back to basics
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Back to Basics. The Basics of Geography. What does that mean?. Continent – large landmass bigger than an island. Country - A region, territory, or large tract of land distinguishable by features of topography, biology, or culture - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Back to BasicsThe Basics of Geography
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What does that mean?
• Continent – large landmass bigger than an island.
• Country - A region, territory, or large tract of land distinguishable by features of topography, biology, or culture
• State - one of the constituent units of a nation having a federal government
• Province - an administrative district or division of a country
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What is Geography
• Geography – (words were derived from the Greek)
– Geo – the earth– Graphy- description of the earth
• Geography is the study of the earth in all of its variety• There are many different types of geography– Physical (we study this in class)– Cultural – Political– Just to name a few
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What is Geography
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Why Study Geography
• Geography is necessary in our everyday lives. • Every time we walk outside, we are entering
into a part of geography• Getting around the school you use geography• You wouldn’t be able to go on vacation
without geography
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What Do You Think
Tell me ways that you use geography in you everyday life.
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The Continents• There are 7 continents on the Earth’s surface• The order in terms of size are
– Asia– Africa– North America
– Each continent contains countries. For example Asia the continent has China as a country.
– North America the continent has the United States as a country
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7 Continents
• Europe and Asia are sometimes referred to as this? – A: Eurasia
• Millions of years ago the continents were all connected and called this? ________________________– A: Pangea
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Tell Me What You Think
• Which is the country, and which is the continent?– Paraguay and South America– Asia and Russia– Egypt and Africa– Europe and Greenland– England and Europe
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Globes• A round scale model of the earth• The most accurate way to depict the earth• They accurately represent distance and
direction (ratio)• Discovered by the Greeks
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Maps• Flat drawing of all or part of the earth’s
surface.• This is the name of a person who makes
maps?– A: Cartographer
• Maps are good because you can show small areas in great details
• There are many types of maps
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Types of Maps• Physical Maps• Political Maps• Special Purpose Maps• Interrupted• Robinson• Mercator• Great Circle• Relief
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Types of Maps• Physical & Political Maps are known as
__________________ purpose maps.– A: General
• Physical Maps:– ____________ shows how flat or rugged the land is.– A: Relief– ____________ the height above sea-level. (colorful)– A: Elevation– ____________ also show elevation, however they use lines to
display them. (________ lines) – A: Contour
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Political Maps
• Generally very bright and colorful• Show political boundaries, countries, roads
etc.
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Special Purpose Maps
• Maps that talk specifically about one thing. • Special purpose maps can be physical and
political • Examples: Rainfall, population, climate zones,
roads etc.
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Interrupted• Resembles a peeled, flattened orange.• Represents continent land area close to true
form.• Good for comparing land area among
continents.
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Robinson Maps• Minor distortions• Land on the Western and Eastern sides of the
map appear much as it does on a globe• Largest distortions occur in North and South
Poles
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Mercator Maps• Shows true direction and land shapes
accurately• Size and distance are distorted• Areas that are far from the equator are largely
distorted usually appearing larger.
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Types of Maps• Small Scale Maps – Shows very little
detail.
• Large Scale Maps - Show a small area with a lot of detail.
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Large Scale Map
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Small Scale Map
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Large Scale & Small Scale Maps
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Parts of a Map• There are five parts of a map– Title– Legend or Key– Compass Rose– Scale– Latitude & Longitude
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Title & Key (Legend)
• Map title tells you what the map is about– Example: the Population Distribution of Mexico
• Key or Legend– Tells you what each symbol on a map means
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Compass Rose• Compass Rose – tells you what direction
the map is referring to– North does not always have to be toward the top
of a page
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Direction
• Cardinal Directions – four main directions, they include– North– South– East – West
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Direction• Intermediate Directions – Directions
between the cardinal directions, they include– Northeast– Southeast– Northwest– Southwest
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Scale–Scale – gives the comparison of real
distance to the distance on a map.• Can be shown by ratio•Miles• kilometers
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Distance• Distance on a map is measured by a scale– Ratios– Kilometers/milesDistance makes the actual distance of an area easy
to find.
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Hemispheres• When you look at the earth, you will find
that it is broken into 4 sections.–These four sections are known as
_______________.• A: Hemispheres
• The four hemispheres are • Northern• Southern• Eastern• Western
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Latitude & Longitude• Latitude & Longitude - helps you
find an exact location on a map• The lines of latitude and longitude
form a grid system• Grid systems use letters and numbers
and do not give an exact location
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Latitude & Longitude
• Latitude & Longitude are the lines on a map or globe that allows you to find an exact point (location)
• Lines of Latitude & Longitude criss-cross each other forming a grid.
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Latitude• Also called parallels• Are measured from the equator• Equator is 0 degrees latitude
• North Pole – highest point of latitude is 90 degrees N latitude.
• South Pole – lowest point of latitude is 90 degrees S latitude.
• The highest degree of latitude is 90 degrees.• Latitude lines measure north or south of the equator
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Latitude• Tropic of Cancer – 23 ½ degrees North
Latitude – This line distinguishes the end of the tropics in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Tropic of Capricorn – 23 ½ degrees South Latitude – This line distinguishes the end of the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Arctic Circle – 66 degrees North latitude• Antarctic Circle – 66 degrees South latitude
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Longitude• Also called meridians• Are measured from the Prime Meridian• Prime Meridian is 0 degrees Longitude• International Dateline is 180 degrees
Longitude (time zones)• Longitude lines measure left or right of the
prime meridian • The highest degree of longitude is 180 degrees.
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Latitude & Longitude• Always say latitude first
– 45 N, 70 W
Now lets practice(use pages RA2 & RA3 in textbook)
23 N, 45 E 66 S, 100 W
Oman Antarctic Circle
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Hemispheres• The four hemispheres are divided by the
major lines of Latitude and Longitude. – Equator – divides the earth into the ________ &
____________ hemispheres. • A: Northern & Southern
– Prime Meridian – divides the earth into the ___________ & _____________ hemispheres. • A: Eastern & Western
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Hemispheres• Northern Hemisphere – above the equator• Southern Hemisphere – below the equator• Eastern Hemisphere – Right of the Prime
Meridian• Western Hemisphere – Left of the Prime
Meridian
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Time Zones
• ______________________ starting point for all time zone
• A: Greenwich Mean Time• Ending point for the time zones is ____________________
– A: International Dateline• Each time zone is 15 Degrees apart on the earth’s surface. ( 0-14,
15-29, 30-44 etc)• Going east of GMT, time gets an hour later for each time
zone.• Going West of GMT, time get an hour earlier for each time
zone
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Time Zones• The re are 4 time zones in the continental
United States.– Eastern– Central – Mountain– PacificAlaska & Hawaii are not included in these time
zones, they have their own time zones.
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Graphs• Bar Graphs• Line Graphs• Circle Graphs/Pie Charts• Pictograph