b urns الحروق. o bjectives at the end of this session, each student should be able to: define...

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Page 1: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

BURNSالحروق

Page 2: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this session, each student should be able to:Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial,

partial-thickness, and full-thickness burns.Calculate the extent of burns using the

Rule of Nines.Describe appropriate burn management.Explain how to assess the severity of burns

(minor, moderate, major, and severe).

Page 3: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

DEFINITION OF BURNS:

Burns are wounds caused by excessive exposure to four categories of agents:1. Thermal2. Electrical3. Chemical4. Radioactive

Page 4: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

SEVERITY OF BURNS الحروق : شدة The severity of the skin injury depends upon:

the burning agent الحرق ,مسببthe size of the burn wound الحرق , حجمdepth of the burn wound الحرق , عمقpart of the body injured الجسم من المحروق , الجزءtemperature of the burning agent مسبب حرارة

, الحرقhow long a person is in contact with the

burning agent الحرق لمسبب الشخص تعرض . مدة

Page 5: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BURNSللحروق المرضية :الفسيولوجيا

Burns cause the capillaries in the damaged area to dilateعLتتوّس , resulting in capillary hyper-permeability

الشعيرات نفاذية . زيادة The capillary hyper-permeability causes the

plasma to move out of the cells into the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema وذمةand vesiculation (blistering) مائية .فقاعات The larger the burned area, the greater the

plasma loss. من الفاقد زاد الحرق، مساحة زادت كلما البالزما

The plasma loss from the intravascular area to the interstitial areas poses the greatest threat to life, because the cells become dehydrated. The blood pressure drops, and blood flow to the

kidneys is decreased → hypovolemic shock.

Page 6: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS BY DEPTH

Page 7: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

الدرجة حروق) متوسطة ) الثانية

الدرجة حروقاألولى

) سطحية)

الدرجة حروق) عميقة ) الثالثة

Involves only the epidermis

Involves all the epidermis and much of the dermis.

Involves the entire epidermis and entire dermis down to the deeper contents.

No EdemaBlanches with Pressure

Page 8: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,
Page 9: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

يمكن ) االنجليزية باللغة شرحه تم لما العربية للغة ترجمة) الحاجة دعت إن منه اإلستفادة

) سطحية ) األولى الدرجة First Degree Burnsحروق الخارجية الجلد طبقة تتعدى وال ّسطحية حروق هي البشرة(. )و . l مؤلما ويكون بسيط تورم مع الجلد في احمرار هيئة على تظهر. الجلد التئام بسرعة الحروق من األولى الدرجة تتميز

الجلد على آثارا تترك ّسريع ال بشكل األولية اإلّسعافات تقديم تم لم وإذافقاعات .تتكون

الشمس لحرارة الشديد التعرض أّسبابها الساخنة من الطبخ أدوات .ومالمسة ) متوسطة ) الثانية الدرجة Second Degree Burnsحروق

العمق متوّسطة حروق لطبقة ،هي يحصل الخارجية والضرر البشرة( )الجلد.من وجزء ) الجلد ) من األدمة الداخلية الطبقة

. شديدة وآالم واحمرار الجلد على الحرق حول المائية الفقاعات بظهور تتميز. والشفاء العالج بعد الجلد على آثار بترك تتميز عن الحرق مساحة ازدادت لم% 20إذا إن الشخص بحياة الحرق يودي فقد

. عالجه يتم. واألبخرة الساخنة للسوائل التعرض أّسبابها من

Page 10: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

) عميقة ) الثالثة الدرجة Third Degree Burnsحروق عميقة حروق هي و ،و واألدمة البشرة طبقتي لكامل يحصل والضرر

. ما طبقة من جزء يشمل وقد واألوعية العضالت األعصاب، تشملالحرق أن l أحيانا يالحظ بحيث األدمة للدهون، تحت وصل العضالت قد

والعظام. . وعليه، مؤلم غير الحرق مكان الوخز، يكون باختبار العمق اختبار يتم

يعتبر بألم شعر فإذا المريض يوخز أو الحرق حيث األولى الدرجة منبألم يشعر لم إذا أما ل فالثانية وذلك الثالثة الدرجة من نهايات أيعتبر ن

الحروق بسبب تخريبها تم قد زادت. األعصاب الحرق عمق زاد وكلما.خطورته

الجلد الحاالت أغلب في ويكون الجلد في األنسجة من جزء يتآكليم أحيانا و l ومتنفخا l وشمعيا l الحاالت، يمصفرا بعض في األّسود للون ل

. الصدمة تحدث قد و. والتشوهات واإلعاقة الوفاة إلى تؤدي قد الحروق هذه. الكهربائية للصدمة أو للنار التعرض أّسبابها من و

يمكن ) االنجليزية باللغة شرحه تم لما العربية للغة ترجمة) الحاجة دعت إن منه اإلستفادة

Page 11: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

SUPERFICIAL BURN (1ST DEGREE BURN)

Page 12: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

PARTIAL–THICKNESS BURN (2ND DEGREE BURN)

Page 13: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

PARTIAL–THICKNESS BURN (2ND DEGREE BURN)

Page 14: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

FULL-THICKNESS BURN (3RD DEGREE BURN)

Page 15: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

FULL-THICKNESS BURN (3RD DEGREE BURN)

Page 16: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

ASSESSMENT OF AREA OF BURNالحرق مساحة :تقييم

This is done using the "rule of nines" قاعدة. التسعات

The body is divided up into eleven areas, each representing 9% of the total body surface.Body Area Percentage of Burn

(in Adults)Head and Neck 9%Anterior Trunk

ال الجذع ماميةأمنطقة 18%

Posterior Trunkالخلفية الجذع منطقة

18%

Rt. Upper Extremity 9%Lt. Upper Extremity 9%Rt. Lower Extremity 18%Lt. Lower Extremity 18%External Genitalia and Perineumالتناسلية االعضاء والشرج منطقة

1%

Page 17: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

ESTIMATING BURNS IN ADULTS – RULE OF NINES

Page 18: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

EMERGENCY CARE OF SUPERFICIAL BURN (1ST DEGREE BURN)

Cooling: If the skin is not broken, run cool water over

the burned area or soak it in a cool water bath. Keep the area in the bath for five (5) minutes. If the burn occurred in a cold environment, DO

NOT apply water. A clean, cold, wet towel will also help reduce

pain. Reassurance تطمين : Burns can be extremely

painful, reassure the victim and keep them calm. Sterilization تعقيم : After flushing or soaking

the burn for several minutes, cover the burn with a sterile non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.

Page 19: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

Protectionحماية : Protect the burn from friction and pressure.

Medicationsأدوية : Over-the-counter pain medications may be used to help relieve pain; they may also help reduce inflammation and swelling.

Follow-upمتابعة : Minor burns will usually heal without further treatment.

Page 20: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

EMERGENCY CARE FOR SEVERE BURNS (2ND DEGREE AND 3RD DEGREE BURNS)

DO NOT remove burnt clothing (unless it comes off easily), but do ensure that the victim is not in contact with burning or smoldering materials مشتعلة مواد . أية

Make sure the victim is breathing. If breathing has stopped or the victim's airway is

blocked then open the airway and if necessary begin CPR.

Cover the burn with a moist sterile bandage or clean cloth. DO NOT apply any ointments مراهم تضع ال Avoid breaking blisters الماء فقاعات تفتح . ال

Page 21: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

If fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry sterile, non-adhesive dressings.

Elevate the burned area and protect it from pressure or friction.

Take steps to prevent shock. Lay the victim flat and elevate the feet

about 12 inches.Cover the victim with a coat or blanket.

Continue to monitor the victim's vital signs (mainly: breathing, pulse, blood pressure).

Page 22: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

EMERGENCY CARE OF ELECTRICAL BURNS INJURIES

Page 23: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

Activate EMS, take standard precautions. Make certain that you and the victim are in a SAFE ZONE.

Do not touch vehicle if downed wire is touching it.متدلي كهرباء ّسلك تالمس كانت إذا السيارة تلمس ال

Instruct victim to jump from the vehicle if it catches fire. اشتعلت حال في السيارة من يقفز أن المصاب أخبر

Ensure electrical equipment is unplugged.الحرق ّسبب الذي الكهرباء جهاز عن الكهرباء ّسلك أزل

Shut down power if victim is found in a pool.ماء بركة في واقع المصاب كان إن الرئيسي المقبس من الكهرباء أطفئ

) ّسباحة) حوض If electrical item is in a bath tub with victim, unplug

device before reaching for victim.أزل االّستحمام، حوض في المصاب مع الحرق ّسبب الذي الجهاز كان إذا

المصاب مساعدة قبل الجدار في الكهرباء نقطة من الجهاز كهرباء ّسلك

Page 24: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

Provide basic cardiac life support as required. Care for shock and administer high–

concentration oxygen if available. Care for spine injuries, head injuries and

severe fractures (the victim may have been thrown by a high–voltage current).

Evaluate electrical burns. Cool the burn areas and smoldering clothing

the same as you would for a flame burn. Apply dry dressing to the burn sites. Transport as soon as possible.

Page 25: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

EMERGENCY CARE OF CHEMICAL BURNS INJURIES

Page 26: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

Chemicals continue to burn as long as in contact with body. Difficult to assess depth and severity.

Chemical burns are critical; treat immediately.

Page 27: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

Activate EMS, take standard precautions. Brush off all powder. Remove clothing, shoes, stockings, and jewelry. Flush with water for at least 20 minutes (or until

EMS arrives). When finished flushing, cover burned area with

dry sterile dressing.

Page 28: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

GUIDE TO BURN MANAGEMENT BASED ON SEVERITY AS DETERMINED BY TOTAL BODY SURFACE AREA (TBSA) THAT HAS BEEN BURNED

Page 29: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

Burns can be classified according to the total body surface area (TBSA) that is involved:Minor Burns involve at least 10% of TBSAModerate Burns involve 11% to 20% of

TBSAMajor Burns involve > 20% to 60% of

TBSASevere Burns involve > 60% of TBSA

Page 30: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

WHEN THE VICTIM IS REFERRED TO THE BURNS UNIT?

الحروق لوحدة المصاب تحويل يتم متى

In Adults:Partial thickness burns > 10% TBSA. Full thickness burns > 5% TBSA.

In children:Partial thickness burns > 5 % TBSA.Full thickness burns > 5% TBSA.

Priority areas are involved (face/neck, hands, feet, perineum العجان أعضاء genitalia , منطقة(.and major joints , تناّسلية

Page 31: B URNS الحروق. O BJECTIVES At the end of this session, each student should be able to: Define burn. Identify the characteristics of superficial, partial-thickness,

WHEN THE VICTIM IS REFERRED TO THE BURNS UNIT?

الحروق لوحدة المصاب تحويل يتم متى

Burns caused by chemical or electricity (including lightning ) البرق ) نتيجة كهربائية .(صاعقة

Any circumferential محيطي burn. Burns with concomitant trauma مصاحبة إصابات

or preexisting medical conditions ّسابقة أمراض.باطنية

Burns with associated inhalation injury إصابة.اّستنشاق

Pregnancy with cutaneous burns.