has about 6,000 km of narrow-gauge, single-track railroads that serve the northern and central parts of the country. The Sudan Railway Network is one of the longest systems in Africa and accounts for about 10% of all commercial transport. Annually, between 80 and 90 thousand people use rail service inter-city transport.• Air: There are 88 airports in Sudan, 15 of which have paved runways. There is also one heliport. Passenger traffic reached nearly half a million people /day in 2009, and has been growing rapidly in recent years. Cargo transport is typically between 10 and 15 thousand tonnes per year.• Marine: There are four seaports in Sudan: Port Sudan, Bashair, Oseef and Osman Digna. These ports accommodate roughly 8 million tonnes of goods per year. Port Sudan is the main port for the country, where 80% of the country's ocean transports passes. The port is equipped with 15 docks, and is divided into two sections: the main port serves ships bringing general cargo, and the southern port serves tankers, containers and liquid materials.

Household subsector:This sector comprises rural and urban households and public services using energy for cooking, lighting, refrigeration, space cooling, and other domestic end uses. Total Sudan population in the year 2000 was 33 million, living in 5.5 million households, about 62% of them are in the rural areas, 11% are nomad and the rest are living in urban areas.

There are mainly 5 types of energy that are used in households: wood, charcoal, residues, electricity and LPG. There are also four general applications where energy is utilized. These are cooking, lighting, cooling (e.g. ceiling and portable fans, air conditioning, water refrigerators) and other appliances such as washing machines, recreation instruments (radio, TV sets, receivers, computers, etc), water pumps, or kitchen appliances. Generally, cooking and lighting are in every household. Others which reflect the city and urban behaviour may vary in the different districts of the city. Cooking represents a high percentage of the household energy consumption. The average cooking consumption is more than 50% fuel wood, 40.6 % is charcoal and the remainder 9.4% is LPG. According to the current situation, biomass fuels (i.e. wood, charcoal and other agricultural wastes) which are mainly utilized in cooking purposes in rural remote areas will increase from 4.1 million ton of oil equivalent in the year 2000 to 6.3 million ton of oil equivalent in the year 2030 if no action is taken.

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4.3.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable Development

Energy is central to sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts. It affects all aspects of development -- social, economic, and environmental -- including livelihoods, access to water, agricultural productivity, health, population levels, education, and gender-related issues. Access to sustainable sources of clean, reliable and affordable energy has a profound impact on multiple aspects of human development. It relates not only to physical infrastructure (e.g. electricity grids), but also to energy affordability, reliability and commercial viability. In practical terms, this means delivering energy services to households and businesses that are in line with consumers' ability to pay.

4.3.3 GHG Emissions and TrendsThe domestic consumption of natural gas and refined oil products across various demand sectors account for all energy-related GHG emissions in Sudan. Since 1998, the use of fossil fuels has been increasing rapidly, about 8% per year. The intensification in fossil fuel use is particularly evident for electricity generation, which has been growing at an average rate of about 12% per year, with a significant share of power consisting of natural gas. The table below shows the contributions of the subsectors to GHG emissions (HCENR 2013a).

Table 5: GHG emissions from the energy sector, 2000 (Gg)

Green House Gas Source and Sink Categories

CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O NOx CO NMVOC SO2

Total Emission from Energy

8.539 6,090 95 1 80 2,019 175 0

A. Fuel combustion (Sectoral Approach)

8,531 6,090 95 1 80 2,019 175 0

1. Energy Industries 1,873 1,873 0 0 5 0 0 02. Manufacturing

Industries and Construction

1,029 912 2 0 8 189 3 0

3. Transport 8,867 2,851 0 0 28 123 0 04. Other Sectors 2,762 454 93 1 38 1,707 172 0B. Fugitive

Emissions from Fuels

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1. Solid Fuels 0 02. Oil and Natural

Gas 8 0,4

Memo Items 1. International

Bunkers 200 198 0 0 1 0 407 0

Aviation 200 198 0 0 1 0 407 0 Marine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02. CO2 Emissions

from Biomass 45,777 45,777

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Notes: Only emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were included in the determination of total CO2e levels

Most of the GHG emissions are from the transportation sector in the demand side. Industrial and household GHG emissions are relatively small because of the high use of electricity which is considered to have zero emission in the energy demand side as outlined in Figure 8.

Figure 8: GHG emission in million ton CO2 equivalent from different energy demand sectors


The main source for GHG emission in the electricity production area is the burning of fossil fuel in the thermal power plants. Although the electricity demand is increasing, the total CO 2 emissions decreased from 1,873Gg in 2000 (having increased from 1027 Gg in 1995) to 471 Gg in 2010 due to the introduction of the Merowe dam (1250MW).

4.3.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans Related to the Sector

The Sudan Government formulates its energy policies by using a participatory process between relevant ministries and relevant stakeholders for each policy field e.g. oil and electricity. The national energy policy sets the direction for the development of the energy sector in order to meet national development goals in a sustainable manner. The strategy of the Government is to provide access to electricity to 75% of the population by 2025 (Government of Sudan 2005).

Although Sudan has a huge potential of renewable energies resources, there are no policies that encourage supporting the implementation of renewable energy projects, but feed in tariff policy established on-going

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by MWRE. Regarding to replacement of fuel oil by natural gas in MWRE in their long-term plan there is a scenario of a Red Sea gas fired combined cycle gas turbine that becomes competitive if there was natural gas to be found at Red Sea and valued in line with the floor price (i.e. lower domestic price in comparison with the international market price level). This option would also bring about further advantages such as better peaking capability, lower carbon dioxide emissions, and decreased dependency on fuel imports. If sufficient amounts of natural gas will be available in Red Sea the NG fired CCGT offers an alternative fuel for the future power generation in Sudan to diversify its energy sources. Currently, there is no large-scale extraction of natural gas in Sudan and there are only relatively small proven reserves. The only source which is partly under development and partly producing is the associated and free gas from the two producing fields in South Kordufan (Neem). It is planned to transport this gas to Al Fula power plant as a blend of both gases through a pipeline of some 80 km which is currently under construction. Further information indicates that there are considerable finds of free gas (i.e. natural gas) under development, one being the well to supply Al Fula amounting to 130 billion cubic feet of gas available for production. In addition, there are estimates of 770 billion cubic feet of natural gas available in South Kordofan, at Red Sea and to a small extent in Blue Nile state.

The MWRE long term plan (2012-2031) is considered a comprehensive plan which has focused on the application of the MWRE's policies concerning the following planning criteria and objectives which were taken into consideration as MWRE’s premises about the drivers for the Renewable Energy (RE) Plan:

a. General drivers for renewable energy in Sudan

Utilization of the different renewable energy resources potential in Sudan to avail the electric energy all over the country.

To achieve a competitive price of energy from renewable sources which will lead to fuel saving.

Diversify the energy supply sources, ensuring energy security and protecting the environment.

To be part of the global energy development which is expected to lower the prices in the future, and contribute to the expansion of their use.

Supporting the national economy by technology and knowledge transfer and capacities and building and promoting local RE industry.

Contribute to the development of the different regions of Sudan, and create jobs and help stabilize the people in local communities throughout Sudan.

b. Policies for the development of RE in the electric sector

Inside the national grid areas: to build RE projects in urban and rural areas in view of the drivers above-mentioned and to ensure energy security and diversity.

In the isolated grids (such as Al-Fashir, and Al-Geneina): in addition to securing energy demand, it saves the fuel and avoids or minimizes its transportation problems.

In rural areas far from the grid: provides access to electric energy supply in these rural areas far from the national or the isolated grids for which the grid extension is not a feasible solution.

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Utilize RE energy sources which can work as base load power generation sources (e.g. geothermal, biomass, and solar thermal).

There are many potential renewable energy sources that are considered as candidate projects in the plan (Wind, Solar (PV& CSP), geothermal, waste, small hydro plants and biogas). The potential from wind and solar PV will reach 580 MW till 2021 and it will be expected to reach 1340 MW by 2031.

The renewable energy potential identified for sources above composed:

Wind Potential: few 1000 MW (grid connected) will be applicable in strong wind regime areas (Dongola, Nyala, and Port Sudan). For specific weak wind technology also applicable in moderate wind regime areas (e.g. Khartoum).

Solar - PV Potential: several 1000 MW (on - and off - grid) will be applicable in entire country on and off-grid.

Solar - CSP Potential: few 100 MW (grid connected) will be applicable especially in northern parts of Sudan (e.g. Garri site, Wadi Halfa, Atbara).

Waste to Energy Potential: < 80 MW (grid connected) will be applicable in several sites including Khartoum, Nyala, Pt. Sudan, El Obeid, Kosti/Rabak, Wad Madani and Kassala.

Biomass Potential: < 80 MW (grid connected) biomass indicate for few selective applications, e.g. sugar industry.

Geothermal Potential: to be updated by further study evaluation.

Small Hydro Plants Potential: about 100 kW, and up to 50 MW (grid connected)/ unexplored in country up to 100 MW, especially in combination with irrigation-sites, small hydro plant projects may appear feasible for combined application (e.g. El-Jazeera area, El-Managil area ).2

MWRE has recognized the importance of energy efficiency issue as an energy-saving tonic contributing to the development of the electricity sector to achieve significant savings. Therefore, it conducted a national plan for energy efficiency, increasing the energy efficiency in power plants. How ever The the rehabilitation of the cooling system in Roseires Hydroelectric station would save 1974 Toe during 4 years. To raise the readiness of the power station of Gabal Awliyaa through matrix turbines would save 67,315 Toe. Rehabilitation and raising the capacity of Sennar hydroelectric station could generate 82,827 Toe. To reduce the cost of producing electricity from Garri 1 power plant about 879 GWh could be saved. Measure to reduce auxiliary consumption in thermal and hydro power plants (by 1%,0.3% respectively) energy to be saved approximately 47.5 GWh annually. and improve Improve specific fuel consumption in thermal power plants by 0.01kg/Mwh energy to be saved about 26000Toewill be decided later (The Executive National Plan for Energy Efficiency of the Republic of Sudan 2013 - 2016 AD).3.

4.3.5 Relevance of the Energy Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation PotentialSudan is one of the least developed countries, where energy use is increasing rapidly. The energy sector has an essential role in the sustainable development for Sudan. It helps in providing power to different public services such as health care, education, public transportation, and household electrification and

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Please check whether revision is ok.

other sectors as for agriculture, different industrial activities, mining... etc. Thus, emissions from energy sector are expected to increase rapidly since demand for energy is increasing as for electricity where electricity generation capacity must be increased to cover the increasing demand. This can be done through thermal plants and/or renewable energy sources; the latter can be considered as NAMA projects. Moreover, Sudan is experiencing rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption in transportation sector due to increase of number of vehicles. Many NAMA projects can address the transportation sector, which plays main role in the country sustainable development. Also a significant amount of fossil fuel and biomass are used by households in rural areas and nomads for lighting and cooking. Extension of national electricity grid to reach rural areas as well as replacing charcoal with LPG for cooking purposes are main targets to reach sustainable development. There are many potential mitigation options relevance to GHG reduction in energy sector that will contribute to the national sustainable development plan. These options can be developed to NAMA projects in Sudan. HCENR (2003) lists the following mitigation options:Household sector:

Major GHG mitigation opportunities are as follows:1. Fuel Switching to LPG in Cooking,2. Solar Cookers for rural households,3. Efficient Electric Lighting,4. Efficient Space Cooling.

Commercial sector:

This sector comprises business and governmental establishments using traditional and commercial energy resources in buildings. Major GHG mitigation opportunities are as follows:

1. Efficient Electric Lighting,2. Efficient Air Conditioning.

Transportation sector: Major GHG mitigation opportunity is as follows:

1. High Efficiency Light Duty Vehicle Fleets.

HCENR (2013a) lists the following mitigation options:1. High efficiency air conditioning in the household sector

To increase the taxation on the imported ACs. To encourage households to use water cooler. To introduce new pricing policy for household electricity. To make new policies for housing design and building construction materials. To perform better urban planning for the new cities/towns

2. Compact fluorescent lighting in household sector.Efficient lighting (by using compact fluorescent (CFL) and other technologies) is assumed to consume only 30% of the electricity used by conventional lighting.

3. Increased use of public transportation. Practically that can be done throughout the following policies/projects: Create very restrict car importing policy and /or increase custom fees on private cars

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Create new traffic registration policies for aged cars Encourage importing high capacity buses Help establishment of new public transportation companies

4. Increased fuel economy of the light duty vehicles. Specify service roads for the public transportation to increase its speed Upgrade traffic facilities such as installation of more traffic lights, change of road directions

in certain hours to assure traffic flow with least traffic jam. Restrict car movement by legislation (i.e. downtown passage allowance days for even or odd

plate numbers). Building flying bridges in crowded junctions Restrict importing of high fuel consumption vehicles. Spread public awareness of optimum tire air pressure Encourage of using solar films on car’s glass windows to reduce car’s AC usage.

HCENR (2013b) refers to the following options:

Electricity sector:

The main options for GHG mitigation in TNA are:1. Compact fluorescent lambs (CFLs)2. Geothermal energy.3. Wind energy.4. Efficient Air conditioning.5. Concentration solar power plant (CSP).6. Solar photovoltaic power plant (SPV).

Proposed NAMAs

Given the preceding lists of mitigation options, the long List of NAMAs in the Energy Sector includes the following actions:

Electricity

1. Electricity Supply

Geothermal Power Plant (100 MW). Wind Energy off-shore Power Plant (300MW). Solar Energy Photovoltaic Power Plant (PV) (20MW). Solar Energy Concentrated Solar Power Plant (CSP). Biogas Power Plant in Rural areas (not specify (3 scenarios: e.g. 60-100 kW). Hydro Power Plant (Dagash, Sherak, Dal, Sabaloga, Mograt and kajbar). Rural solar Electrification.

2. Electricity Demand:

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Compact Fluorescent Lambs (CFLs). Light-emitting diode (LED) Labelling system for Electrical Appliances. Efficient Air Conditioning. Green Building.

Transportation

1 Increase Capacities.2 Improve infrastructure.3 Communication.4 New transportation modes5 Develop railway network and capacity

Household

1 Fuel switching for cooking use (from biomass to LPG)2 Improve stove3 Urban planning and new building code

Others:

1. Energy audit for petroleum processing and refining facilities2. No flaring policy 3. Replace old boilers used in the industry with efficient boilers4. Exploit natural gas in power generation and as LPG for domestic use5. Increase public awareness of energy efficiency

4.4 Industrial Processes

4.4.1 General Information About the SectorIndustry is divided into four main sub sectors, manufacturing, construction, petroleum refining, mining and extraction. About 80% of the industrial sector is privately-owned. The profile of the sector is briefly described as:-Large-scale industries: These industries accounted for 82% of the industries. Most of the industries is focused on food/beverages (48%), oil refining (21%), and tobacco (6%). The production of cement and other large-scale industries make up the remaining contribution to industries.- Small-scale industries: These industries accounted for 18% of the industry. Most of the output is focused on food/beverages (15%), and the remaining contribution is from wood fabrication, metals, textiles and other small-scale industries.Sudan is the biggest producer of Arabic Gum that is extracted from the resin of acacia sensgalensis trees. Its production covers 80% of the world consumption. The gum is used in foodstuffs, the chemical industry, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and lithography. Foodstuffs productions include sugar, beef, poultry, fish, and others. Sugar production is very important to Sudan which is the third largest producer of sugar in Africa, after South Africa and Egypt. Further, mining is a relevant business field as there are large deposits of copper, gold, chrome, iron ore, lead, zinc, uranium, diamonds, marble, talc and plaster. Gold production in 2014 is estimated to be 70

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tons and is realized by 2 joint ventures: first, Sudan-Chinese and, second, Sudan-French. Copper extraction is to be set in the future in cooperation with the British Western Kordofan.

4.4.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable DevelopmentThe industrial sector in Sudan, comprising manufacturing, oil production, mining, construction, and power generation, has shown the greatest increase in GDP share, from 16% of GDP in 1999 to 26% in 2009. Revenues from the manufacturing industry production amounted to US$ 3 billion corresponding to 9.5% of GDP. Mining production earnings have grown from 7.7% of GDP in 2006 to 8.9% in 2008. Within this framework, the contribution of large scale enterprises is 82%. The food and beverage industry contributes by 5.5% to Sudan’s GDP. Industry has to overcome many hurdles (e.g., obsolete/archaic equipment and inefficient process designs). This results in exploiting unnecessary energy and raw materials. This situation is intensified by the low level of technical know-how in relation to process optimization. At the institutional level there is an absence of regulation that mandates energy, resource audit or control of equipment standards. Therefore, mitigation efforts in the industrial sector have to be directed to fill these gaps.

4.4.3 GHG Emissions and TrendsGHG emissions in the industrial sector are due to two main sources:

1. Energy: especially at off grid/self-status, is the main source for GHG emissions, whether for electricity, heat or steam/hot water satisfaction. According to the Forest National Corporation in 1994 the industrial sector has utilized 7.6% of the total biomass, specifically fuel wood (1,050,174 m3) and charcoal (11,673 m3). In addition, the Ministry of Electricity and Dams has estimated that in 2010, 14.7% of the electricity consumption in the county has been used in the industrial sector with an increased rate of 24.4% compared to the previous year. Regarding fossil fuels, according to Ministry of Oil statistics, industrial consumption can be estimated at around 30% of total consumption (e.g., in 2008 it was 1276.8 out of 4077.6 million tonnes). This type of emission is a cross-cutting issue for all industries but for the sake of this work, further analysis is only to be undertaken for growing industries.

2. Process: Specific process (e.g., during cement formation) has been considered as the main source of GHG emissions. Although industry have lower emission compared to other emissions sources in Sudan, but some types of industry are growing and are anticipated to further growth in the future.

Below is an overview of the main industrial activities responsible for GHGs emissions in Sudan.

Food Industries This sector is continuously growing and the increase is expected to continue in the future as a result of population increase and comparatively encouraging investment` process. This sector is generally characterized by inefficient energy systems e.g. old boilers, high losses throughout the different processes e.g. non-insulated pipes and very poor housekeeping. A special criterion for the food sector is its relatively high need for steam and hot water which calls for special consideration at the energy side. This could include better housekeeping and introduction of renewable energy sources. Currently, many

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industries are considering the use of LPG as an alternative since it does not require major modifications to the existing plant. This alternative is especially attractive when combined with more efficient boilers that use dual fuel. The dual characteristic will minimize the risk of LPG scarcity.

Minerals and Non-Mineral Product Industries Cement Industry: This has been one of the most rapidly growing industries in the last few years. The production has increased from 621.7 thousand ton in 2009 to 3476.6 thousand ton in 2012.Accordingly, investment in the cement industry is estimated at US$ 1,995 million. Cement industry is interlinked with all infrastructure projects and housing strategies. By definition, the cement industry is energy consuming; it contributes to GHG emissions during the production process itself. Carbon dioxide is emitted as a by-product of clinker production, an intermediate product in cement manufacture, in which calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is calcinated and converted to lime (CaO), the primary component of cement. This process accounts for ~50% of all emissions from cement production. CO2 is also emitted during cement production by fossil fuel combustion. However, the CO2 from fossil fuels is specifically accounted for emission estimates for fossil fuels. This represents around 40% of cement emissions. Finally, the electricity used to power additional plant machinery, and the final transportation of cement, represents another source of indirect emissions and accounts for 5-10% of the industry’s emissions.

The main mitigation options involve energy reforms such as energy saving techniques or using less polluting fuels like waste tyres and process modification, e.g. by using pozzolans.

Other Industries: This includes ceramic, gypsum and brick industries. The main emission sources in these industries are fossil fuel combustion to satisfy their energy needs. Currently, energy supply in the ceramic industry is satisfied through LPG and electricity. LPG consumption is estimated to be about 1500-1800 tonne/month. The main problem that this sub-sector faces is the high prices of electricity and LPG. Within the gypsum industry, the main GHG emission comes from the energy side. Currently, the industry uses fossil fuel and wood for the heating step (one of the steps in the gypsum making process), hence alternative heat sources are encouraged. Again, here LPG seems to be a suitable option from a technical point of view. Considering the building brick industry, there are about 800 traditional units and four factories with a total production of 455 million blocks/ year. However, in 2002 the demand is estimated at 1500 million blocks/ year. Therefore, energy is required in this industry to satisfy the demand gap. The common energy forms used include firewood for traditional brick and fossil fuel for factories. The factories need is estimated at 2000 tonnes/ factory in addition to about 40 thousand litres of oil for ignition. The main mitigation options considered are utilizing alternative fuel or substituting the fire brick with other products such cement blocks.

GHG Industrial Emission Status in Sudan

According to HCENR (2013a) GHG emissions from the industrial process sector are mainly CO2.Their contribution to the aggregated GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent in 2000 is 93 Gg, which represents about 0.1% of total CO2 emitted from all sectors. GHG emitted in this sector (as shown in Table 6) are mainly CO2, NMVOC and HFC. CO and SO2 are also emitted. Not surprisingly, the most important GHG in this sector is CO2, 97% of which is produced by the cement industry. NMVOC emissions are attributed almost solely to the food industries. Emissions

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of HFCs are shared between aerosol use, foam blowing and fire extinguishers. Minor quantities of CO and SO2 are emitted from the pulp and paper industry.

According to Sudan’s First National Communication, GHG emissions in the Industrial Sector include:GHG emissions in the industrial sector (1995) considering process side are estimated at 173 Gg of CO2eq mainly from mineral industries, such as cement industry, road paving and lime production. Food industries such as sugar, and food and drinks emit 11 Gg NMVOCs. Considering the energy utilization component, the industrial sector has recorded 586 Gg of CO2 e.

Table 6: GHG emissions from industrial processes, 2000 (Gg)

Green House Gas Source and Sink Categories CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O NOx CO NMVOC SO2

Total Emission from Energy 93 93 0 0 0 0 12 1

A. Mineral Products 93 93 0 0 1B. Chemical Industry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0C. Metal Production 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0D. Other Production 0 0 0 0 12 0E. Production O Halocarbons

and Sculpture Hexafluoride F. Consumption of

Halocarbons and Sculpture Hexafluoride

0

G. Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Notes: P = Potential emissions based on Tier 1 Approach; A = Actual emissions based on Tier 2 Approach. Grey-shaded cell indicate not applicable. Only emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were included in the determination of total CO2e levels

4.4.4 Policies, Strategies and Plans Related to the Industry Sector

General Policies & Strategies for the Manufacturing Industries Sector during the period 2007-2030 include

1. To increase the contribution of the manufacturing sector in GDP to 15% annually.2. To encourage foreign industry investment that assist in operating idle capacities and

establishment of new industries and projects that benefit from the comparative advantages.3. Providing required funds to operate and rehabilitate industry and transfer and resettlement of

modern technologies following flexible financing conditions and financing funds. 4. Encourage technology transfer in the industrial sector through the establishment of

specialized centres in cooperation with the international, regional and national organizations. 5. Development of human resources of the industrial sector and the implementation of the

training programs, as well as the utilization of technical assistance from international, regional and national organizations.

6. Availing employment opportunities through the establishment of new industries and the operation of idle capacities. etc.

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Provide reference

7. The issuance of the anti-dumping law to encourage bilateral, international and regional cooperation in order to develop manufacturing industry.

8. The application of environment friendly measures in the industrial sector and anti-industrial pollution legislations.

9. Issuance of intellectual property regulations, patents and applied scientific research for the industrial sector.

10. Specific policy is encouraging research in blended cement leading to production of this kind of cement and reducing the cost and energy.

4.4.5 Relevance of the Industrial Sector for NAMAs and Mitigation PotentialCement industry generates high GHG emissions and accounts for around 5% of global CO2 emissions. Emission per ton of cement (1990 level) is 750 kg CO2/ ton of cement. The cement industry in Sudan started in the year 1947 by the construction of Atbra factory and then Rabac factory in 1965. After 2009 many cement factories have been established such as Barbar, Alshamal, Alsalam and Aslan factories.

The mitigation option in the cement subsector could be achieved by: change in process like using pozzolans which is a siliceous or aluminosiliceous material that is highly vitreous. Modern pozzolanic cements are a mixture of natural or industrial pozzolana and clinker of Portland cement, the high alkalinity of pozzolana makes it especially resistant to common forms of corrosion from sulphate. Once fully hardened it may be stronger than Portland cement only, due to its lower porosity, which also makes it more resistant to water absorption and spalling. This pozzolanic cement (which is a kind of blended cement) is more environmentally friendly, it reduces GHG emissions and it also reduces the cost.

Energy Efficiency and Saving in Cement Industry: switching to alternative fuels, including natural gas, biomass and the utilization of waste materials including the Scrapped Tyres (calorific value 35.6 MJ /kg) has been found since 20-years worldwide as alternative (secondary) fuel in the cement kilns. Cement kilns are well suited for waste-combustion because of their high process temperature and because the clinker product and limestone feedstock act as gas -cleaning agents. Used tyres, wood, plastics, chemicals and other types of waste are co-combusted in cement kilns in large quantities.

Food industry: Sugar cane is one of the world's major food-producing crops providing about 75% of the sugar for human consumption and sugarcane residues represent 11% of the worldwide contribution of the sugarcane production, and especially, of the sugarcane agricultural residues. This indicates the biomass importance in near future that will provide up to 20% of all worldwide energy used in the end of 21 st

century.

According to Eduardo Barretto de Figueiredo calculations, 241 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent were released to the atmosphere per a ton of sugar produced. The major part of the total emission (44%) resulted from residues burning; about 20% resulted from the use of synthetic fertilizers, and about 18% from fossil fuel combustion.

The production of sugar in Sudanese sugar factories (Algenaed, Halfa algadeda, Sinar, Hajer asalaya and Kenana) in year 2012 is estimated at 680,000 metric ton (Sudan bank annual report). This study suggests that the most important reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane areas could be achieved by switching to a green harvest system that is to harvest without burning.

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From the above information we can conclude that the industrial sector has large potential for NAMA implementation and the cement sub-sector should be given the highest priority for implementing NAMA in Sudan followed by the sugar sub-sector.

Mitigation Options from Previous Studies

The mitigation option in industrial sectors could be classified into two main options: One is concerned with the increase of energy efficiency by using more efficient boilers or using less polluting energy sources such as bio-diesel, LPG or through the introduction of renewable energy technologies. The other option for GHG reduction involves a change of process or introducing alternative products. This is specifically applicable in categories like cement through using pozzolans which is a material that can reduce the GHG emitted during cement formation process, or shifting to stabilized bricks rather than the fired bricks.

1. Fuel switching in industrial subsectors: Residual fuel oil is used heavily in the sugar, food, textile, cement and other industries in Sudan. By 2030, the total annual consumption of residual oil is projected to reach more than 300 thousand ton. Fuel switching to LPG, can be achieved through policies that incentive LPG use in the industrial sector these policies are expected to gradually lead to a maximum of 50% of residual oil being replaced by LPG by the year 2023. The study of the Technology Needs assessment for Climate Change Mitigation (HCENR 2013b) suggested the following technologies to be used as mitigation option to reduce emission from the industrial sector: Encourage replacement of old and inefficient boilers

2. The use of pozzolan in cement industry to reduce GHG emissions.3. Introduction of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB).

An example of green economy project is the Production of ethanol as biofuel from kenana sugar company (KSC). KSC produces high-grade ethanol (purity of 99.8%), higher than the EU standards. Sudan has started using 10% ethanol mixed into petrol and will expand production to continue exporting while meeting the local demand.

Kenana Sugar Company plans to increase capacity from 65 million to 200 million litres a year and they also planning to produce a second-generation ethanol, made from cellulose that is, using biomass.

Proposed NAMAs

1. Improvement of cement processing, use of pozzolan to partly substitute clinker and reduce cement to clinker ratio.

2. Switching to alternative fuels, including natural gas and biomass in cement industry.3. High Efficient Boilers for Steam Generation Using Dual Fuel.4. Technology: Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB)

5. Improvement of charcoal production

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4.5 Waste Sector

4.5.1 General Information About the SectorAccording to the studies, Sudan is assumed to generate an amount of about 7.4 million tons of solid waste annually. Only about 17% of this amount is relatively treated. More than 83% of this amount is left without treatment, which has a great negative impact on the environment. This could be attributed to the absence of proper waste management in most parts of Sudan. Open burning, open dumping, litters and messes are dominant practices throughout the country. Solid waste is a real challenge to the environment in Sudan. Only Khartoum State has a relatively reasonable system for waste management. This has negative impacts on both health and environment. The amount of waste is annually increasing due to the increase of population and urbanization, resulting from rural urban migration. This situation is aggravated by the absence of a proper waste management system. There is a serious problem in waste collection and treatment which needs immediate solution.

4.5.2 Contribution of the Sector to Sustainable DevelopmentProper implementation of the Integrated Solid Waste System (ISWM) concept plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals. This could be achieved through the following points:-

1. Pollution control to combat soil, Air and Water pollution,2. Mitigation of climate change challenge,3. Mitigation of health hazards,4. Disease control,5. Job creation,6. Healthy environment,7. Income generation by the use of recycling,8. Poverty alleviation tool.

In Sudan proper integrated waste management is expected to: Alleviate poverty in 926,000 poor families. Cover the cost of solid waste management in the major cities.

4.5.3 GHG Emissions and TrendsAn amount of about 20,000 ton of solid waste is generated per day in Sudan. 85% of this amount is not treated. Open burning and illegal dumping are still a normal practice, which results in:

1. Great annual emissions of GHG,2. Increasing trends of emissions over time ,3. High ratio of solid waste (49%) is of organic nature which means increased emission of methane.4. Absence of engineered and sanitary landfills aggravated the situation.5. Absence of awareness and adequate finance to establish adequate waste management system can

also consider as one of the major threats to environment in Sudan.

According to HCENR (2013a), waste emission more than doubled (2015 Gg CO2e) from 1995 to 2000. At present the emission is estimated to have increased by more than 5 times than before due to the increase of generated waste from 3500 ton /day to 20,000 tons/ day.

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Please reference them in the list

Table 7: GHG emissions from waste management, 2000 (Gg)

Green House Gas Source and Sink Categories CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O NOx

Total Emission from Agriculture 2,015 76 1 0A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land 1,408 67B. Wastewater Handling 807 9 1C. Waste Incineration 0 0 0 0D. Other 0 0 0

Note: Grey-shaded cell indicate not applicable. Only emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were included in the determination of total CO2e levels

4.5.4 Policies Strategies and Plans Related to the Waste Sector

Due to the challenges of solid waste to the environment and GHG emissions, it is necessary to formulate a national strategy to adopt the policy of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) to the proper treatment and best practice of waste management. This should include improvement of collection, intermediate treatment, sanitary landfill, awareness and legal and managerial framework through the formulation and implementation of:

1. A Master Plan,2. Public Cleansing Law,3. Recycling Law,4. Integrated Solid Waste Management Concept,5. Community Involvement and Awareness Plan.

Laws related to the Sector

Environmental Protection Act 2001, Environmental Health Act 2008 (EHA), The Industrial Waste Local Order for Khartoum North 1971, Environmental Protection Law 2008 by Khartoum State Ministry, Sudanese Standard and Meteorological Organization (SSMO), Standards of pollutants emitted from different industries.

4.5.5 Relevance of the waste sector for NAMAs and Mitigation Potential:Due to the previous mentioned reasons, waste management is one of the most promising relevant sectors for NAMAs and mitigation implementation. This, in addition to the environmental and socioeconomic benefits, is expected to be achieved by the adoption and implementation of NAMAs. This could be indicated as follows:

1- Collection: Collection is the major problem for solid waste management in Sudan. More than 83% of waste, i.e. 6 million tons of municipal waste, is left without collection, which is five times the estimated impact as set out in Sudan’s National Communication report (1.3 million tons). . Proper waste collection is expected to eliminate the hazard of this huge amount

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2- Sanitary landfill: Landfills are also a real challenge to the environment. Adoption of sanitary landfill with treatment facilities, gas collection and capture system will lead to mitigate GHG so think that sanitary landfill is an essential and important solution for the land fill gas.

3- Zero waste conceptThis is most recent and efficient system for G.H.G mitigation method. It includes:

i. Composting of organic component in municipal waste,ii. Sorting and recycling of recyclable items such as plastic and paper,

iii. Use of non-recyclable items (reject) as a fuel for cement factories,iv. Energy Recovery by generation of electricity or gas from waste.

The idea is to treat the whole generated waste and ensure that no waste is sent to the landfill. This will lead to pollution control, GHGs emission mitigation, land saving, and income generation. It could be achieved through recycling, composting and energy recovery.

Suggested NAMAs: 1. Formulation and endorsement of waste collection and law in federal state and local levels

2. Sectoral policy for source segregation of waste management improvement3. Implementation of urban action plan of ISWM city fixed time fixed place document4. Primary collection: Implementation of rural action plan of preventing of burning of rural

waste document5. House hold and organic waste composting

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5 Proposal for a Sudanese NAMA FrameworkGenerally, Sudan is lacking a comprehensive policy and legislative framework that deals with mitigation related policy in an integrated way. Rather, there are a number of individual sectoral policies e.g. agriculture, forestry, wildlife and others that tend to be isolated from each other. However, the assessment of Sudanese sectors in chapter 4 above provides a huge set of opportunities for mitigating GHG emissions. The NAMA framework for Sudan developed below translates this “landscape of mitigation potential“ into NAMAs, defines criteria for NAMA assessment and evaluates a set of 40 identified NAMAs against those criteria, for identifying and selecting the most appropriate activities. Moreover, an institutional set-up and MRV system is outlined.

5.1 Elements of the Sudanese NAMA frameworkNAMAs can cover a broad range of interventions in various sectors across a whole economy, as outlined in chapter 4 for the five main economic sectors in Sudan. For developing a nationwide set of NAMAs, it is recommended to apply a framework for optimized flow of communication, improved data availability, establishing processes, utilizing synergies and avoiding redundancies.4

For instance, Situmeang and Lubis (2012) propose a NAMA framework consisting of mainly six interrelated elements: Governance and process, technical input, NAMA planning, NAMA development, UNFCCC reporting and stakeholder involvement (see Figure 9). They see the main advantage of a NAMA framework in achieving consistency and preventing contradictions at different levels such as national, regional or provincial. There for all affected governmental and non-governmental stakeholders should be involved in the development of the framework to guarantee broad backing.

Figure 9: NAMA Framework Example

Source: Situmeang and Lubis (2012), p.41

As Sudan has initiated a stakeholder involvement process with the National Team and the NAMA Working Group already, we mainly see need to further discuss governance as well as NAMA planning and development. Required technical input would be identified during this process and facilitation of

4Note that there is no official definition for the term NAMA framework. It has however been applied in some countries, such as Indonesia (http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/indonesian-nama-framework-development-full-report.pdf), or in the Caribbean (https://unfccc.int/files/focus/mitigation/application/pdf/wb-benitez-regional_namas_for_caribbean.pdf).

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https://unfccc.int/files/focus/mitigation/application/pdf/wb-benitez-regional_namas_for_caribbean.pdf

https://unfccc.int/files/focus/mitigation/application/pdf/wb-benitez-regional_namas_for_caribbean.pdf

http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/indonesian-nama-framework-development-full-report.pdf

http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/indonesian-nama-framework-development-full-report.pdf

Sudanese reporting to the UNFCCC would be one result, thus its requirements should be reflected in the NAMA framework development process.

A Sudanese NAMA framework should be based on an infrastructure for smooth development and integration of NAMAs into the national NAMA portfolio, while ensuring that national policies and objectives match the individual interventions of the NAMAs:

Institutional set up: the NAMA should involve a steering committee (the existing NAMA unit), with relevant sectors being represented, as well as involve relevant stakeholders.

NAMA Selection Process: Processes for identifying and selecting NAMAs can be established NAMA GHG Reduction Tracking: A robust MRV system should be in place

The subsequent sections describe these building blocks in more detail.

5.2 Proposed NAMA Institutional frameworkSince mitigation actions require multi-stakeholder involvement from planning to implementation, the institutional arrangement for NAMAs needs a strong coordinating body with authority to set rules, roles and responsibilities.

In order to come up with a NAMA framework in Sudan, the following components need to be taken into account:

- Stakeholders- Authorities / local institutional arrangement - Actions or mitigation projects

Figure 10: Components of NAMA Framework

The relationship between these components as well as the breakdown of each component will shape up the entire framework and flow of actions. Figure 11 illustrates the NAMA framework and its links to the three components shown in Figure 10. Hereby also the interrelations between different actors are outlined. Stakeholders such as academic institutions, NGOs, financial institutions or other private players as well as governmental actors propose potential mitigation activities and submit their ideas to the authority level. A NAMA Unit on domestic, governmental level represents the focal entity for NAMA institutional arrangement in Sudan. It serves as

coordination tool with ministries and agencies, screens NAMA proposals and decides whether they fit into the NAMA framework. The NAMA Working Group in January 2015 decided to appoint the Sudanese Designated National Authority (DNA), originally created to manage and approve Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, under the HCENR to serve as this NAMA Unit.

In case a NAMA idea is accepted, the NAMA Unit informs the relevant stakeholders and identifies suitable implementation partners. Subsequently the NAMA will be fully developed and implemented - with the NAMA Unit supervising baseline establishment, identifying data gaps, and organizing the

39

Stakeholders

AuthoritiesActions/ projects

NAMA

NAMA submission process, and with international support by consultants, international development agencies such as UNDP or developed country technical cooperation, if required. This approach guarantees a process open for ideas from the society and promotes smooth cooperation among different stakeholders.

Figure 11: General NAMA framework for Sudan

* Institutional arrangement is illustrated in Figure 13+ Screening process flow is described in Figure 14

Any climate policy needs to be initiated by the Cabinet of Ministers. The HCENR becomes active after the Cabinet of Ministers has endorsed national low carbon development activities, such as NAMAs. As the HCENR is the UNFCCC focal point it is also foreseen as the Steering Committee for NAMA and LCDS development. Under the HCENR the DNA serves as the coordination body (NAMA Unit) that actually manages and operates as well as interlinks the NAMA framework to the envisaged LCDS (see also Perspectives 2015). The DNA will be embedded into the envisaged structure for the NAMA framework as illustrated in Figure 12 and Figure 135.

Figure 12: Envisaged institutional arrangement for the Sudanese NAMA framework

5 Although the HCENR is officially hosting the DNA we distinguish between HCENR´s role as steering Committee and HCENR´s

involvement in the DNA.

40

Academic institutions NGOs Financial

institutions Private Sector

Governmental firms

NAMA UNIT

NAMAProject(s)

UNDP

Consultants/Outsource

Project Implem-entation Team(s)

Stakeholders

Institutional Arrangement*

Projects

Flow of information , proposals, registration and MRV

MRVMandating

Screening Process +

Proposed Project

NAMAProject?

Implementation of the Project

Yes

NoNAMA Unit (DNA)

Source: Authors, based on NAMA working group decisions of January workshop

41

Figure 13: Institutional Arrangement for Sudanese DNA serving as NAMA Unit

* AC: Adaptation Committee, TEC: Technology Executive committee, CTCN: Climate Technology Center and Network

The roles and responsibilities in the institutional NAMA framework are briefly described as below:

1. High level political engagement through Cabinet of Ministers or Ministry of Environment Forestry and Physical Development

The role of the ministry is to provide assistance in terms of legislation and policies that could help in the implementation of NAMA through the Cabinet of Ministers and the National Council. The Ministry will also be supervising all NAMA process.

2. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR)

The HCENR will be the focal point of NAMA in the country, where it is responsible of NAMA registration processes and NAMA steering committee. In addition, HCENR (as the incubator of the NAMA steering committee) is responsible for criteria and indicators for NAMA prioritization, for measuring, verification and reporting (MRV) of activities as well as screening process for any suggested NAMA projects or actions. It furthermore assures consistency with NC and BUR processes, assures the linking with the INDC elaboration, and requests financial assistance from international donors (e.g. for Blue Carbon support to PERSGA, for INDC support to UNDP).

3. NAMA Unit (DNA)

42

Ministry of Environment & Physical Development

Higher Council for Environment and Natural

Resources

NAMA Focal Person

NAMA Steering Committee

(Screening & MRV)

NAMA’s Project Management Unit (PMU)

Project Coordinator -1

Technical Responsible Rep.

Administration and Financial

Assistant

Project Coordinator-2

Technical Responsible Rep.

Administration and Financial

Assistant

…..

UNDPNAMAConsultant

Stake-holders

UNFCCC:GEF, AC,

TEC, CTCN*

The NAMA Unit (DNA) is responsible for coordinating the different NAMAs that are set-up under the NAMA framework. It guarantees that common standards are used for NAMA implementation, that standardized indicators are used to track results and that stakeholder participation and co-benefits are adequately considered. The NAMA Unit is not only steered and guided by the HCENR but can also receive support from UN related institutions, external consultants and relevant stakeholders. Responsibilities furthermore comprise decisions on criteria and indicators for NAMA prioritization, decisions on the set up of a comprehensive MRV system for both the NAMA framework and the LCDS, assuring consistency of the LCDS with the National Communication and BURs to the UNFCCC, assuring the linkage of the LCDS to the upcoming Intended National Determined Contributions (INDC) of Sudan as well as attracting international financial assistance from donors (see Figure 13). The NAMA Unit will receive support from the national Statistical Office for collecting data from line ministries on request by the HCENR or the NAMA PMU.

4. Project Coordinator

The NAMA project coordinator is responsible for the day-to-day coordination activities (between and not limited to: stakeholder, NAMA Unit, UNDP, etc.) during the project implementation phase. He/she will be in charge of fulfilling the requirements from NAMA Unit and HCENR.

5. Technical Representative(s)

The technical responsible representative has a significant role in project implementation phase, in particular regarding the supervision of technical matters in the context of NAMA development together with the contractor (shipment of equipment, installation of equipment, tests approved and commissioning phase).

6. The Administration and Financial Assistant

The Administration and Financial Assistant is responsible for human resources and financial aspects regarding the project implementation phase (budgets of the project including: equipment price, contract cost, salaries & wages and auxiliary cost).

7. UNDP and other UN organizations

UNDP’s role is to provide technical and financial assistance and advice for NAMA projects in all the steps from preparation until implementation whenever it is required.

8. NAMA Consultants

The role of the NAMA consultant is to provide technical assistance and advice for NAMA projects whenever requested.

As outlined above, one key responsibility of the NAMA Unit will be the identification, screening and evaluation of potential NAMA activities. The screening process for each proposed NAMA is illustrated in Figure 14. The NAMA Unit itself or other relevant stakeholders identify potential NAMA activities that might be suitable to address barriers for mitigation in relevant economic sectors of Sudan. The proponent estimates GHG reduction potential and related co-benefits, as well as the viability, effectiveness and efficiency through e.g. a cost-benefit analysis. Before accepting the proposed NAMA idea, the NAMA

43

Unit verifies the estimations and assesses whether the NAMA fits into the general NAMA framework. The subsequent chapters give advice how specific NAMA activities can be identified, how an assessment process for prioritizing and selecting the most suitable ones could work and how a consistent MRV system could be set-up.

Figure 14: Screening process of proposed NAMA activities

Capacity Building

Poverty reduction Job Creation Sustainable

DevelopmentHealth

Benefits Others

Measurement of Benefits

Indirect reduction

Direct reduction

Measurement of GHG Reduction

Viability and cost/benefits analysis

Identification of Action(s)

StrategyNational Goal(s)

Policy or Program Technologies Investments Others

It is important to understand that the NAMA Framework development is closely linked to the Sudanese LCDS process (see Perspectives 2015), as NAMAs represent the foundation of measures under the LCDS in a bottom up style.

5.3 NAMA Identification and Selection ProcessBased on the above assessment of the most relevant Sudanese sectors in the context of GHG mitigation, one can categorize and summarize individual activities with mitigation impacts according to sector and type of activity. These clusters serve as NAMAs, under which numerous individual interventions can be integrated. Chapter 4 above concluded with suggestions for NAMAs across sectors. These suggested actions were summarized into 40 NAMAs, which are listed in Table 8 below, differentiated by sector and categorized as “programme”, ”policy” or “project” NAMAs.

44

Table 8: Identified NAMAs from sector assessment

Sector NAMAs Category

Agriculture SectorRange improvement and management Programm

e

Agro pastoral Systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation) Programme

Land Use Change and Forestry Sector

Forests protection and conservation Programme

Enhancement of forest plantation (Riverine and coastal plantation, reserved, community, A/R)

Programme

Exploitations of waste water in the plantation process Programme

Plantation based forest industry Programme

Mesquite Management Programme

Energy Sector - Electricity Supply

Rural solar Electrification (RSE) Programme

Energy Sector Regulation Policy

Labelling system for Electrical Appliances Programme

Renewable Energy Deployment PolicyRE Energy NAMA: Individual Measures (incl. 100 MW geothermal Power Plant, 300 MW Wind energy plant, 20 MW solar PV plant, CSP Plant, and 3 biogas plants (60-100 kW)

Projects

RE NAMA: Hydro Power Plant (Dagash, Sherak, Dal, Sabaloga, Mograt and Kajbar) Project

Energy Sector - Electricity Demand

Energy Efficient Lighting NAMA (CFL or LED) Programme

Efficient Air Conditioning Programme

Electricity System Management Policy

Energy Sector - Transportation

Improve infrastructure Programme

Increase Capacities of public transportation Programme

Develop railway network and capacity Programme

New transportation modes Programme

Energy Sector - Households

Energy Efficiency Measures Building Sector NAMA Programme

Improved stoves Programme

Fuel switching for cooking use (from biomass to LPG) Programme

Urban planning and new building code PolicyEnergy Sector - Others Energy audit for petroleum processing and refining facilities Programm

e

Reduce flaring from oil and gas facilities Programme

Exploit natural gas in power generation and as LPG for domestic use

Programme

45

Increase public awareness of energy efficiency Programme

Industrial Processes Sector

Industrial waste treatment Programme

Biofuel production & Fuel blend Programme

Switching to alternative fuels, including natural gas and biomass in cement industry

Programme

Improvement of charcoal production Programme

Improvement of cement processing, use of pozzolan to partly substitute clinker and reduce cement to clinker ratio

Programme

Replace old boilers used in the industry with efficient boilers (e.g. project of 5 Efficient Boilers for Steam Generation Using Dual Fuel)

Programme

Technology: Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) Programme

Waste Sector

House hold and organic waste composting Programme

Implementation of urban action plan of ISWM (city fixed time fixed place document)

Programme

Primary collection: Implementation of rural action plan for preventing burning of rural waste document

Programme

Sectorial policy for source segregation of waste management improvement Policy

Formulation and endorsement of waste collection and law in federal state and local levels Policy

Source: Authors, based on information provided by NAMA Team

5.3.1 Assessment of NAMA options according to multi-criteria analysis (MCA)For better understanding the potential of the various NAMAs identified in the step above, all mitigation options need to undergo a thorough assessment based on predefined criteria. In the context of low carbon development, multiple criteria are going to be involved and multidisciplinary teams need to reach a consensus. Most relevant aspects for consideration when evaluating NAMA opportunities are obviously “low carbon“ and “development”, meaning that the mitigation options should

i) Promise significant GHG emission reductions, and ii) Comply with the overall development plans of the country.

The Republic of Sudan prioritized development goals, such as poverty alleviation, food security, services, GDP increase and natural resource management (HCENR 2013b) in its 25 year strategy 6. A second layer of relevant criteria can be added to those goals, such as further environmental impacts, economic feasibility (costs), social impacts (job creation, health benefits), political feasibility, cultural aspects.

6 The Sudanese 25-Year Strategy (2007 – 2033) provides the policy directions to all economic and social sectors, and

incorporates the country's environmental strategy, which states clearly that environmental issues must be embodied in all

development projects. Examples of key national programs are fuel switching to LPG and solar for cooking in the household

sector, dissemination of improved stoves and promotion of water harvesting techniques. Moreover, key

intergovernmental/multilateral processes that relates to climate change are: Poverty Reduction Strategy, which is linked to

climate change mitigation/adaptation, issues such as promoting livelihood of the communities (HCENR 2013b).

46

Table 9 summarizes the Sudanese development priorities and lists criteria for assessment, as applied in the TNA context.

Table 9: Summary of Sudanese Development Priorities

Objective Poverty alleviation

Food Security

Services GDP Increase

Natural Resources Management

Criteria - Increase of Income

- Reduction of negative expenses e.g. illness

- Increase food security and production

- Increase of population percentage with access to services

- Increased service level

- Export increase

- Percentage of resource utilization

Source: HCENR (2013b)

Under the Sudanese Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Mitigation (HCENR 2013b), this MCA process has already been conducted for the energy, agriculture, forestry and land use as well as the industry sector. General criteria used for assessing the relevant sectors under the TNA comprise:

- Contribution to GHG emission (Share of emissions in GHG inventory / Future development and GHG emission projection)

- Relevance of meeting Sudanese development priorities (such as contribution to social / environmental benefits)

- Level of economic benefits (employment / GDP).

For the sector and sub-sector specific assessment the criteria GHG reduction, environmental impacts, social impacts and economic impacts were defined. Those were then assessed in a comprehensive stakeholder dialogue, and scored according to their relevance. For the NAMA framework development, the set of criteria required a revision regarding the overall goals and possibilities of the NAMA framework, away from the limitations induced by the TNA process. Relevant criteria are the required financial, technical and institutional capabilities of the concerned sectors. Furthermore, an important criterion in the light of the NAMA framework development is the abatement costs of individual mitigation options. Under the TNA (HCENR 2013b) Sudan has already applied an identification process for mitigation potential and options. This process is regarded as a good basis for assessing mitigation options in the context of the NAMA framework. In the context of evaluating mitigation activities in Sudan, the Sudanese NAMA Working Group reflected this process, and decided on the following set of assessment criteria (Table 10).

Table 10: Assessment Criteria for Sudanese NAMA frameworkEconomicEconomic growth (GDP)Energy SecurityCost of generationImpact on national budgetService levels (access to electricity)Abatement CostsEconomic feasibility for implementing NAMA (payback period, profit)

47

SocialEducation benefits (literacy rate, schools built)Health protection ( reduction of sickness)Improved public services (health, education, transport)Contribution to local community welfareImproved livelihood patternsFood securityEnvironmentalGHG emission reductionAir, water & soil pollution (waste volume per year)Biodiversity protectionPoliticalStability (such as gini coeeficient, inflation rate, No. of high level decisions, law enforcement)Prospects for NAMA implementation (stakeholder engagement, interest groups)InstitutionalInstitutional capability for implementing NAMAMain BarriersEconomicPoliticalInstitutionalOverall: Can the NAMA overcome the barriers?

5.3.2 Evaluation of mitigation options and sectors under the Sudanese NAMA frameworkAfter defining the criteria for the Multi-Criteria Analysis, the set of identified NAMAs has been evaluated against the above criteria. For each sector and NAMA experts of the NAMA Working group provided a rating using the following options: “Excellent”, “Very Good”, “Good”, “Neutral” and “Bad”. In order to make the comparison and ranking across sectors easier the rating options were translated into scores, as follows:

- Excellent = 5- Very Good = 4- Good = 3- Neutral = 2- Bad = 1

The weightage of the criteria was applied as follows, in order to reflect the relevance of the GHG mitigation potential accordingly:

- GHG Reduction Potential (50%)- Other Environmental (10%)- Economic (10%)- Social (10%)- Political (10%)

48

- Institutional (10%)

Main barriers for each NAMA were also considered, but are not regarded as scoring criteria, but rather serve as opportunities in the context of developing NAMAs - such shortcomings could be addressed by support components under a NAMA. For the individual sectors the scoring led to the following results. See Annex I for the detailed evaluation matrix

5.3.2.1 Evaluation of agriculture sector NAMAsTwo NAMAs were selected for the agriculture sector, namely range improvement and management, as well as agro pastoral systems. Both have very good to excellent GHG emission reduction potential and score at least very good across the criteria, with the exemption of impacts on livelihood patterns and improved public services (which are assumed to be good, though).

Table 11: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Agriculture sector

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Range improvement and management Programme 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.83 5.00 4.00 4.63

Agro pastoral systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation) Programme 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.80 4.00 4.00 3.98

Regarding barriers the evaluation revealed that no major barriers are expected, and that the NAMA Working Group experts expect the NAMA to be able to overcome any challenges that might arise during the implementation of the programmes.

Table 12: Main barriers for agriculture sector NAMAS

NAMAs Economic Political Institutional Overall: Can the NAMA overcome the barriers?

Range improvement and management

Not provided Not provided 4 5

Agro pastoral Systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation)

Not provided Not provided Not provided

4

With respect to data availability, data on GHG emissions from the agriculture sector origin from the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Range and Pasture Administration, Arab Organization for Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, Arab Organization for Agricultural Development Yearbook, General Administration for Planning, as the FAO. Uncertainties remain regarding the number and type of livestock, data vintages, and limited data availability for certain crops. The NC II recommends to develop data systems, improved measurement methods, and to promote inter-ministerial collaboration. This should be reflected when starting the process of NAMA development.

49

5.3.2.2 Evaluation of land use and forestry sector NAMAsFive NAMAs were recommended and evaluated for the land use and forestry sector. All five are programmes address plantation and/or forestry aspects. The programmes have different GHG mitigation potential (minimum “good”), though only mesquite management scores “neutral” while the remainder scores at least “good” or “very good”.

Table 13: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Land Use Change and Forestry Sector

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Forests protection and conservation Programme 5.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.86 3.83 4.27

Enhancement of forest plantation (Riverine and coastal plantation, reserved, community, A/R) Programme 5.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.57 3.83 4.24

Exploitations of waste water in the plantation process Programme 4.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 3.67 3.77

Plantation based forest industry Programme 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.71 3.17 3.09

Mesquite Management Programme 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.57 3.50 2.81

All NAMAs are expected to overcome barriers on the economic, political and institutional level, which are all not regarded as major challenges.

Table 14: Main barriers for land use and forestry sector NAMAS

NAMAs Economic Political Institutional Overall: Can the NAMA

overcome the barriers?

Forests protection and conservation 4 3 3 Yes


5 3 3 Yes

Exploitations of waste water in the plantation process

5 3 3 Yes

Plantation based forest industry 5 3 5 YesMesquite Management 4 3 3 Yes

Data on GHG emissions from the LULUCF sector origin from Annual reports of Forests National Corporation for the years, 1998, 2001, and 2003, the Sudan Forestry Sector Review 2007, FAO report (Forest Resource Assessments for 2000 and 2005), reports of the Ministry of Energy 2000, and Range and Pasture Administration. Key uncertainties exist regarding soil data, information on biomass conversion and the rate of managed land. The NC II recommends developing a LULUCF database, promotion of institutional collaboration for improved data access, and capacity building measures, which all should be considered for NAMA development.

50

5.3.2.3 Evaluation of Energy sector NAMAsFor the energy sector 21 NAMAs were identified and evaluated. These interventions are further differentiated by electricity supply and demand, transportation, households and others. For the field of energy supply two NAMAs are categorized as policies, two as programmes, followed by RE generation projects. All NAMAS receive a “very good” scoring result, which is mainly due to the excellent GHG reduction potential and the very good environmental performance. The impact on livelihood patterns and food security as well as educational benefits is regarded “neutral” for energy sector regulation policies and labelling systems for appliances, while more importantly the prospects for NAMA development are only regarded “neutral” for renewable energy deployment policies and individual RE projects.

Table 15: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Electricity Supply

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Rural solar Electrification (RSE) Programme 5.00 4.00 4.43 5.00 4.00 3.00 4.54

Energy Sector Regulation Policy 5.00 4.00 3.86 2.50 4.00 5.00 4.44

Labelling system for Electrical Appliances Programme 5.00 4.00 3.86 2.50 4.00 5.00 4.44

Renewable Energy Deployment Policy 5.00 4.00 3.00 3.67 2.50 3.00 4.12

RE Energy NAMA: Individual Measures (incl. 100 MW geothermal Power Plant, 300 MW Wind energy plant, 20 MW solar PV plant, CSP Plant, and 3 biogas plants (60-100 kW)

Projects 5.00 4.00 3.00 3.67 2.50 3.00 4.12

RE NAMA: Hydro Power Plant (Dagash, Sherak, Dal, Sabaloga, Mograt and Kajbar) Project 5.00 4.00 3.00 3.67 2.50 3.00 4.12

Overall, main barriers are perceived for financing activities, establishing the required laws and regulations and institutional coordination. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that NAMAs can help to overcome those barriers for implementing concrete action.

Table 16: Main barriers for Energy Sector - Electricity Supply NAMAS

NAMAs Economic Political Institutional Overall: Can the NAMA

overcome the barriers?

Rural solar Electrification (RSE) Finance Policies/law Independency yesEnergy Sector Regulation Finance Policies/law Independency yesLabelling system for Electrical Appliances

Finance Policies/law Independency yes

Renewable Energy Deployment Finance Regulation Overlapping yes


Finance Regulation Overlapping yes

51

RE NAMA: Hydro Power Plant (Dagash, Sherak, Dal, Sabaloga, Mograt and Kajbar)

Finance Regulation Overlapping yes

With respect to data availability, the Sudanese Petroleum Corporation and General Directorate for National Energy Affairs within the Ministry of Energy and Mining (MEM) provides the fossil fuel data used to update the GHG inventory. Biomass data so far was obtained from the second national energy assessment report published in the year 2003. Hydro data was obtained from the National Electricity Corporation of Sudan (NEC). Uncertainties exist regarding petroleum product consumption and bunker fuel consumption. HCENR (2013a) therefore recommend improving the data quality by conducting a detailed study and survey of energy sector consumption data, which should be part of any NAMA development process.

For demand side management of electricity consumption 3 NAMAs were identified and evaluated, programmes on efficient lighting and air conditioning, and a general electricity management policy. While all have an excellent GHG reduction potential, they have only neutral effects on pollution and biodiversity protection according to the scoring. Overall the NAMAs score “good”.

Table 17: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Electricity Demand

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Energy Efficient Lighting NAMA (CFL or LED) Programme 5.00 2.00 3.29 3.00 3.50 3.00 3.98

Efficient Air Conditioning Programme 5.00 2.00 3.29 3.00 3.50 3.00 3.98

Electricity System Management Policy 3.00 2.00 3.57 4.33 4.00 3.00 3.19

Main barriers also are the lack of financial support and the need for policies and regulation. Furthermore standardization processes could help overcoming institutional barriers. It is expected that NAMAs can help to overcome those barriers.

Table 18: Main barriers for Energy Sector - Electricity Demand NAMAS


Energy Efficient Lighting NAMA (CFL or LED)

Finance Policies/law Standardization yes

Efficient Air Conditioning Finance Policies/law Standardization yes

Electricity System Management

Finance Policies/law Overlapping yes

52

For the transport sector 4 NAMAs were selected and evaluated, all of which are programmes. Excellent GHG reduction potential is only attested for improvement of existing infrastructure while this programme faces very high abatement costs. The other programmes are rated “good” for GHG reduction potential, although all 4 programmes have only “good” prospects for being established as NAMAs.

Table 19: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Transportation

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Improve infrastructure Programme 5.00 4.00 2.57 4.67 3.00 3.00 4.22

Increase capacities of public transportation Programme 3.00 3.50 3.43 3.33 3.00 5.00 3.33

Develop railway network and capacity Programme 3.00 3.00 3.43 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.14

New transportation modes Programme 3.00 5.00 2.86 3.00 3.00 2.00 3.09

The main barriers are an anticipated lack of finance and regulation, for all measures. No barriers are expected on the institutional level, and it is expected that NAMAs can overcome those barriers. The availability of data needs to be considered when developing the NAMAs.

Table 20: Main barriers for transport sector NAMAS


Improve infrastructure Finance Policies/law - yesIncrease capacities of public transportation

Finance Policies/law - yes

Develop railway network and capacity Finance Policies/law yes

New transportation modes Finance Policies/law - yes

The household sector comprises 4 NAMAs, 3 programmes and 1 policy. Energy efficiency measures in the building sector have the highest GHG emission reduction potential, while the others are rated “good” in this regard. The prospects for developing improved stoves NAMAs are regarded “excellent”, both on the political and economic level. Overall the household sector is rated “good/very good”.

Table 21: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Households

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Energy Efficiency Measures Building Sector NAMA Programme 5.00 3.67 3.19 3.22 2.67 3.67 4.14

53

Improved stoves Programme 3.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 3.50 5.00 3.25

Fuel switching for cooking use (from biomass to LPG) Programme 3.00 3.00 2.57 3.50 2.50 5.00 3.16

Urban planning and new building code Policy 3.00 3.00 2.86 4.00 2.50 3.00 3.04

Main barriers are expected for obtaining financial support and with the establishment of appropriate regulatory frameworks. Here NAMAs are seen as means for overcoming barriers. For optimal measurement of GHG emission reductions, the

Table 22: Main barriers for household NAMAS


Energy Efficiency Measures Building Sector NAMA

Finance Policies/law Not provided yes

Improved stoves Finance Policies/law Not provided yesFuel switching for cooking use (from biomass to LPG)


Urban planning and new building code Finance Policies/law Not provided yes

Other NAMAs of the energy sector comprise 4 programmes, of which 3 are targeting petrochemical processes / fossil fuel based energy generation, and 1 addresses awareness raising campaigns for end users. The NAMAs are rated “good / very good”. The economic feasibility of reducing the flaring from oil and gas facilities is rated as “bad”, while the political prospects for all NAMAs are rated “good”.

Table 23: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Energy Sector - Others

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Energy audit for petroleum processing and refining facilities Programme 5.00 2.50 3.43 2.33 2.50 5.00 4.08

Reduce flaring from oil and gas facilities Programme 5.00 2.50 2.57 2.67 2.50 5.00 4.02

Exploit natural gas in power generation and as LPG for domestic use Programme 5.00 2.50 3.71 2.83 3.00 3.00 4.00

Increase public awareness of energy efficiency Programme 3.00 2.50 3.43 2.33 2.50 5.00 3.08

The barriers for other energy sector NAMAs are, as with many NAMAs above, anticipated for lacking finance and political regulation. NAMAs are foreseen to help overcoming those challenges.

Table 24: Main barriers for other energy sector NAMAS

54


Energy audit for petroleum processing and refining facilities


Reduce flaring from oil and gas facilities




Increase public awareness of energy efficiency


5.3.2.4 Evaluation of industry sector NAMAsThe industry sector has 7 potential NAMAs, all of which are programmes. The economic and political prospects for all NAMAs are “very good / excellent”, as well as the GHG reduction potential. The social impacts of industrial sector NAMAs need to be reflected – for instance biofuel production and fuel blend is rated good regarding social impacts, although it has a “bad” rating on food security. While this is not clear from the overall rating, the aspect of food security impacts from biofuel production needs to be considered when pursuing this as a NAMA option.

Table 25: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Industrial Processes Sector

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

Industrial waste treatment Programme 5.00 5.00 4.71 4.40 4.00 4.00 4.71

Biofuel production & Fuel blend Programme 5.00 5.00 4.71 3.83 4.00 4.00 4.65

Switching to alternative fuels, including natural gas and biomass in cement industry Programme 5.00 3.00 4.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 4.45

Improvement of charcoal production Programme 5.00 4.00 3.86 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.39

Improvement of cement processing, use of pozzolan to partly substitute clinker and reduce cement to clinker ratio.

Programme 5.00 3.00 3.86 2.75 4.00 2.00 4.06


Programme 4.00 3.50 4.71 4.50 3.00 3.00 3.87

Technology: Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) Programme 4.00 4.00 3.86 4.00 3.50 3.00 3.84

Barriers are recognized to some extent on the economic, political and institutional level. The chances for NAMAs to overcome the barriers are varying across the NAMAs, from neutral to excellent.

Table 26: Main barriers for industry sector NAMAS

55


Industrial waste treatment 4 3 3 3Biofuel production & Fuel blend 3 3 3 3


4 5 5 5

Improvement of charcoal production 3 Not provided

3 4


3 2 3 2


2 2 2 2

Technology: Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB)

3 2 3 3

Data on the GHG emissions from industrial processes origin from the Ministry of Industry (Comprehensive Industrial Survey 2000-2001), annual reports of industrial facilities (e.g. Sudanese Sugar Company), Khartoum State Industrial Department Customs & Duties Authority, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bank of Sudan and the Defense Authority. Minor industrial activities were excluded from inclusion into the registry (including fugitive emission of HFCs/PFCs). Generally, the update of industry surveys appears not to be comprehensive and frequent. Thus, the NC II recommends developing a systematic data collection system and database based on regular surveys for the industrial sector. The development of NAMAs should take this into consideration.

5.3.2.5 Evaluation of waste sector NAMAsFor the waste sector 5 NAMAs have been proposed and were evaluated, 3 programmes and 2 policies. Waste NAMAs obtain all “very good” overall rating, with excellent GHG reduction potential, “very good” economic prospects and “very good / excellent” chances for political implementation support.

56

Table 27: Evaluation results for NAMAs - Waste Sector

However, the evaluation revealed that considerable barriers exist on the institutional, political and economic level. The NAMA Working Group experts however are confident that the barriers can be sufficiently addressed by the NAMAs.

Table 28: Main barriers for waste sector NAMAS


House hold and organic waste composting

2 2 1 yes


1 2 1 yes


1 2 1 yes

Sectorial policy for source segregation of waste management improvement

2 2 1 yes

Formulation and endorsement of waste collection and law in federal state and local levels

2 2 1 yes

Data on GHG emissions from the waste sector origin from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Khartoum Cleaning Company. Uncertainties exist with respect to data quality of solid waste, municipal and industrial wastewater and human waste. Mainly awareness raising campaigns and capacity building measures are recommended to improve the data quality, which can be integral parts of any NAMA.

57

NAMAs Category

GH

G R

educ

tion

Pote

ntia

l (50

%)

Oth

er

Envi

ronm

enta

l (1

0%)

Econ

omic

(10%

)

Soci

al (1

0%)

Polit

ical

(10%

)

Inst

itutio

nal

(10%

)

Scor

ing

House hold and organic waste composting Programme 5.00 4.50 4.17 4.33 3.50 3.00 4.45

Implementation of urban action plan of ISWM (city fixed time fixed place document) Programme 5.00 4.50 4.60 4.33 3.00 3.00 4.44


Programme 5.00 4.50 4.20 4.33 3.00 3.00 4.40

Sectorial policy for source segregation of waste management improvement Policy 5.00 4.50 4.00 4.33 3.00 3.00 4.38

Formulation and endorsement of waste collection and law in federal state and local levels Policy 5.00 4.50 4.00 4.17 3.00 3.00 4.37

5.3.3 Identification of concrete NAMAs that achieve national development and mitigation objectives

Based on the results of the evaluation process specific measures and actions under one or several NAMAs in each sector can be prioritized. The subsequent Table 29 provides a ranking of the 40 NAMAs identified under the NAMA Framework. This ranking provides an indication on which sectoral interventions and measures with good mitigation benefits are more attractive for developing NAMAs, and which less. 24 out of 40 NAMAs score with “very good”, 15 with “good”, and only one with “neutral”. However, for each of the NAMAs a more detailed assessment is recommended, for putting the mitigation action into relation with

existing policies and initiatives, data availability, potential sources for funding, co-benefits, and social impacts of NAMA implementation.

This can be supported by making use of a NAMA design template, as provided in Annex II. The results of the evaluation in chapter 5.3.2 above can serve as the foundation for sectoral action plans with concrete development steps for each of the NAMA options, an approach that would also inform the Sudanese LCDS process.

Table 29: Ranking the Sudanese NAMA proposals under the NAMA Framework

No. Sector NAMAs Category Score

1 Industrial Processes Sector Industrial waste treatment Programme 4.712 Industrial Processes Sector Biofuel production & Fuel blend Programme 4.653 Agriculture Sector Range improvement and management Programme 4.63

4 Energy Sector - Electricity Supply Rural solar Electrification (RSE) Programme 4.54

5 Industrial Processes Sector Switching to alternative fuels, including natural gas and biomass in cement industry Programme 4.45

6 Waste Sector Household and organic waste composting Programme 4.45

7 Energy Sector - Electricity Supply Energy Sector Regulation Policy 4.44

8 Energy Sector - Electricity Supply Labelling system for Electrical Appliances Programme 4.44

9 Waste SectorImplementation of urban action plan of ISWM (city fixed time fixed place document)

Programme 4.44

10 Waste SectorPrimary collection: Implementation of rural action plan for preventing burning of rural waste document

Programme 4.40

11 Industrial Processes Sector Improvement of charcoal production Programme 4.39

12 Waste Sector Sectorial policy for source segregation of waste management improvement Policy 4.38

13 Waste Sector Formulation and endorsement of waste collection and law in federal state and local

Policy 4.37

58

No. Sector NAMAs Category Score levels

14 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector Forests protection and conservation Programme 4.27

15 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector


Programme 4.24

16 Energy Sector - Transportation Improve infrastructure Programme 4.22

17 Energy Sector - Households

Energy Efficiency Measures Building Sector NAMA Programme 4.14

18 Energy Sector - Electricity Supply Renewable Energy Deployment Policy 4.12

19 Energy Sector - Electricity Supply


Projects 4.12

20 Energy Sector - Electricity Supply

RE NAMA: Hydro Power Plant (Dagash, Sherak, Dal, Sabaloga, Mograt and Kajbar) Project 4.12

21 Energy Sector - Others Energy audit for petroleum processing and refining facilities Programme 4.08

22 Industrial Processes SectorImprovement of cement processing, use of pozzolan to partly substitute clinker and reduce cement to clinker ratio

Programme 4.06

23 Energy Sector - Others Reduce flaring from oil and gas facilities Programme 4.02

24 Energy Sector - Others Exploit natural gas in power generation and as LPG for domestic use Programme 4.00

25 Agriculture Sector Agro pastoral Systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation) Programme 3.98

26 Energy Sector - Electricity Demand

Energy Efficient Lighting NAMA (CFL or LED) Programme 3.98

27 Energy Sector - Electricity Demand Efficient Air Conditioning Programme 3.98

28 Industrial Processes Sector


Programme 3.87

29 Industrial Processes Sector Technology: Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) Programme 3.84

30 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector

Exploitations of waste water in the plantation process Programme 3.77

31 Energy Sector - Transportation Increase capacities of public transportation Programme 3.33

32 Energy Sector - Households Improved stoves Programme 3.25

33 Energy Sector - Electricity Demand Electricity System Management Policy 3.19

34 Energy Sector - Fuel switching for cooking use (from Programme 3.16

59

No. Sector NAMAs Category Score Households biomass to LPG)

35 Energy Sector - Transportation Develop railway network and capacity Programme 3.14

36 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector Plantation based forest industry Programme 3.09

37 Energy Sector - Transportation New transportation modes Programme 3.09

38 Energy Sector - Others Increase public awareness of energy efficiency Programme 3.08

39 Energy Sector - Households Urban planning and new building code Policy 3.04

40 Land Use Change and Forestry Sector Mesquite Management Programme 2.81

In its meeting of 29 March 2015, the NAMA Working Group decided to select one “NAMA champion” from each of the five sectors to be developed as a concept in the run-up to the Paris COP, if resources permit. This exercise used the following supplementary criteria agreed by the Working Group:

- Data availability- Cost/benefit- Doability- Cobenefits

The overall score from Table 29 normalized with 5=100% is weighted at 60%, each other criterion at 10%. This exercise gave the following result:

Table 30: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the agriculture sector

NAMAs Overall score

Score of the supplementary criteria

New score Rank

Range improvement and management 92.6% 100% 95.6% 1Agro pastoral Systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation) 79.6% 98% 87.0% 2

Table 31: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the forestry sector

NAMAs Overallscore

Data availability

Cost/benefit Doability Co-

benefitsNew score Rank


84.8% 75% 95% 90% 100% 86.9% 1

Forests protection and conservation 85.4% 50% 85% 90% 100% 83.7% 2

60

Table 32: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the energy sector

NAMAs Overall score

Data availability

Cost/benefit Doability Co-

benefitsNew score Rank

Rural solar Electrification (RSE) 90.8% 100% 100% 100% 100% 94.5% 1

Improve infrastructure of public transport 84.4% 100% 90% 100% 100% 89.6% 2

Energy Sector Regulation 88.8% 90% 80% 90% 100% 89.3% 3Labelling system for Electrical Appliances 88.8% 80% 80% 60% 100% 85.3% 4

Table 33: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the industrial process sector

NAMAs Overall score


New score Rank

Industrial waste treatment 94.2% 100% 96.5% 1Improvement of charcoal production 87.8% 100% 92.7% 2Biofuel production & Fuel blend 93% 90% 91.8% 3Switching to alternative fuels, including natural gas and biomass in cement industry 89% 90% 89.4% 4

Table 34: Selecting “Champion NAMA” for the waste sector

NAMAs Overall score


New score Rank

Household and organic waste composting 89.0% 100% 93.4% 1Implementation of urban action plan of ISWM (city fixed time fixed place document)

88.8% 97% 92.1% 2


88.0% 95% 90.8% 3

5.4 Proposed MRV System for NAMAsMeasurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) is an essential element of identified NAMA options and the overall NAMA framework. It is a term used to describe the process to collect, compile, report and verify of data on emissions in GHG inventories, national mitigation efforts, including estimates of emissions reductions delivered by NAMAs, as well as any financial, technology or capacity building support received and needed (see also Sharma et al. 2014). Further the MRV framework should be able to manage data about sustainable development of the country. It is the key system to track success and identify shortcomings of the NAMA activities. It is also an essential requirement of donors and the UNFCCC, concerning the accountability of both mitigation actions and international support. In Perspectives (2014a) we distinguish between two tiers of MRV:

61

National MRV tier: On the domestic level, MRV focuses on the outcome of the LCDS. It is a tool for the government to track achievements towards development aims and mitigation success in the context of the LCDS. Further the national MRV tier addresses the voluntary national mitigation obligations of the country under the UNFCCC. Even though COP decisions do not require MRV of LCDS, the monitoring and evaluation of outcomes and impacts of implementation can directly contribute to the reporting requirements. This includes first measuring (M) parameters to prepare the national GHG inventory as well as the estimate mitigation outcomes of mitigation activities in relation to the business as usual emissions. Second, reporting (R) of information of these two through BURs and National Communications, and third, independent assessment of the information included in BURs through International Consultation and Analysis, which is akin to the verification (V) step of MRV (compare Sharma et al. 2014).

NAMA MRV tier: It addresses the MRV of NAMAs individually, and will be conducted by the institutions in charge of implementing the NAMA and providing financial or any other type of support to it. Standards and requirements for this tier would be set jointly by these institutions based on their individual requirements and also taking into account the need for linking to the national MRV tier and the LCDS respectively. Thus the MRV framework for an individual NAMA generates information that is relevant to the national context through the selection of appropriate indicators and methodologies. In this sense, some, but not all, parameters of MRV for the NAMAs could be determined top down by national governments – in accordance with the LCDS (see also Perspectives 2014a and Perspectives 2015).

Overall the MRV systems of the LCDS and the NAMAs are linked in the NAMA framework. It predefines certain MRV criteria and coordinates communication and exchange between the NAMAs and the LCDS. In the best case, as illustrated in Figure 15 the LCDS partly determines the criteria measured in the individual NAMA activities. For guaranteeing consistency and joint MRV results, the NAMA framework will be installed as a kind of umbrella element for the individual NAMAs (illustrated as orange NAMA box in Figure 15). Thus different NAMA activities are able to provide bottom-up data to the NAMA framework MRV that can than compile overall measurement results and report them to e.g. the LCDS and further to UNFCCC related platforms such as the NAMA registry or donors.

Figure 15: NAMA framework MRV in the context of LCDS and individual NAMA activities

62

Source: Hinostroza et al. (2012)

5.4.1 Sudanese ContextIn the Sudanese context, measurement is conducted for the domestic GHG inventory on a national level. Relevant CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2 and HFC emissions in the five key sectors energy, industrial process, agriculture and LULUCF are tracked and reported in the NCs. For the future, a more frequent measurement and reporting will be required for the BURs, in case Sudan is preparing those. According to the COP decisions, these reporting results will also be reviewed by the UNFCCC. Thus for the GHG inventory, a suitable MRV approach is going to be implemented by Sudan and the UNFCCC. Regarding the baseline and future mitigation activities, Sudan would have to implement a MRV system that is suitable for both the LCDS on the national level and respective NAMAs on the individual or sectoral level. Hereby the envisaged NAMA framework might play a key role in defining cross-cutting parameters and indicators applicable to more than one NAMA only (see Perspectives 2014a). As Table 35 shows, the Sudanese HCENR confidence for tracking emissions ranges from low to high across economic sectors. This characteristic should be reflected when prioritizing NAMAs and selecting suitable indicators.

Table 35: Sudanese GHG inventory data quality assessment

63


5.4.2 Recommendation for setting-up the Sudanese NAMA framework MRVIn parallel to the establishment of the LCDS and a NAMA framework, Sudan should set-up a comprehensive and interlinked MRV system. Hereby the MRV system on the national level (tier 1) could predefine certain requirements for the MRV systems on NAMA level (tier 2). The general process and methodology as e.g. recommended by GIZ is illustrated in Figure 16. After identifying a responsible and capable institution for managing the MRV, the definition of basic parameters and metrics, the system can be set up. As per the discussions with the Sudanese government, the DNA is recommended to become the institution that decides on the MRV system. The NAMA Working Group is recommended to serve as coordination tool with ministries and agencies, in particular by supervising baseline establishment, identifying data gaps and organizing the NAMA submission process. The statistical office is recommended to collect data from line ministries on request of the DNA.

Standardized indicators across sectors would be beneficial to guarantee consistent monitoring on the NAMA framework level. According to the defined NAMA baselines data are collected and outputs are finally reported and verified according to e.g. UNFCCC standards e.g. in the Biennial Update Reports. An analysis of the data should be used to adjust and improve both the LCDS and NAMA framework at the national level and individual NAMAs on the sectoral level (see also Perspectives 2014a and Perspectives 2015).

64

Figure 16: General approach for setting up an MRV system (suitable for individual NAMAs and the NAMA framework)

Source: Blodgett et al. (2012)

65

6 ReferencesReferences for chapter 4 need to be formatted accordingly!

Blodgett, Courtney; Rohe, Julia; Kabisch, Sibylle; Tänzler, Dennis (2012): Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions – A Technical Assistance Source Book for Practitioners, published by GIZ, Berlin

ESMAP (2009): Low Carbon Growth Country Studies—Getting Started Experience from Six Countries, World Bank, 2009, Washington, D.C., 2009.

Hamid, Mohamed Ali (2011): Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options in preparation for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) – For Sudan, Republic of Sudan - Ministry of Environment and Physical Development, Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Khartoum

HCENR (2013a): Sudan's Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Republic of Sudan Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Physical Development Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Khartoum

HCENR (2013b): Technical Needs Assessment for Climate Change Mitigation, Khartoum Hinostroza, Miriam; Lütken, Soren E.; Aalders, Edwin; Pretlove, Bente; Peters, Nowl; Olsen, Karen

Holm (2012): Measuring Reporting Verifying - A Primer on MRV for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, UNEP Risø Centre, Roskilde

Lütken, Soren E.; Dransfeld, Björn; Wehner, Stefan (2013): Guidance for NAMA Design – Building on Country Experiences, UNFCCC/UNEP/UNDP, Bonn

Perspectives (2015): Low Carbon Development Strategy Project Document for Sudan, Report for UNDP Sudan, Zurich

Perspectives (2014a): Methodology and technical guideline for the development of a Sudanese LCDS and NAMA Framework, Report for UNDP Sudan, Zurich

Perspectives (2014b): Review of regional and international experiences in the preparation of LCDS and secondary information from development partners, Report for UNDP Sudan, Zurich

Sharma, Sudhir; Desgain, Denis; Hinostroza, Miriam; Wienges, Sebastian; Forner, Claudio; Agyemang-Bonsu, William; Cox, Sadie; Benioff, Ron; Garavito, Sandra; Guerrero, Andrea (2014): Linkages between LEDS – NAMA – MRV, LEDS Global Partnership, International Partnership on Mitigation and MRV and NAMA Partnership, Berlin

Situmeang, Hardvid; Lubis, Saut (2012): Development of the Indonesian NAMAs Framework, published by Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Jakarta

References for Chapter 4Agriculture sector Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional, Sudan Institutional Capacity

Program: Food Security Information for Action (2012): Land Cover Atlas of Sudan Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (2013): Annual Report of Situation of Food Security in Sudan

published by Food Security Department of General Administration of Planning and and Agricultural Economics.

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (2012): Agriculture Sector Investment Plan Ministry of Information Sudan (2011): The Land of Opportunities, Fact and Figures.

66

Ministry of Information, Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (2013): Sudan's second National Communications under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”,

Information Centre of Ministry of Livestock Fisheries and Rangelands (MoLFR), (2013): annual report

Mohamed Elgamri and Simon Trigg ( 2008):Using MODIS data to improve fire information and lessen fire risk and associated threats to livelihoods in the Albaja region of Sudan


Annual Reports and Plans, FNC. 2011 R-PP Sudan Experts and consultations from multidisciplinary task force. 2013 Forest policy and Legislation in Sudan FAO Consultancy/FNC.2004 Plan Action North Sudan, FAO. 2010 Forests in 100 years, FNC. 2002 Sudan Economy Michigan State University 2012 Urbanization in Sudan Middle East Institute (MEI) 2011 Sudan Forestry Sector Review FNC 2007 Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) 2011-2015.African Development Bank Group 2011-2015 IISD Report, Developing Financeable NAMAs A Practitioner’s Guide, 2013. Page 2 Sudan Economy-Global Edge. Page 5 About the Sudan-by UNDP. Page 5 FNC Annual Report. 2011 Reference: Revision of National Forestry Policy, Legislation and Institutional Reorganization TCP/SUD/2903 Project. February 2004. Dr.Gorashi Mohamed Kanoan Forest Resources Assessment (FAO) series 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015. FAO/ FNC.

Energy Sector Sudan First Communications Report, Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources,

Feb.2003 HCENR (Feb.2003): Sudan's First National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Republic of Sudan Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Physical Development Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Khartoum

Sudan Second Communications Report, Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources, Jan.

2013 HCENR (2013a): Sudan's Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Republic of Sudan Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Physical Development Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Khartoum

Technology needs assessment report, Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources, March. 2013 HCENR (2013b): Technical Needs Assessment for Climate Change Mitigation, Khartoum

67

Ministry of Energy & Mining (2003):Sudan Updated Energy Assessment, Ministry of Energy & Mining (2003)

Central Bank of Sudan (2012):Annual Report 2012 of Central Bank of Sudan,Khartoum MWRE(December 2012): development of a comprehensive plan for generating electricity in Sudan

using renewable energy, Khartoumrenewable energy December 2012

MWRE (Nov 2013): long and medium term power system plans (generation and transmission candidatesreport final revision 3),Khartoum Nov 2013

MWRE (2013):(the executive national plan for energy efficiency of the republic of Sudan(2013 - 2016 ad), Khartoum

(Government of Sudan,( 2005):. Sudan Renewable Energy Master plan Study, Government of Sudan, Khartoum)

Industrial Processes http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Sudan-INDUSTRY.html#ixzz2veNJ29K7 . Copyright © 2003 www.industry.gov.sd All rights reserved to Ministry of Industry – Sudan. Alexandre Rocha, special envoy,2013, Sudan starts using ethanol and should expand

production.anba.com.br/noticia/20547214/agribusiness/

68

http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Sudan-INDUSTRY.html#ixzz2veNJ29K7

Annex I: Sudan NAMA evaluation resultsScoring: 5 Excellent4 Very Good3 Good2 Neutral1 Bad

Agriculture Sector NAMAs

Economic Social Environmental Political Institutional Main Barriers

Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

(pay

back

per

iod,

pro

fit)

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

en

forc

emen

t)

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Range improvement and management

4 N/A

N/A 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 5

Agro pastoral Systems (crop residue/enteric fermentation)

4 N/A

N/A 4 4 4 4 N/A 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4


NAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

(pay

back

per

iod,

pro

fit)

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

en

forc

emen

t)

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Forests protection and conservation

4 3 2 5 5 5 3 4 3 3 5 4 3 5 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 3 Yes


4 3 2 3 5 5 3 4 3 3 5 4 3 5 3 4 3 4 3 5 3 3 Yes

Exploitations of waste water in the plantation process

4 3 2 5 5 5 3 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 3 3 Yes

Plantation based forest industry

5 2 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 5 Yes

Mesquite Management 5 5 2 4 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 3 3 4 3 3 Yes

69

Energy Sector - Electricity Supply

NAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Rural solar Electrification (RSE)

3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 Finance Policies/law

Independancy yes

Energy Sector Regulation


Independancy yes

Labeling system for Electrical Appliances


Independancy yes

Renewable Energy Deployment

3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 2 3 Finance Regulation overlabing yes



RE NAMA: Hydro Power Plant (Dagash, Sherak, Dal, Sabaloga, Mograt and Kajbar)


70

Energy Sector - Electricity Demand

NAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Energy Efficient Lighting NAMA (CFL or LED)

2 5 5 3 2 3 3 5 2 3 3 3 2 5 2 2 2 5 3 Finance Policies/law Standardization yes

Efficient Air Conditioning

2 5 5 3 2 3 3 5 2 3 3 3 2 5 2 2 2 5 3 Finance Policies/law Standardization yes

Electricity System Management

5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 2 2 3 5 3 Finance Policies/law overlapping yes

Energy Sector – Transportation

NAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

(pay

back

per

iod,

pro

fit)

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Improve infrastructure5 3 3 3 2 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 Finance Policies/law - yes

Increase Capacities of public transportation

3 3 3 3 2 5 5 2 5 5 3 3 2 3 5 2 3 3 5 Finance Policies/law - yes

Develop railway network and capacity

5 5 2 5 3 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Finance Policies/law yes

New transportation modes

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 2 3 5 5 3 3 2 Finance Policies/law - yes

71

Energy Sector – Households

NAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Energy Efficiency Measures Building Sector NAMA

3,00 3,67 3,67 3,00 3,00

3,00 3,00 3,67 3,67 3,00 3,67 3,00 2,33 5,00 5,00

2,33 2,33 3,00 3,67 Finance Policies/law yes

Improved stoves3 3 2 2 3 3 5 2 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 2 2 5 5 Finance Policies/law yes

Fuel switching for cooking use (from biomass to LPG)


Urban planning and new building code


Energy Sector – OthersNAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

(pay

back

per

iod,

pro

fit)

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Energy audit for petroleum processing and refining facilities

3 5 2 3 3 3 5 2 3 3 2 2 2 5 3 2 2 3 5 Finance

Policies/law yes

Reduce flaring from oil and gas facilities

3 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 5 2 2 3 2 5 3 2 2 3 5 Finance

Policies/law yes


5 5 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 2 3 3 3 Finance

Policies/law yes

Increase public awareness of energy efficiency

2 5 2 2 3 5 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 5 Finance

Policies/law yes

72

Industrial Processes SectorNAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

(pay

back

per

iod,

pro

fit)

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

en

forc

emen

t)

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

Industrial waste treatment 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 3 3 3

Biofuel production & Fuel blend

5 5 4 5 5 4 5 3 5 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 3 5 4 3 3 3 3


4 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 5

Improvement of charcoal production

4 4 3 4 3 4 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 3 3 4


5 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 2 3 2 3 2


5 4 5 5 4 5 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 2 1 5 3 2 2 2 2

Technology: Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB)

4 4 3 4 3 4 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 3

73

Waste SectorNAMAs


Econ

omic

gro

wth

(GDP

)

Ener

gy se

curit

y

Cost

of e

lect

ricity

gen

erati

on

Impa

ct o

n na

tiona

l bud

get

Serv

ice

leve

ls

Abat

emen

t cos

ts

Econ

omic

feas

ibili

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g NA

MA

(pay

back

per

iod,

pro

fit)

Educ

ation

ben

efits

(lite

racy

ra

te, s

choo

ls bu

ilt)

Heal

th p

rote

ction

(red

uctio

n of

sick

ness

)

Impr

oved

pub

lic se

rvic

es

(hea

lth, e

duca

tion,

tran

spor

t)

Cont

ributi

on to

loca

l co

mm

unity

wel

fare

Impr

oved

live

lihoo

d pa

ttern

s

Food

secu

rity

GHG

emiss

ion

redu

ction

Air,

wat

er &

soil

pollu

tion

Biod

iver

sity

prot

ectio

n

Stab

ility

(suc

h as

Gin

i co

effici

ent,

infla

tion

rate

, No.

of

5 le

vel d

ecisi

ons,

law

en

forc

emen

t)

Pros

pect

s for

NAM

A im

plem

enta

tion

(sta

keho

lder

en

gage

men

t, in

tere

st g

roup

s)

Insti

tutio

nal c

apab

ility

for

impl

emen

ting

NAM

A

Econ

omic

Politi

cal

Insti

tutio

nal

Ove

rall:

Can

the

NAM

A ov

erco

me

the

barr

iers

?

House hold and organic waste composting

4 5 N/A 4 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 5 3 2 2 1 yes


4 N/A N/A 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 3 1 2 1 yes


4 N/A N/A 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 3 1 2 1 yes

Sectorial policy for source segregation of waste management improvement

3 N/A N/A 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 3 2 2 1 yes

Formulation and endorsement of waste collection and law in federal state and local levels

3 N/A N/A 5 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 4 2 4 3 2 2 1 yes

74

Annex II: NAMA Design Template The following NAMA design template can be used for further elaborating individual NAMAs; the template is based on the UNDP NAMA guidance document (Lütken et al. 2013).

NAMA Design Template

A. NAMA Summary

A.1 Summary

Title of NAMA

Purpose of NAMA

Sector Energy

Industry

Buildings

Transport

Forestry (AR / REDD not applicable for pilots)

Agriculture

Waste

Category of NAMA Domestic / Support / Mixed / Crediting / Others

Type of NAMA Policy / Project

NAMA Geographical

Coverage

National / Regional / State / District / Village (select or add as appropriate) State multiple countries if any

Estimated GHG Emission

Reductions

Estimated Annual Average (MtCO2 / year)

Programme Duration __ years

Brief description of NAMA /

programme and proposed

activities

Provide brief account of target policy, measures, relevant Ministries & Government Departments, NAMA activities (project features – technology, capacity building measures- workshops, financing – model etc.,) etc.,

NAMA / Programme

proponents

Provide specific details of NAMA proponents and their responsibilities in implementation

Provide details of agencies involved in design, development, implementation, management and financing of the NAMA

B. NAMA Proponent(s)

B.1 Information of NAMA Proponents

Provide details of each NAMA proponent separately by copying this Section B.

NAMA’s Coordinating and

Managing Entity (NCME)

Major Responsibilities

75

Domain activities, skills and

expertise

e.g. major activity / business of agency / institution/organisation, and current skills and experience with specific reference to the proposed NAMA, motivation / rationale for leading the NAMA

Contact person and details of

contact

B.2 NAMA Collaborator(s)Provide details of the agencies / institutions collaborating with NAMA proponent(s) in NAMA design, development, implementation and financing (domestic institutions or international Donor)

Collaborator 1 Name of the Collaborator

Contact person info and contact details

Responsibilities

(Repeat this section for 2nd and each subsequent collaborator )

C. NAMA Description

C.1 Policies and RegulationsProvide an overview of the prevailing policies and regulations in the sector chosen for the NAMA

Federal / Province Policies Name of the Policy & Year of introduction Implementing department / agency Policy brief Current level of acceptance or compliance Indicate source (web link) of policy document

Federal / Province Regulations Name of the Regulation & Year of introduction Implementing department / agency Regulation brief Current level of acceptance or compliance Indicate source (web link) of Regulation document

C.2 Current level of activities (Baseline)

Provide all relevant information and details of the on-going activities for establishing a credible baseline

Sector / Sub-Sector Provide details of the sector and or the sub-sector as applicable Please, consider referring to sub-sectors as included to sectorial tables of IPCC Good

Practice Guidance and/or the approach applied in National Communications submitted in line with the corresponding manual for Non Annex 1 countries).

Boundary Provide the geographical coverage of NAMA (National / Regional / Sub-regional / Province or State / District )

GHG Emissions & Sources List the major sources of GHG emissions and the GHG proposed to be included in the NAMA

Target NAMA Beneficiaries List the target beneficiaries under the NAMA e.g. manufacturers, consumers – domestic or industrial or commercial, project developers

Provide quantitative assessment of the size of the beneficiaries under the NAMAInclusion Criteria List the criteria likely to be followed for including any beneficiary situated in the

NAMA boundary to join NAMA e.g. size of the activity (MWe o MWth), current efficiency levels, technology etc.,

C.3 Baseline activity and Provide a brief of business as usual scenario of the sector / sub-sector and latest emissions

76

http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/application/pdf/userman_nc.pdf

http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/1_Volume1/V1_8x_Ch8_An2_ReportingTables.pdf

emissions data set with sources

Emissions Data Set Provide the latest emissions data set for the sector / sub-sector and cite sources. Indicate any limitation on the extent of availability of data

Emissions Archive (Historical) Provide details of the past emissions and trend for the sector / sub-sector under the NAMA

Agents and projections Provide a brief analysis of the agents that are influencing the emission developments

BAU scenario List the major assumptions and the future outlook (projections) of GHG emission levels / development pattern in the sector / sub-sector under the NAMA in the BAU scenario

Provide an outline of influence of any Federal or Provincial policy or regulations on the above emission projections

C.4 BarriersProvide a brief description of the barriers faced by the sector / sub-sector to achieve any or additional GHG emission reductions in the absence of

Barriers Provide a brief summary of the barriers faced by the sector / sub-sector for achieving GHG emission reductions. Typical barriers relate to technology, investment, economic viability, lack of knowledge / skills/ training / experience, regulatory, historical failures. The guidance for various barriers can be referred from CDM (http://cdm.unfccc.int/

Describe how the proposed activities under the NAMA will overcome the barriers for the sector / sub-sector.

C.5 Proposed activities List the activities and expected outcomes with a tentative time-schedule under the NAMA

Proposed Activities Boundary and Expected Outcomes Implementation Schedule

Date of start Date of completion

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Add rows as required)

C.6 Estimation of annual GHG emission reductions

Provide an approximate estimate of annual GHG emission reductions anticipated to be achieved under the NAMA from all the proposed activities on a cumulative basis.

(If NAMA does not involve implementation of actual GHG mitigation projects, provide an indirect estimate of GHG emission reductions proposed to be achieved due to the NAMA activities)

Annual GHG emission reductions

Year Emission reductions (tCO2e)

yyyy 1

77

http://cdm.unfccc.int/

yyyy 2

…

yyyy n

Total

Attach the assumptions and detailed emission reductions calculations as relevant

C.7 Overall benefits Describe the overall expected benefits (both quantitative and qualitative) for the stakeholders from the implementation of the proposed activities under the NAMA in the targeted sector / sub-sector.

Environmental List the major environmental benefits proposed to be achieved in the NAMA

Economic List the major economic benefits proposed to be achieved in the NAMA

Societal List the major social benefits proposed to be achieved in the NAMA

Others List other major benefits proposed to be achieved in the NAMA(e.g. technology, transfer of IPR, skills, replication potential to scale the GHG mitigation, uptake potential of the national policy / regulation on low carbon due to NAMA etc.,)

C.8 Life time and Crediting Period

Provide the technically defined life time of project and the proposed crediting period for generation of GHG emission reductions. For crediting period more than 10 years indicate (If possible) whether the baseline will be adjusted before the start of second crediting period

Proposed Activities Expected Life time (years) Proposed crediting period (7/10/14/21 yr)

(indicate w or w/o baseline adjustment)

(a)

(b)

(c)


C.9 Measuring, Reporting & Verification

Provide a brief summary of MRV concept and approach for the proposed activities under the NAMA

Measuring Provide a description of the monitoring methodology and list key monitoring

78

parameters as applicable for the Sector and its applicability for the sub-sector Provide a brief summary of monitoring Infrastructure and competency available /

proposed to be deployedReporting Provide a brief summary of modus operandi on reporting along with the roles and

responsibilities of the teamVerification Summarise the proposed type of verification, approach, frequency, standards and

engagement of third party including whether it is mandated by donor or as per host country requirements

Indicate the extent of anticipated overlapping with other programme like CDM, voluntary projects and also procedures to avoid how double counting of GHG emission reductions

C.11 Costs (USD) Provide an estimate of the transaction costs for NAMA development and indicate the means of financing

Type of Activity Total Cost Own contribution National Government / Donor / Sponsor contribution

NAMA documentation

Feasibility report

Implementation

Operation

....

C.12 NAMA Investment &

Means of Finance

(USD)

Provide an estimate of the NAMA project activity (fill up the columns as applicable)

NAMA activity

Total cost per NAMA activity

Own contribution National Government /

Donor / Sponsor contribution

Annual revenues from sale of GHG

emission reductions

Expected price

per tCO2e

(a)

(b)

(c)


D. Other relevant information and Annex

79

D.1 Other information Provide details of any other information relevant to the NAMA implementation

D.2 Annex information List the title of the Annex here

Annex I Title

Annex II Title

Annex III Title

80

Annex III: Lighthouse example for NAMA development – Mexico NAMA for sustainable housing The Mexican NAMA for sustainable housing is one of the first NAMAs that were developed and has reached the implementation phase. It thus serves as a blueprint for NAMA development.

Mexico NAMA for sustainable housing

Implementation status Implementation phase

Priority sector Residential buildings

Host county / city / project boundary

Mexico

Coordinating/managing entity Mexican National Agency of Housing (CONAVI), Mexican Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT)

Background, design and measures The NAMA aims to enhance GHG emissions reductions in two existing programmes: “Ésta es tu casa” and “Green Mortgages.”

The transformation of these programmes into a holistic urban planning process including mandatory building codes would further increase emissions reductions through by extending basic efficiency standards to the entire new housing market in Mexico and upgrading efficiency standards to more ambitious levels.

Technologies Introduction of a class of ambitious primary energy consumption benchmarks. The construction of houses according to the benchmark level is incentivised by a scaled up financial promotion system.

Energy efficiency standards, inter alia: efficient window and roof design and thermal insulation, HVAC, efficient appliances, tank-less water heating, etc.

Renewable energies, inter alia: solar water heaters etc.

MRV approach The suggested MRV procedures for the NAMA are based on the development of a whole-building energy performance benchmark expressed in GHG emissions per gross floor area (tCO2e/m2).

Baseline / baseline scenario The baseline is derived from the average of residential units built in the last five years. The annual penetration rate of the “Green Mortgage” and "Ésta es tu casa" programmes amounts to 20% of new houses, or 120,000 houses in 2010. Emission reductions are estimated for the implementation period until 2020 assuming 800,000 houses are built each year and that they will remain at the same level of efficiency over their lifetimes. The CO2 emissions of the baseline and the NAMA have been calculated based on information about the mix of fuel and power consumption in typical houses.

Impact, e.g. emission reduction (estimated/realised)

Assuming 100% penetration of a particular pathway the NAMA can achieve emission reductions ranging from 84 MtCO2 (Eco Casa 1) to 140 MtCO2 (Passive House) by the year 2020

Cost savings to households (reduced energy bills) Cost savings to government (reduced subsidies for energy consumption.

Financing For donors and investors interested in directly supporting new energy efficiency homes, a “NAMA Fund” will be set up as the initial recipient of donor funds, whether as soft loans or as grants. Funding provided for the NAMA will address both the

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supply and demand side, providing bridge loans for housing developers and support for home buyers in the form of subsidies and supplemental mortgage finance. The finance is designed in packages, with an estimated incremental cost of USD 1.7 to 21.5 million per 1,000 homes, depending on energy efficiency standards.

Supportive actions for NAMA implementation are estimated around USD 15.6 million in total between 2012 and 2016. The NAMA receives financial support from the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and technical support from the GIZ.

Lesson learned The NAMA for sustainable residential housing is a part of a broader strategy (towards an Urban NAMA), which provides a framework and ensures that actions are in line with national development strategies.

Key considerations of scope, boundary, baseline, environmental integrity, and monitoring and verification were built on methodologies for project based approaches (e.g. PoA / CDM) with simplification (standardised baselines, benchmarks, etc.).

The finance of the NAMA is designed in packages and phases to attract donor and private finance.

Currents status:

New housing projects in 6 Mexican locations under the NAMA Protocol.o Implementation between 2012 and 2020 with KfW and IDB

support, to build 35,708 homes.o mitigation potential: 1,627 MtCO2 over a 40-year life span

New housing projects in Hermosillo Morelia and Guadalajara with support from BMU - GIZ.

New housing projects in Aguascalientes, Cancún and Playa del Carmen by local housing, and Mexicali MRV System with support from Canada.

Further reading www.conavi.gob.mx/viviendasustentable (in Spanish)

http://www.nama-database.org/index.php/NAMA_for_sustainable_housing_in_Mexico

Source: Lütken et al. (2013)

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http://www.conavi.gob.mx/viviendasustentable

background - info.undp.org fr… · web viewpromoting low carbon development project . national...

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