b-019 in four acts

8/3/2019 B-019 in four acts

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B-019 in four acts

-physical oceanography-optics-phytoplankton-experimental manipulations


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Old Man Ocean, how do you poundSmooth glass, rough stones round?

Time and the tide and the wild waves rollingNight and the wind and the long gray dawn.

.Russell Hoban

THE PHYSICS


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Ekmann transport along WAP (from 2007)


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Summer project: Need depth resolved currents. Apply thethermal wind calculations to estimate the u and v componets.

Ruben Marrero Gomez, Juan Alberto Gonzalez Santana, Josh Kohut


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U-velocity

Heat transport


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Every day, the ocean changes colour or rather, it passes though a varietyof hues between the morning, noon

and night of a single day. The subtleshapes of clouds, the glittering light

of the sun, and the shifts in

atmospheric pressure tint the seawith deep tones, cheerful tomes,

plaintive tones that would cause anypainter to pause in wonder.

from The Samurai by Shusaku Endo(1980)

THE OPTICS


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Bio-optics of WAP waters

Absorption-attenuation measurements

Backscatter measurements


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0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03

0

20

40

60

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

backscatter

D

epth(m)

absorption, scatter, attenuation

a488

c488

B488

bb495

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03

0

20

40

60

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

backscatter

Depth(

m)

absorption, scatter, attenuation

a488

c488

B488

bb495

December 28, 2009

December 01, 2009


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Time

Depth(m)

PAL0910 December St.B absorption @488

11/29 12/06 12/13 12/20 12/27 01/03

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2


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For each

depth intervallight attenuation

c(l,t) = a(l,t) + b(l,t)

absorption

a(l,t) = awater(l) + aphyto(l) + aCDOM(l) + ased(l)

scatteringb(l,t) = bwater(l) + bphyto(l) + bCDOM(l) + bsed(l)backscattering

bb(l,t) = bb,water(l) + bb,phyto(l) + bb,CDOM(l) + bb,sed(l)geometric structure of light

md(l) = fxn[b(l,t),c(l ,t), m0(l)]

diffuse light attenuation

Kd(l) = [a(l,t) + bb(l ,t)]/md(l)]

water leaving radiance to a satellite

Lu(l) = fxn[a(l,t),b(l ,t), bb(l ,t),Ed(l,t), md(l), md(l), mu(l)]

Radiative Transfer Equations


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

depth

(m)

12/01/09 St. B

Modeled Kd

Measured Kd

0

10

20

30

40

0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45

depth(m)

12/28/09 St. B

Modeled Kd

Measured Kd

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14

Modeled Kd

MeasuredKd

y = 0.9902x + 0.0009

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.2

0.24

0.08 0.13 0.18 0.23

Modeled Kd

MeasuredKd


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Focus now on the feedbacks on upper ocean heating rates

The impact of model ROMSsimulations that

do not get the radiant heating andheat budget right

THE PHYTOPLANKTON


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The algae awakens,and joins the mob.

Michael Lipsey

THE PHYTOPLANKTON


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Recent changes in WAP phytoplankton

12% decrease in chl a overpast 30 years, particularlynorthern WAP

1970s-1980s

1995-2005 Montes-Hugo et al. 2009

Shift from large to small

phytoplankton


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Coupling biology with environmentalfactors

Montes-Hugo et al. 2009


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Recent changes in WAP phytoplankton

Shift to cryptophytes associated withdecreased salinity from glacial meltwater

Moline et al.2004

10 m

100 m

SEM Micrographs fromMcMinn & Hodgson 1993


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What we dont know

Despite 20 years of data collected via LTER,little knowledge of biology/physics in northernWAP/Palmer region

Current efforts focusing on Palmer LTER data to

assess: 1) The effect of environmental factors and physical

forcing on the timing, magnitude, and composition ofPalmer blooms (SML, wind direction and speed, seaice dynamics, cloud cover, irradiance)

2) If rapid climate change in the region has alteredany of these parameters

P l St ti T t d S li it


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Palmer Station Temperature and Salinity

Warmer andfresher over time

Deepening ofwarm, fresh water


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, ,SAM

La Nia/+SAM: Strong warm northerly winds; - sea-ice anomalies; early sea-ice retreat offshoreof WAP; high chl anomalies

El Nino/-SAM:Weak cold southerly winds; + sea-ice anomalies; late spring retreat of sea ice;low chl anomalies


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No apparent correlation of chl and ENSO/SAM

* La Nia/+SAM

* **

*

High Chl anomalies: 95/96: La Nina/neutral SAM

01/02: neutral ENSO/+SAM

05/06: La Nina/-SAM

09/10: El Nino/-SAM

Start of krill


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Chl and Wind?Yes, and no

Chl anomalies notalways tied to wind

Exception: 01-02

season hadhighest chl,highestwindspeed, andhighest # of windy

days Threshold?

Tied to sea icedynamics?

z-intChl

Win

dspeed(m/s)

#windyday

s(>5m/s)

**

**

*

*

cohort fromBill this morning


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Enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2): Boil, boil, toils and trouble

THE MANIPULATIO


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Part 1

Effects of enhanced CO2

on Antarcticplankton communities and biogeochemistry1. Diatom-dominated Marguerite Bay

2. Small phytoplankton (cryptophyte)-dominated

Palmer Station

Effects of enhanced CO2 on Antarctic krillfeeding and nutrient excretion

Part 2

CO S i Eff t


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CO2 Scenarios: Effects onphytoplankton community

Low CO2 High CO2

Active CCM

CCM efficiencyEfficiency of DIC utilizationInternal DIC storage

Down-regulated CCM


CCM requirements stillpresent, but relaxed, givingfast-growing species acompetitive advantage

CO S i Eff t


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Low CO2 High CO2

Small cells:Cryptophytes

Large cells:Diatoms

Active CCM


Down-regulated CCM


CO S i Eff t


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Low CO2 High CO2

Small cells:Cryptophytes

Large cells:Diatoms

Active CCM


Down-regulated CCM


?

Q ti


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Questions

Do diatom- and cryptophyte-dominatedpopulations in the West Antarctic Peninsularespond differently to enhanced CO2? Phytoplankton, virus, bacteria, microzooplankton

community changes?

How does enhanced CO2 affectphytoplankton biomass, primary production,physiology, and biogeochemistry?


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Marguerite Bay Mesocosm High Chl: 12 mg m-3

High Prod: 230 mg C m-3 d-1

Diatom bloom:

Chaetocerossp.

Fragilariopsissp.

Pseudo-nitzschiasp.

SEM images from B. Jones

Low surface pCO2

Data from T. Takahashi; Figure from K. Huang

Diatom-dominated Mesocosm


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Diatom-dominated Mesocosm

10-fold increase inchl a& productivity

NO3 & PO4drawdown by day10 in allmesocosms

No differencesbetween CO2treatments

(Saba et al., in prep)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0

5

10

15

20

2530

35

40

45

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

50

40

30

20

10Chlorophylla(gL-1)

0

800

400

PrimaryProductivity

(m

g/m3/d)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Time (days)

00

1200

Cryptophyte-dominated Mesocosm


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Lower biomass &productivity inhigh CO2

treatment

No increase inbiomass overcourse of study


* p < 0.05

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5Chlorophylla(gL-1)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (days)

0

0

25

20

15

10

5PrimaryProductivity

(mg

/m3/d)

0

30

* *

**

*



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Lower biomass in high CO2 treatment due to declines innanophytoplankton size class


* p < 0.05

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000Nanophytopla

nkton(cellsmL-1)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time (days)

00

6000

7000

*

** *

Cryptophyte dominated Mesocosm


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Decrease in Fv/Fm in high CO2 treatment


*p < 0.05

180 ppm

385 ppm

750 ppm

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 2 4 7 12

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Fv

/Fm

2 4 7 12

Sampling time point (day)

0

0

0.6

0.7

0.8

* * **

CO S i Eff bi h i


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CO2 Scenarios: Effects on biogeochemistry

High CO2

Cryptophyte-dominated

Diatom-dominated

BiomassProductivity

N, P, Si, Fe uptake

Would diatoms ultimatelyswitch to N, P, Si, and/or Felimitation?

?

No change in biomass

No change in productivity

N, P, Fe uptakeC:N, C:P

OR

CO Scenarios: Effects on food webs


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CO2 Scenarios: Effects on food webs

High CO2

Cryptophyte-dominated Diatom-dominated

microbialloop

Salp pathway: 40-65%decrease in C transport tohigher trophic levels(Moline et al. 2004)

Increase in biomassIncrease in productivity

OR

Ocean CO uptake varies with


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Ocean CO2 uptake varies withphytoplankton biomass

Montes-Hugo, in prep

Ocean CO uptake varies with


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Ocean CO2 uptake varies withphytoplankton community

Montes-Hugo(in prep)

10 m

100 m

SEM Micrographs fromMcMinn & Hodgson 1993

P 1 S d C l i


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Part 1 Summary and Conclusions

No effect of enhanced CO2

on diatom-dominated system

Diatoms were C limited due to undersaturation of surfacepCO2

Diatoms are weakly regulated by CO2

Increased growth and productivity may eventuallybecome nutrient limited

Lower biomass in high CO2 treatment in cryptophyte-

dominated mesocosm More data will help to understand physiological

mechanisms and ecological implications


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Part 2:Effects of enhanced CO2

on Antarctic krill feeding& nutrient excretion

(Saba, Schofield, Steinberg; in prep)

Responses to hypercapnia


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Suppress

metabolism

Compensation inextracellular fluidpH

Acid-base/ion

equilibria reachnew steadystate

Yu et al. 2011



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Suppress

metabolism

Compensation inextracellular fluid pH

Acid-base/ionequilibria reachnew steady state

Hampers:metabolism, growthand reproduction inlong-term

Yu et al. 2011

Eff f h d CO b li


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Effects of enhanced CO2 on metabolism

Hauton et al. 2009

COPIESm

RNA.gt

otal

R

NA-1

Control Nom. pH 7.8(550 ppm)

Nom. pH 7.6(980 ppm)

Increase in expression of metabolic enzyme genes at high CO2

Increase in ventilatory frequency & effort in some fish,elasmobranchs, cephalopods, and brittle stars

amphipods

Hypothesis


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Hypothesis

Extra cost of compensation in krill due toenhanced CO2 (i.e.,boost of oxygen

transport system, increased demand foracid-base regulator proteins) will result inan increase krill metabolism, feeding, andnutrient excretion

Krill Grazing Rates on Phytoplankton


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Krill Grazing Rates on Phytoplankton

Higher grazing in high CO2 treatment

Higher grazing in pregnant females in high CO2 treatment


385 ppm

750 ppm

* p < 0.05

All Krill Non-pregnant Pregnant

I(gCk

rilll-1d

-1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

All krill Non-pregnant Pregnant

40

0

80

120

*

*

Krill Nutrient Excretion Rates


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Krill Nutrient Excretion Rates

Higher krill excretion rates in high CO2 treatment


0

5

10

15

20

25


0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0


NH4

(gNk

rilll-1h

-1)

All Krill Non-pregnant PregnantPO4(gP

krilll-1h

-1)

0

2

6

4

0

25

20

15

10

5

385 ppm

750 ppm

* p < 0.05

All Krill Non-pregnant PregnantDOC

(gCk

rilll-1h

-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

All Krill Non-pregnant PregnantAll Krill Non-pregnant Pregnant

30

20

10

0

*



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Higher chlorophyll ingestion rates and higher excretion rates at higher CO2 Analysis of metabolic enzyme activities will provide insight into effect on

overall krill metabolism (respiratory ETS, citrate synthase, MDH, LDH,gadph)

Higher grazing rates but similar excretion rates in pregnant vs. non-pregnantfemales

Pregnant females demanded & retained more nutrition

Higher metabolism due to increasing CO2 may negatively impact krillproduction in long-term

Prolonged exposure studies necessary to determine possible adaptationof krill


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B-019 Papers in Prep (each can provide a poster to the site review):Haskins et al Photo-physiology at Palmer deep MEPS (Dec)

Garzio et al Bio-optical properties of the WAP GRL (Feb-March)Oliver et al Penguin foraging and tides (Fall)

Saba et al Phytoplankton community responses to changes ocean PH (Dec-Jan)Saba et al Krill responses to changes in ocean PH (Fall)

Saba et al Analysis of Palmer time series (Spring)

Schofield et al Carbon quantum yields in the WAP (Spring)

B-019 Funding Goals in Review:1) Under ice glider comms and navigation

2) Sherell trace metal mapping of WAP

B-019 Funding Goals in Prep:

1) Time to recharge the glider fleet (Looking to Keck, focus on hotspots)2) Plan the NASA2 effort and support planned efforts by Kohut in 2012

3) NSF MRI, equipment to refurbish the HPLC, cell counters, new optics

B-019 2011-2012 Update of Goals


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b-019 in four acts

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