NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

Mohammed Yunus Khan SamiUniversity of South Florida

U45230529

Abstract

Nanotechnology is used in almost all the industries. It essentially provides improvement in developing conventional and non-conventional energy sources. For example, in obtained geothermal energy, drilling probes covered in Nano materials provide optimization of lifespan and efficiency of systems for the development of and natural gas deposits [1]. High duty Nano materials used for rotor blades of wind and tide power plants and corrosion protection layers for mechanically stressed components can be taken as examples. Nanotechnologies will assume a definitive part specifically in the escalated utilization of sunlight based energy through photovoltaic frameworks. In the event of customary crystalline silicon sun powered cells, for example, increments in effectiveness are achievable by antireflection layers for higher light yield. As a matter of first importance, nonetheless, it will be further development of alternative cell types, for example, thin-layer sun powered cells (among others of silicon or other material systems like copper/indium/selenium), color sunlight based cells or polymer sun based cells, which will transcendently benefit from nanotechnologies. The high potential polymer solar cells are made by portable electronic devices and reasonably priced materials having good production methods and flexible design.

Nanotechnologies give the possibility to upgrade energy effectiveness over all branches of industry and to financially influence renewable energy generation through new mechanical arrangements and enhanced generation advancements. what's more, the worldwide atmosphere security approach will be accomplished. Here, Nano technological advancements are applied as a powerful influence for every part of the esteem included chain in the energy division.

Introduction

Fig 1[1]

Conversion of energies is not an easy process. It requires a lot of efficiency which can be increased by reducing carbon emissions. High operating temperatures and heat resisting turbines are required to get high plant efficiency. The introduction of nanotechnology on these blades can increase the efficiency through increased operating temperatures or application of lightweight construction materials. [1]

Thermoelectric energy change is by all accounts similarly encouraging. Nano-organized semiconductors with streamlined limit layer configuration add to increments in productivity that could make ready for a wide application in the use of waste energy, for instance in autos, or even of human body temperature for convenient gadgets in materials.

Energy loss is power transmission can be reduced by using carbon Nanotubes which has high thermal conductivity can be used in electric cables. Moreover, there are Nano technological approaches for the enhancement of superconductive materials for lossless current conduction. Transfer of energy in the future can be done wirelessly by microwaves, electromagnetic resonance and lasers. Future power distribution will require control frameworks giving load and failure administration, demand driven energy supply with adaptable value components and the likelihood of bolstering through various decentralized renewable energy sources. Nanotechnologies could contribute definitively to the acknowledgment of this vision, through Nano-sensory gadgets and power-electronical parts ready to adapt to the to a great degree complex control and checking of such matrices.

Fig 2[1]The usage of nanotechnologies to raise the electrical energy storage like batteries and super-capacitors ends up being out and out promising. Scientist use lithium ion batteries instead of the conventional lead acid batteries. These lithium ion batteries have large number of small atoms which take up space in the battery and provide flow of current these are called as better electrons. Whereas lead acid battery has small amount of large lead atoms which is not so efficient. Companies like Bloom technologies use these kind of batteries. These batteries have high cell voltage and outstanding energy and power density. Nanotechnologies can enhance limit and wellbeing of lithium-particle batteries definitively, like through new ceramic, flexible separators, heat resistant and good performance electrodes.

Fig 3 [1] Basic structure of a lithium-ion batteries (Source : Evonik)

Sustainable energy should be used and to achieve this it is required to improve the efficiency of usage of energy by avoiding unnecessary consumption. This applies to households and industries. Nanotechnology provides a multitude of approaches to energy saving [1]. Scientists are now developing diesel engines with clean exhaust fumes by using Nanotechnology [3]. The catalyst for diesel engine is platinum whose function is to clean the exhaust fume. Energy can also be saved by reducing the weight of machines, by introducing lightweight materials with higher durability on basis of nanocomposites, the optimization in fuel combustion through wear resistant, lighter engine components and Nano particular fuel additives or even nanoparticles for optimized tires with low rolling resistance. Building innovation additionally gives awesome possibilities to energy reserve funds, which could be tapped, for instance, by Nano porousthermal protection material reasonably relevant in the lively restoration of old structures. By and large, the control of light and heat flux by Nano technological segments, as switchable glasses, is a promising way to deal with diminishing energy consumption in structures

Photovoltaics

This is something which produces electric power at the junction of two substances when they are exposed to light. Photovoltaic has reached a billion-dollar market in the world. Previous year, 2-digit growth rates were seen in the markets of USA, Germany, japan. Contemplates by German Shell and the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) and Greenpeace go on the assumption that in effectively a few decades, solar powered technology will have the capacity to supply 20 % to 30 % of the energy required around the world. [1]. There are approximately 60,000 people and 150 companies working to provide solar energy achieving a turnover of 4 billion euros. Even though this sounds impressive, the production of solar power is not

competitive due to high material costs and less quantity of components for solar modules. The production cost in Germany for solar energy is more than 3 times higher than for conventional power plants.

Fig 4 [1]

Photovoltaics will accomplish an expansive leap forward, autonomous of state sponsorships, just on the off chance that it is conceivable to monetarily furnish extensive surfaces with sun oriented cells. This requires a proficiency increment in energy transformation, as well as less costly materials and generation forms, which could be empowered through the utilization of nanotechnologies. Today's market overwhelming innovation, which utilizes monocrystalline or multi-crystalline silicon wafers, barely permits cost diminishment through mechanical upgrades and large scale manufacturing. The significant constraint here is the high crude material cost of the high-virtue crystalline crude silicon, which, inferable from container necks underway, has ascended by 500 % since 2004. Along these lines, in the medium to long run, promising business sector possibilities will come about because of the further advancement of alternative cell types, for example, thin-layer sun powered cells (bury alia, of silicon or other material frameworks like copper/indium/selenium), color sunlight based cells or polymer sun based cells.

Fig 5 [1]

Fig 6 [1]

Nanotechnology organizations in the field of material and module generation can substitute a lot of the additional estimation of routine silicon cells resp. tap extra market possibilities through intense cost diminishments. For the most part polymer solar based cells are said to have a high potential particularly for the supply of versatile electronic gadgets, because of their shoddy materials and generation forms and in addition their adaptable plan. Promote application possibilities are accommodated self-managing and portable item coordinated applications in activity control frameworks, wellbeing and media transmission frameworks and in addition at off-lattice locales in creating and recently industrialized nations for areas with high sun based radiation. Medium-term improvement targets with respect to polymer sun based cells are a proficiency of approx. 10 % and a life expectancy of quite a while, for which, be that as it may, fundamental advance in the comprehension of capacity and influence of Nano morphology of natural semiconductors is required. Likewise required are new ideas to accomplish practical cathode materials and efficient epitome of cells, which are imperative essentials for financiallarge scale manufacturing. Nanotechnologies additionally add to the streamlining of traditional crystalline silicon sun based cells which overwhelm the photovoltaics showcase with a piece of the pie of 90 %. Here, increments in proficiency might be accomplished by nanostructured hostile to reflection layers, which give higher light yield.

Using Nanoparticle in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells has its advantages like ∑ Diminished assembling costs as a consequence of utilizing a low temperature handle like

printing rather than the high temperature vacuum deposition regularly used to deliver routine cells made with crystalline semiconductor material.

∑ Diminished establishment costs accomplished by creating adaptable moves rather than inflexible crystalline boards. Cells produced using semiconductor thin films will likewise have this trademark.

∑ Right now accessible nanotechnology solar cells are not as proficient as customary ones, however their lower cost counterbalances this. In the long haul nanotechnology variants

ought to both be lower cost and, utilizing quantum dabs, ought to have the capacity to achieve higher productivity levels than customary ones.

Michigan technology university has discovered a new type of honeycomb structure of graphene to substitute in place of platinum in solar cells to gain 7.8% of sunlight into electricity. [4]Researchers at Los Alamos National Lab have shown a solar cell that uses a copper indium selenide sulfide quantum specks. Not at all like quantum specks containing lead or cadmium the copper based quantum spot is non-toxic and in addition ease. Specialists at MIT are contemplating sun based cells produced using single particle thick sheets of graphene and materials, for example, molybdenum diselenide. They are foreseeing that this sort of sun based cells could create up to 1000 times as a great deal more power for a given weigh of material than traditional sunlight based cells. They have finished PC demonstrating and are chipping away at building the sun based cells.

Table 1[4]

Scientists at Stanford University have figured out how to trap light in natural sunlight based cells. The thought is that the more extended light is in the sunlight based cell the more electrons will be produced. The researchers found that by making the natural layer much slenderer than the wavelength of light and sandwiching the natural layer between a reflect layer and an unpleasant layer the light remained in the sun based cell longer and energized more electrons.

Fuel cells

They are cells which produce power by chemical changes [5]. Fuels such as natural gas, methane, hydrogen, benzene or biogas may be used as fuels, hydrogen can be extracted from them. The potential use of these fuel cells is enough to power car batteries, generators, mobile phones, laptops and power stations. An essential field of use is likewise the Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), for instance in the field of data and correspondence innovation or for "premium applications" like yacht motors.

Depending on the field of use, different types of fuel cells of various material frameworks are connected, with working temperatures running from room temperature to up to 1000 °C. Here, particularly alluring are high-temperature energy units like MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell) or SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell), since they empower the acknowledgment of force warmth coupled frameworks with high general efficiencies. Such energy units are good to the existing supply foundation. They are now nearly expansive business acknowledgment and could in this manner contribute definitively to an expansion in energy effectiveness.

High possibilities are likewise found in versatile fields of use. For the wide application in autos, a sufficient foundation, as a distribution net for hydrogen, methanol or common gas and also specialized and financial aggressiveness contrasted with ignition motors is still needed. In the short run, a far reaching acknowledgment is by all accounts feasible for the use of scaled down energy components for the operation of versatile electronic gadgets, which can be worked with fuels like methanol, however which are not yet standard. Development possibilities for power devices coming about because of nanotechnologies are mostly because of higher power yield from chemical energy conversion, particularly through nanostructured terminals, membranes and catalysts. The catalyst electrodes in these fuel cells are made of platinum because this increases efficiency and allows much less metal to be used than using solid platinum surface [6].

Fig 7 [6]

Changed carbon nanotubes may likewise have the capacity to supplant platinum in energy components by and large. Creation innovation for carbon nanotubes is progressing quickly, and the shabby and rich crude material implies that catalysts in view of carbon nanotubes can be delivered for a small amount of the cost of platinum catalysts. As platinum as of now records for no less than 25% of the cost of business power modules, appropriation of these catalysts will evacuate a noteworthy hindrance to numerous uses of energy units. Carbon nanotubes when doped with nitrogen, or covered in an electron-pulling back polymer (polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, or PDDA), the electronic properties of the nanotubes can be changed in order to make them compelling as a catalyst. These modified nanotubes have their electro-catalytic activity superior to that of platinum where the power output of a fuel cell using carbon nanotube is equal or greater than platinum. These carbon nanotubes are more strong and robust. Carbon emissions do not damage their catalytic activity when methanol is used a s a fuel unlike platinum.

Fig 8 Carbon Nanotubes [6]

A safe and cost efficient high temperature membrane fuel cells is being developed at Frankfurt-Hochst’s BASF division. This is called membrane electrode units where extractable polymer electrolytes are used instead of phosphoric acid doped polymer membranes [5].

Fig 9 [1]

Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen is a promising fuel which benefits all of mankind. The low or almost zero emissions make it a green and ecofriendly gas. Hydrogen could be used as an automobile fuel. The idea here is to split water into hydrogen and oxygen ions by electrolysis and make use of pure hydrogen for combustion as hydrogen is a highly combustible gas. But electrolysis is an expensive process as a lot of current is required. Other cheaper alternatives are discussed below.

This is not entirely a renewable energy like solar, wind, geothermal etc. but the way it gives out energy is ecofriendly. The exhaust is water. That we can live with!

Hydrogen under pressure is dangerous. Storage of hydrogen is a realistic problem. The conventional methods of storage of hydrogen require large amounts of energy which is taken from fossil fuels which give out nasty carbon emissions. Nanotechnology has provided answeredfor this problem. Scientists have developed a new method of using chicken feathers to store hydrogen. Chicken feathers act like a sponge which draws hydrogen gas closer which in turn drops the pressure in the tank. The feathers are heated to elevated temperatures (750 F). The hollow hair in the feather become Nano porous which provide space to store hydrogen.

While hydrogen can be singed like whatever other fuel, it can likewise be utilized to deliver power specifically in a hydrogen energy unit. While energy components will keep running on different energizes (methanol, characteristic gas, and so on.) [7], they run less neatly than on hydrogen, and require higher working temperatures, more costly materials, and more watchful outline to abstain from fouling and accomplish great long haul execution.

Fig 10 Top image source sandia.gov, bottom image source ORNL.gov

The greater part of hydrogen is as of now created by steam transformation of normal gas. In spite of being an all-around grew, generally effective process when working on a vast scale, steam reconstruction is exceptionally energy concentrated, and clearly requires a wellspring of non-renewable characteristic gas. As the energy for these procedures is well on the way to originate from fossil fuel sources, hydrogen is not a particularly "green" approach to store energy. There has been a noteworthy push in the most recent couple of years to build up a few strategies for utilizing renewable energy - basically sunlight based energy - to specifically deliver hydrogen, along these lines making the fuel what it ought to be: a proficient contrasting option to batteries for putting away clean energy on a vast scale. [7]

Nanoparticles like titanium dioxide have strong photocatalytic activity. This until now has only been applied to self-cleaning surfaces but research has paved a way to use these in production of hydrogen on large scale.

In 2009, scientists at Northeastern University and NIST found that titanium dioxide nanotubes have great photocatalytic action - a great deal more so than what ought not out of the ordinary from the basic increment in accessible surface range over nanoparticles. The cause was observed to be a little measure of potassium particles on the nanotube surfaces, left unintentionally by the creation procedure.

Fig 11 Titanium dioxide nanotubes which break down water into hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight. Source: Northeastern university

I explained earlier by watching the video ‘making stuff cleaner’, one of the way of storing hydrogen gas by making use of chicken feathers. One another friendly method was fund in 2011 by scientists from Lawrence Berkley national laboratories who developed a composite material made of nanoparticles of magnesium which were installed in an organic polymer matrix. This material selectively absorbs hydrogen and stores at high densities as an hydride of magnesium and releasing as and when required.

Table 2 [1]

Fig 12 An image showing how magnesium nanoparticles taking in hydrogen and giving out. Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Nanotechnology appears to hold the way to suitable answers for the two most concerning issues keeping down the hydrogen economy: creation of hydrogen utilizing renewable energy sources, and safe stockpiling and appropriation of hydrogen around the globe.

Photocatalytic creation of hydrogen from water and capacity of hydrogen utilizing novel nanomaterials could frame the premise of a practical dispersion framework, successfully permitting vehicles and nearby joined warmth and power (CHP) frameworks to keep running on sun powered energy, put away as perfect and effective hydrogen fuel.

Fig 13 [1]

Thermoelectricity

Thermoelectricity is the conversion of heat energy into electric energy and this has been done by making use of the see-beck effect [1]. The See-beck impact is a marvel in which a temperature

distinction between two disparate electrical transmitters or semiconductors delivers a voltage contrast between the two substances.

At the point when heat is connected to one of the two conductors or semiconductors, hot electrons stream toward the cooler one. In the event that the match is associated through an electrical circuit, coordinate current (DC) courses through that circuit.

Fig 14 Representation of See-beck effect [8]

The voltages created by See-beck impact are little, generally just a couple of microvolts (millionths of a volt) per kelvin of temperature distinction at the intersection. In the event that the temperature distinction is sufficiently substantial, some See-beck impact gadgets can deliver a couple of millivolts (thousandths of a volt). Various such gadgets can be associated in arrangement to expand the yield voltage or in parallel to build the most extreme deliverable current. Expansive varieties of See-beck impact gadgets can give helpful, little scale electrical power if a huge temperature contrast is kept up over the intersections. [8]

Coming back to thermoelectricity, the material properties which are desired are good electric conductivity and low heat conductivity which directly impacts the thermoelectric efficiency which is determined by ZT [1]. Semiconducting solid compounds are used as the materials such as germanium/silicon alloys which reach efficiency of 5%-10% and a gradient of temperature 700 Celsius.

innovations in Nanotechnology could give a help to thermoelectrics through essentially enhanced efficiencies shown in momentum explore works. Nanostructured semiconductors with upgraded limit layer configuration could understand increments in proficiency which may prepare for a more extensive use of waste heat usage, for example in autos, or of human body warmth for compact gadgets in materials. [1]

Fig 15 [1]Applications of thermoelectricity include giving power to small devices such as iPod, digital watches, MP3 players, cooling the seats in high end cars, conversion of unused heat in factories into useful power and many more [9]

Specialists have as of late highlighted the need to diminish the wastage of warmth by putting away and reusing the energy, saddling the warmth to create power and in this way reusing the energy that would be squandered. To complete this, analysts recommend the utilization of thermoelectric materials, which straightforwardly create power from a temperature slope. The utilization of nanotechnology in planning these materials will enhance the execution of these materials furthermore enhance energy effectiveness.

Specialists from Cranfield University as of late led inquire about on the different utilizations of nanomaterials in the earth and vitality segments. The utilization of thermoelectric and sun oriented retaining materials as vitality era innovations is the most looked into subject as of now. An educator from this college highlighted the utilization of these two materials to frame one gadget that will be able to produce from the thermoelectric impact.

One of the proposed employments of these proficient, nanotechnology-upgraded thermoelectric gadgets concentrates on decreasing the heap of batteries conveyed by troopers in the war zone. This will help expanding the scope of the warriors and permit them to convey more ammo and nourishment and avoid base for longer eras. [9]

In conclusion Thermoelectricity is a greatly intriguing wellspring of electric power due to its capacity to change over warmth stream specifically into power. Thermoelectric gadgets are vitality converters that are effortlessly adaptable and have no moving parts or fluid fills, making them relevant in any circumstance where vast amounts of warmth have a tendency to go to squander, from dress to expansive modern offices.

New opportunities

Novel materials composed and created with the assistance of nanotechnologies offer the guarantee of radical innovative advancement. A significant number of these will enhance our

personal satisfaction, and build up our economies, however all will be measured against the all-encompassing rule that we don't make some mistake, and damage ourselves and our surroundings by presentation to new types of risk. [10]

Designing at the nanoscale as of now enhances the efficiency of clean energy collecting and capacity, bringing down our reliance on dirtying fossil powers. It enhances the efficiency of energy changed over from daylight, and in addition the limit and wellbeing of batteries. As this creates we will see the direct impacts, from quicker, littler and more energy efficient PCs and cell phones, to another time of the naturally clean electric auto. [11]

There are so many impacts of Nanotechnology which is life changing. For example, an article called Solar cell efficiency boosted with pine tree-like nanotube needle described how sunlight was collected and bounced around many a times inside a nanostructure to increase the electron energy. Nanotechnology cuts cost and increases the efficiency of photovoltaic, fuel cells [11].

The article 'Low vitality water purification empowered by nanomaterial-covered wipes' reports on structures at the nanoscale (a 'Nano-sponge'), [11] fit for centering a connected electric field to all the more promptly cut the layers of microorganisms that have defiled water. The article is fascinating not on account of the science, but rather on the grounds that it shows the point that nanotechnology can make cleansing both more secure and less harming to the earth.

European foundations and associations have been at the bleeding edge of efforts to guarantee sheltered and commonsense execution of nanotechnology. Significant efforts have been made to address learning holes through research, the nuancing of capable advancement, and the overhauling of the administrative system to render it equipped for tending to the new difficulties.[11]

All these articles share a common standpoint. How breaking of components at a nanoscale benefits the environment and brings about new technologies into existence.

Still, there is no space for carelessness, for we are really at a scientific outskirt, and there may yet be amazements; in security, disappointment has a high cost. We don't question that that nanotechnology really has the ability to make, and undoubtedly is, improving a world. What's more, guaranteeing a wellbeing will keep on being an accomplice. Yet, achievement will require from trend-setters, researchers, controllers, policymakers, and all concerned, not simply assets, but rather maybe much more, profundity of thought, responsibility, center and determination.

Outlook

Researchers are constantly keeping an eye on the future aspects of nanotechnology. To get more insight about this, reporters in the science field have spoken to Anthony Vicari who is an analyst for Lux research. Vicari said that “Nanotechnology deals with not just one particular industry but a mix of all industries which have little to do with one another, it should be singled out as one industry or market”. Nanomaterials are similar in few ways that they have a small size, similar production ways but their application range towards other industries like in cosmetics, fuel storage, fuel generation, in microchips and sensors etc. Nanotechnology will remain a billion-

dollar industry but ways of preserving it and making new improvements are still going on We can’t say that we are at the epitome of our era in this kind of technology because every new day is a day for new discoveries and improvements.

Glancing back at 2015, Vicari said he has seen proceeded with development for Nano intermediates and Nano-empowered items. "The market for Nano intermediates and Nano-empowered items has been developing rapidly for quite a long time, and keeps on doing as such," he said. "For instance, over all divisions comprehensively from 2012 to 2014, offers of Nano intermediates developed from $167 billion to $453 billion, while offers of Nano-empowered items developed from $848 billion to $1.6 trillion." Growth of sales rocketed from 1.6 billion to 2,1 billion USD.Vicari didn't see any unforeseen, troublesome astonishes in nanotechnology in 2015, yet there were a couple of prominent declarations. As specified above, Cima Nanotech could secure a joint wander with Foxconn, and that was "one of a few prominent speculations/acquisitions in the ITO substitution space," as indicated by Vicari. [12]

Nanotechnology future viewpoint for 2016, Vicari has told that he anticipates that the space will "proceed generally along the direction it has been on for some time," but with interruptions in a few sections.

For instance, he noticed that OCSiAl reported in 2014 that it was offering single-divider nanotubes for $200 per kilogram, about 100 times not as much as contenders. "[That] may have an effect in the following year or somewhere in the vicinity," he said.

It was also stated that graphene Nano platelet companies could be facing pressure the coming year because of the industry’s continuous oversupply, though the industry globally is working at almost less than 15% of production capacity. [12]

In the most recent research examine, "Worldwide Nanotechnology Market Outlook 2022", the experts have directed a portioned research of the nanotechnology business and have translated the key market patterns to unmistakably highlight the regions offering promising conceivable outcomes for ventures to help their development. In 2015, the worldwide nanotechnology showcase has demonstrated noteworthy development upheld by certain unmistakable components, such as acquiring huge measures of open and private interests in R&D, organizations and vital collusions between nations. At present, the bio-restorative industry is one of the biggest areas in which Nano-empowered items have made real commitments, significantly in human services industry, with noteworthy advancements being done in different divisions like gadgets and vitality also. [12]

Conclusion

Population is increasing at an alarming rate; this depletes natural resources. We need energy to sustain life. Man has looked into other alternatives for energy production. This is where renewable energies come into picture. Development of these energies is a challenge for mankind.Developing productivity and new techniques through nanotechnology may assume a key part for the required advancement in the energy division. Nano technological parts give possibilities to

the more proficient usage of vitality stores and the more practical development of renewables.While actualizing Nano technological experiments in the energy area, the macroeconomic and social setting must not be dismissed. The outline of a future energy framework requires long haul investments in research exercises in light of practical potential evaluations and the watchful adjustment of the individual inventory network parts. If there should be an occurrence of renewable energy creation by wind or sun oriented energy, for instance, it must be viewed as that power era happens spasmodically and energy stores must be given as cradles to adjust the fluctuating interest. At the point when supplanting fossil powers, their capacity as energy source, as well as vitality store must be considered, for example in the automotive part. Here, choices must be found for the long haul stockpiling of energy and its accessibility at short notice and in a proficient foundation. To empower the prompt viable usage of nanotechnological advancements in such a wide field like the energy segment, an interbranch and interdisciplinary discourse with all industries included is necessary.

References

[1] Application of nanotechnology in the energy sector. volume 9 of the series Aktionslinie Hessen-Nanotech[2] Nanotechnology in Energy-Nanowerk.com[3] Wikipedia on Nanotechnology[4] understandingnano.com[5] Wikipedia on fuel cells[6] Nanotechnology in fuel cells. Azonano.com[7] Production and storage of hydrogen using Nanotechnology azonano.com[8] http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Seebeck-effect[9] Nanotechnology in thermoelectric devices azonano.com[10] Nanotechnology materials: opportunities and challenges go hand in hand. nanowerk.com[11] Science for environment policy thematic issue on Nanomaterials functionality[12] Nanotechnology Future Outlook 2016. investingnews.com