ba foundation concepts
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Fundamental ConceptsBusiness Analysis
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Balasubba Raman Guruswamy
Business Analysis Body of Knowledge
v2.0
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Information
Information is an organizational resource whichmust be managed as carefully as other resources Costs are associated with information processing Information processing must be managed to take
full advantage of its potential
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CategoriesInformation systems fall into one of the following
eight categories: Transaction processing systems (TPS) Office automation systems (OAS) Knowledge work systems (KWS)
Management information systems (MIS) Decision support systems (DSS) Expert systems (ES) Group decision support systems (GDSS) Executive support systems (EES)
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New Technologies
New technologies integrated into traditional systems Ecommerce uses the Web to perform business
activities Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the goal of
integrating many different information systems withinthe corporation
Wireless and handheld devices, including mobilecommerce (mcommerce)
Open source software
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System Enhancements
Additional features to existing systems
Business and governmental requirements changeover time
Technology, hardware, and software are rapidlychanging
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What is Business Analysis ?
Set of tasks and techniques used to work as a liaisonamong stakeholders in order to understand the structure,policies, and operations of an organization and torecommend solutions that enable the organization toachieve its goals .
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What is the role of the business analyst ?
What is the expected relationship between business analyst and project manager?
Who are the stakeholders with whom the business analyst will beinteracting along the way?
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Business Analyst
Business Analysts act as Outside consultants to businesses Supporting experts within a business As change agents
Analysts are problem solvers, and requirecommunication skills
Analysts must be ethical with users and customers
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Business Analysts Role
Works as a liaison amongproject stakeholders
Elicits, analyzes, communicatesand validates requirements forchanges to business processes,policies and informationsystems
Understands business problemsand opportunities in the context
of the requirements Recommends solutions that
enable the organization toachieve its goals.
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Essential Business Analysis Skills Analyze and understand the business problems Identify and document requirements Communicate effectively (written and spoken) Manage client relationships Facilitate discussions
Negotiate and build consensus Model data and processes Plan and manage activities Facilitate and develop business strategy
Understand and manage organizational change
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ExerciseJoe asks "will you fix my bike?" to Fred
Fred replies "yeah, if you pay me" to Joe
Joe asks "how much?" to Fred
Fred replies "$100 mate" to Joe
Joe says "OK" to Fred
Joe gives bike to FredFred fixes bike
Fred says "I've fixed your bike. Please give the $100 to Mom" to Joe
Joe says "thanks, I will" to Fred
Joe pays $100 to Mum
Mom asks "what's the $100 for?" to Fred
Fred replies "savings for a new bike" to Mom
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Joe FredJoe asks will you fix my bike? to FredFred replies yeah, if you pay me to JoeJoe asks how much? to FredFred replies $100 mate to Joe
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Convert into a diagram by erasing the object names on the leftand right sides, and by adding the direction (arrows) of'conversation' and the people (object lifelines)
Messages are represented by an assortment of arrows.
Messages sent are either calls (an order or request) for aservice of another object or returns (answers) to the calls.
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Modeling
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yeah, if you
pay me
howmuch?
Will you fixmy bike ?
$100 mate
Give bike
Fix bike
Give money toMom
Joe Fred
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Business Analyst & Project ManagerProject Manager
Focuses on planning and managing theproject to achieve the projectobjectives and deliver solution to thestakeholders
Makes sure the project team deliverssolution that meets requirements,acceptance criteria and the customersquality expectations
Juggles many constraints in the project- scope, budget, schedule, resources,quality, risk
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Business Analyst
Works with key stakeholders tounderstand the structure, policiesand operations of an organizationand to recommend solutions
Business analysis work plans mustbe consistent with the overallproject plan
Must work closely together on projects and maintain goodcommunications
Need to communicate well with key stakeholders Who owns the stakeholders? Project owns the stakeholders
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Dealing with Key Stakeholders Vested interest in the project and its outcome Major source of requirements, constraints, assumptions One person may wear multiple hats and fill more than one role in
a project
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Customer Domain SME End User
Implementation SME Operational Support
Project Manager Tester Regulator (QA)
Sponsor Supplie r
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BA Career Path
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BABOK The BABOK is
A collection of knowledge within the BAprofession (by IIBA)
Generally accepted BA practices Recognizes business analysis is more than
requirements A reference for BA professional knowledge Aligns with CMMI Requirements
Development & Requirements Management Provides the basis for CBAP certification
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BABoK v2.0
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6 KAs and 32 tasks Applies to a wider range of methodsincluding Agile, BPM Techniques consolidated
34 + 17 techniques described in v2.0Includes all commonly used elicitation
and analysis techniques Covers most situations a BA is likely to
encounter
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BABOK v2.0 Knowledge Areas
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Copyright 2008 International Institute of Business Analysis
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BA Knowledge Areas Business Analysis Planning
identify stakeholders estimate the work involved
prioritize requirements for each release manage changes to the requirements
Enterprise Analysis business & application Architecture development of business cases & feasibility
studies strategies for identifying overall business
requirements
Requirements Elicitation
brainstorming, surveys, interviews,workshops
Requirements Analysis requirements are structured & specified ensures that they are accurate
Solution Assessment & Validation proposed solution meets the agreed-to
requirements what to do if gaps are identified
Requirements Mgmt & Communication shared understanding of the
requirements
peer reviews, presentations, formalsign-off
Fundamentals(Soft skills)
Analytical skills
Behavioral characteristics Negotiation skills Communication skills Business knowledge Software knowledge
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B i A l i Pl i
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Business Analysis Planning
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Activities necessary to performin order to complete a businessanalysis effort
Plan theexecution of
business analysistasks
Update or changethe approach to
business analysisas required
Assess effectiveness ofand continually improve
business analysispractices
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Business Analysis Planning - Tasks Conduct Stakeholder Analysis
Plan Business Analysis Activities
Plan Business Analysis
Communication
Plan RequirementsManagement Process
Plan, monitor and Report onBusiness AnalysisPerformance
Personas & User Profiles Communication needs
Decomposition Metrics & Reporting
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Enterprise Analysis
Take a business need, refineand clarify the definition ofthat need, and define asolution scope that canfeasibly be implemented bythe business.
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Identify and propose projects that meet strategic needs and goals.
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Enterprise Analysis - Tasks
Identify Business Need
Determine Solution Approach
Define Solution Scope
Develop the BusinessCase
Brainstorming
Data Model
Decision Analysis
Decomposition
Environmental AssessmentState Model
Financial Analysis
Focus Group
Goal AnalysisInterview
Metrics & Reporting
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Eli it ti
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Elicitation
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Work with stakeholders to find outwhat their needs are and ensurethat we have correctly & completelyunderstood their needs.
Stakeholder needs
Explore
Identify
Document
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Elicitation - Tasks
Prepare for Elicitation
Conduct Elicitation
Document Elicitation Results
Confirm Elicitation Results
BrainstormingDocument AnalysisFocus Group Joint application design (JAD)
sessions
Interface IdentificationInterviewObservationPrototypingRequirements Workshop
Reverse EngineeringSurvey / Questionnaire
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Req irement Anal sis
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Requirement Analysis
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Analyze the stated requirementsof the stakeholders to ensure
that they are correct, assess thecurrent state of the business toidentify and recommendimprovements
Progressivelyelaborate statedrequirements
sufficient level ofdetail
accurately definesthe business need
within specifiedscope
Validaterequirements
meet the
business need
Verifyrequirements
are acceptable
quality
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Requirement Analysis - Tasks
Organize Requirements
Prioritize Requirements
Specify and Model Requirements
Determine Assumptions andConstraints
Verify Requirements
Validate Requirements
Gap analysis
Root-cause analysis Force-field analysis
User Interface Modelling
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S l i A
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Solution Assessment& Validation
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Assess proposed solutions to determine which solution bestfits the business need
Assess deployed solutions to see how well they meet theoriginal need in order to enable businesses to assess theperformance and effectiveness of projects
Solution Assessment & Validation Tasks
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Solution Assessment & Validation - Tasks Assess Requirements
Coverage
Allocate Requirements
Determine OrganizationalReadiness
Validate Solution
Evaluate Solution
Multi-voting Prototyping
Criteria-based grids
Impact/effort grids User Acceptance Testing
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Requirements Management
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Requirements Management& Communication
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Manage conflicts, issues
and changes
Ensure that stakeholdersand the project teamremain in agreement onthe solution scope
Purpose Recognize that communication takes
places throughout all knowledge areasManage the approved solution and
requirements scope
Ensure stakeholders have access tobusiness analysis work products
Prepare and communicaterequirements to stakeholders
Facilitate enterprise consistency andefficiency by re-using requirements
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Requirements Management & Communication - Tasks
Manage Solution and
Requirements Scope
Manage RequirementsTraceability
Maintain Requirementsfor re-use
Prepare RequirementsPackage
Communicaterequirements
Configuration Management Coverage Matrix Issue & Defect Reporting
Scope Definition Structured Walkthrough Traceability Matrix
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Essential skills and knowledge of Effective
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Essential skills and knowledge of EffectiveBusiness Analyst - BABOK
Analytical thinking & problem-solving skills Assess and understand a situation, Recommends one or more potential solutions to
address the business need, problem or opportunity
Behavioral characteristics Apply personal integrity and strength of character when dealing with people BA
team, project team, internal and external stakeholders Build strong and lasting working relationships
Business knowledge Understanding of the business/domain make good decisions and recommendations
Software Knowledge Word processing, spread sheet tools, requirement management tool Document project scope, Develop detailed user and system requirements
Interaction skills Team Players interact and work well with team members, leadership and facilitationskills
Communication skills Number one reason for project failure is poor communication
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Analytical Thinking and Problem Solving
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Analytical Thinking and Problem Solving
Decision Analysis Criteria
Learning Business domain
Problem Solving System Thinking
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Behavioral Characteristics
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Behavioral Characteristics
Ethics Mutual Respect
Personal Organization Timeliness, Commitment
Problem Solving Action plans, to do lists,
priorities
Trustworthiness Sensitive issues
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Communication Skills
Oral Communication
Teaching, Training, Sharing
Written Communication
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I t ti Skill
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Interaction Skills
Facilitation & Negotiation
Leadership & Influencing
Team Work
Change Management
Negotiation Skills
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Negotiation Skills
Nego t ia t ion Basics Resourceful Equitable Sensitive
Patience
Endurance Character & integrity Tolerance
Typ es of nego t ia t ing Positional Win-Win
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S f A li i K l d
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Software Application Knowledge General-Purpose Applications
MS Office , Open Office, Web browsing, Email
Specialized Applications Tools for requirements gathering
RequisitePro, Mapping Tools, Rational tools (UML),starUML Project management
MS Project, MS Excel
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Exploring Requirements
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Exploring Requirements
Project success -> What is to be accomplished isclearly stated and agreed upon
Define high level scope of the project and more
detailed project requirements
Defining and documenting requirements Needs,wants and expectations of the project stakeholders
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Requirements States
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Requirements StatesRequirement State Description
Allocated Associated with solution components to be implemented
Analyzed Modeled and specified requirementsApproved Agreed by stakeholders
Communicated Shared and understood by stakeholders
Maintained & reuse Formatted and suitable for long term use
Prioritized Relative importance to stakeholders and organizationStated Needs expressed by stakeholders during elicitation
Stated Confirmed Confirmed by Ba to match stakeholders needs
Stated Unconfirmed BAs understanding of stakeholders intentions
Traced Clearly defined & identifies relationship to otherrequirements within solution scope
Validated Delivers value to stakeholders, within solution scope,aligned with business goals/objectives
Verified Checked, sufficient quality for further work to be performed
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Key Terms
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Key Terms
Business analysis Business analyst Business requirements Domain
Elements Functional requirements Inputs Knowledge areas
Non-functional requirements Outputs Project manager
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Requirements Solution requirements Solutions Solution scope
Stakeholder requirements Stakeholders Tasks Techniques
Transition requirements Underlying competencies
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