B0H4MCHAPTER 12

PERCEPTION

Perception.◦The process through which people

receive, organize and interpret information from the environment.

Psychological contract A set of expectations held by an individual

about what will be given and received in the employment relationship.

Perception and attribution.◦ Attribution

The process of developing explanations for events.

◦ Fundamental attribution error Occurs when observers blame another’s performance

failures or problems on internal factors rather than external factors.

◦ Self-serving bias Occurs because individuals blame their personal

performance failures or problems on external factors and attribute their successes to internal factors.

Perceptual tendencies and distortions:◦ Stereotypes.◦ Halo effects.◦ Selective perception.◦ Projection.◦ Impression management

The systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us. dress to convey positive appeal flatter others to generate positive feelings when conversing, make eye contact and smile display a high level of energy

12.2 PERSONALITYPersonality

◦ The combination or overall profile of characteristics that makes one person unique from others.

“Big Five” personality traits:◦ Extroversion.◦ Agreeableness.◦ Conscientiousness.◦ Emotional stability.◦ Openness

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:◦ Extraverted vs. introverted —whether a person

tends toward being outgoing and sociable, or shy and quiet

◦ Sensing vs. intuitive —whether a person tends to focus on details or on the big picture in dealing with problems

◦ Thinking vs. feeling —whether a person tends to rely on logic or emotions in dealing with problems

◦ Judging vs. perceiving —whether a person prefers order and control, or acts with flexibility and spontaneity

Other Personality TraitsLocus of controlAuthoritarianismMachiavellianismSelf-MonitoringType A personality

12.3 ATTITUDESAttitude.

◦ A predisposition to act in a certain way toward people and things in one’s environment.

Components of attitudes:◦ Cognitive component.◦ Affective or emotional component.◦ Behavioural component.

Cognitive dissonance.◦ The discomfort a person feels when attitudes

and behaviour are inconsistent.

Job satisfaction.◦ The degree to which an individual feels

positively or negatively about various aspects of work.

◦ Common aspects of job satisfaction: Work itself. Supervision. Co-workers. Advancement opportunities. Pay Work conditions. Security.

Strong and positive relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover.

Satisfaction-related concepts having quality of work life implications …◦ Job involvement

The extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job.

◦ Organizational commitment Loyalty of an individual to the organization.

◦ Employee engagement Willingness to help others and do extra.

ORGANITIONAL CITIZENSHIP

12.4 EMOTIONS, MOODS AND STRESS

Emotions It is a strong feeling directed toward someone or something

Moods They are generalized positive and negative feelings or

states of mind that may persist for some time.

Stress A state of tension experienced by individuals facing

extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.

Stressors Things that cause stress

Originate in work, personal, and nonwork situations.

Have the potential to influence work attitudes, behaviour, job performance, and health

Work factors as potential stressors:◦Includes:

Excessively high or low task demands. Role conflicts or ambiguities. Poor interpersonal relationships. Too slow or too fast career progress.

◦Work-related stress syndromes: Set up to fail. Mistaken identity.

Consequences of stress:◦Constructive stress.

Acts as a positive influence. Can be energizing and performance

enhancing.◦Destructive stress.

Acts as a negative influence. Breaks down a person’s physical and

mental systems. Can lead to job burnout and/or

workplace rage.

Personal wellness:

◦ The pursuit of personal and mental

potential though a personal health-

promotion program.

◦ A form of preventative stress

management.

◦ Enables people to be better prepared to

deal with stress.