bab 1b oil and gas

7/24/2019 BAB 1B OIL AND GAS

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OIL

Oil is a fossil fuel produced bydecomposition of deeply buried organic

material such as plants under high

temperatures and pressures for millions of

years.

Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid

containing hydrocarbons that once extractedvia drilling are separated into products

through fractional distillation (gasoline

aviation fuel heating oil diesel oil asphalt).



Oil !xtraction " #rocessing

Crude oil and natural gas aretrapped in porous rock beneath

dome shaped structures (anticlines).

$o extract oil a %ell is drilled

into the deposit. $hen oil dra%n

by gravity out of the rock pores and

into the bottom of the %ell is

pumped to the surface.Oil is then transported to a

refinery by pipeline truck or oil

tanker.



Oil &ecovery

#rimary Oil &ecovery ' drilling a %ell and

pumping oil that flo%s by gravity into the bottom

of a %ell.

econdary Oil &ecovery ' fter primary %ater

is in*ected into nearby %ells to force some of the

remaining oil to the surface.

$ertiary Oil &ecovery (!nhanced Oil &ecovery)

' after primary and secondary CO+ gas is used to

force some of the heavy oil into the %ell cavity so

it can be pumped to the surface.



OIL ,&ILLI-



,istillation

$hen it is distilled andseparated into

components %ith

different boiling points.

ome of the products

called petrochemicals

are used as ra%

materials in industrialorganic chemicals

pesticides plastics

synthetic fibers paints

and medicines.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ShellMartinez.jpg



/ractional ,istillation

viation /uel

0eating Oil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png



1ho 0as the 1orld2s Oil3

$he oil industry is the %orld2s largest business4

!leven O#!C Countries (Organi5ation of

#etroleum !xporting Countries) have 678 of the

%orld2s crude oil reserves.

audi rabia has the largest (+98)

Canada (oil sand) (:98)

Iraq (::8)

;nited rab !mirates (<.=8)

>u%ait (<.+8)



O#!C -ations



0o% Long 1ill 1orld Oil upplies Last3

1orld reserves 7?8 depleted in @+A<= years.

; reserves 7?8 depleted in :?A@7 years.

t current rate

audia rabia could supply the entire %orld2s oil needs

for :? years.

&eserves under laska2s -orth lope (#rudoe Bay)

%ould meet current %orld demand for months and ;demand for = years.

!stimated reserves in -1& %ould meet current oil

demand for only :A9 months and ; oil demand for 6A+@

months.



dvantages of Oil

&elatively inexpensive

!asily transported via

pipelines trucks andtankers.

0igh net energy yield

mple supply forimmediate future

Large ; government

subsidies in place.



,isadvantages of Oil

1orld oil reserves limited and declining.

#roduces pollution O+ -O -O+ CO+

,rilling causes land disturbances %hich

accelerates erosion.

Oil spills (!xxon Dalde5)

!xtraction releases contaminated %aste%ater and

brine

,isruption to %ildlife habitats (-1&)

rtificially lo% prices encourage %aste



#rince 1illiam ound



laska -ational 1ildlife &efuge



-1&



Oil and

Oil sand (tar sand) is a mixture of clay sand%ater and combustible bitumen (heavy oil %ith high

sulfur content).

$hey are dug up by giant shovels mixed %ith hot%ater and steam to extract the bitumen %hich is

heated and converted to a lo%Asulfur synthetic crude

oil suitable for refining.

!xists mostly in Canada (6?8 kno%n reserves)

evere environmental degradation to air %ater

and land.



hale Oil

Oil shales contain kerogen %hich can be extracted fromcrushed oil shales by heating them to yield a distillate called

shale oil.

Before it can be sent by pipeline to a refinery it must be

heated to increase its flo% rate and processed to removesulfur nitrogen and impurities.

-et energy loss

$ar and A bitumenhale Oil A kerogen



-atural as -atural gas is a mixture of 9?A<?8 by volume of methane(C0@) and smaller amounts of ethane (C+0) propane (C=07)

and butane (C@0:?).

Conventional -atural as ' lies above most reservoirs ofcrude oil but can only be used if a pipeline is put in place.

Eany times it is considered %aste and is burned off adding

CO+ to the atmosphere.

Liquefied #etroleum as (L#) propane and butane gasesliquefied %hen a natural gas field is tapped. tored in

pressuri5ed tanks for use in rural areas.

t very lo% temperatures L# can be converted to

Liquefied -atural as (L-) can be shipped in refrigerated



-atural as Information

&ussia has =: 8 of %orld2s gas reserves follo%ed by Iran(:98) and Fatar (<8).

>no%n reserves and undiscovered potential reserves of

conventional natural gas should last the %orld for +A:+9 years.

1ith an increase in consumption of +8 per year that could be

reduced to 7? years4



dvantages of -atural as&elatively inexpensive and pipelines in place in ;

0igh net energy yield

#roduces less air pollution than other fossil fuels

!xtraction not as harmful as for oil and coal

!asily processed and inexpensive to transport

Can be used in fuel cells

Can be used in combineAcycle natrual gas systems

(cogeneration)

Die%ed as Gtransitionary fossil fuelH as %orld

s%itches to alternative energy resources.



,isadvantages of -atural as

0+ and O+ released during processing and CO+

and hydrocarbons during burning.

L- processing is expensive dangerous and

results in lo%er net energy yield

Leakage of pipes and tanks (C0@) contributes to

global %arming

!xtraction releases contaminated %aste%ater and

brine

Land subsidence



nother -ote on lobal

1armingubsidies for oil and gas encourage high use of the energy

resource and discourages conservation.

Oil and gas are considerably cheap (:?A:+ cents per k%h)$he !arth ummit une :<<+ G;- Conference on the

!nvironmentH Issue J: A Climate Change Treaty – treaty

to curb CO+ emissions thereby reducing global %arming.

Eore than :9 nations signed the treaty and is no%considered legally binding. #resident Clinton signed in

:<<=. Congress failed to approve it and it has not been

ratified since in the ;.

>yoto ' Bush refuses to sign GBad for !conomicsH

bab 1b oil and gas

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