Bull. Ind. lnst. Hist. Med. Vol. XX pp. 151 to 162

AYURVEDA IN THEEIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES

MOMIN All·

ABSTRACT

The period of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is considered

as modern period. During this period India passed from medieval to

modern age. This period witnessed a remarkable beginning of inte-

llectual activities in India. A number of books on Ayurveda were

written. Many British officials and physicians studied the Indian

medicine and published their works. A new branch of history of

Avur ve d a was developed. Ayurvedic pharmacies on the lines of the

pharrnac.vs of modern medicine were s t ar t ed , A brief account of allthese developments in the field of Ayurveda has been presented in

this article.

The period of eighteenth andnineteenth centuries in India is con-sidered by almost all scholars asmodern period. This period is mar-ked by political turmoil due to dec-line of Mughal empire and establish-ment of British rule. During thisperiod India passed from medieval tomodern age. The first century ofBritish rule in India (1757-1858)witnessed a remarkable beginning ofintellectual activities in this country.At the end of 15th century Portu-guese arrived in India and along withthem they brought European doctors.

The first Government SanskritCollege was started in 1824 at Cal-cutta and in 1827 the classes ofIndigenous and Allopathic systems ofmedicine of two years duration werestarted there. In 1833 the classesof Indigenous and Allopathic systemsof medicine in the Calcutta SanskritCollege and Madrassa were abolishedand the medical college of Bengalwith English medium was establishedin 1835 for European medicine. Thiswas followed by Madras MedicalSchool (1835), the Grant MedicalCollege, Bombay (1845). Hyderabad

,"<!:Research Officer incharge. I.!.HM. Hyderabad.

752

Medical School (1846), King EdwardMedical School, Indore (1848), AgraMedical School (1854). Amritsar Me~dical School (1864). Campbell Medi-cal School. Calcutta (1873). TempleMedical School, Parna (1874). OrissaMedical School, Cuttack (1875), B.J. Medical School. Poona (1878),Ahmedabad Medical School (1879).Calcutta School of Medicine (1886),Christian Medical College, Ludhiana(1894) College of Surgeons andPhysicians, Bengal (1895). HaffkineInstitute of India, Bornb av (1899)and Berry White Medical School,Dibrugarh (1900). In this way upto19th century medical colleges wereestablis hed a1\ over the cou ntry.Modern theories about diseases werespreading Ayurveda was also influ-enced by all these changes.

Due to long Muslim rule forcenturies, the Unani medicine wasalso fully established during thisperiod. Ayurvedic physicians hadstarted using many Un ani drugs intheir practice. In addition to Ahi-phena (Papaver somniterum linn)and Bhar'lga (Cencebis sativa linn)etc. of medieval period. the use offormulations containing Sankhiva(arsenic) Kucala (Strychnos nu xv o-mica linn), Tarr.akhu (Nicotana tobe-cum) and Soraka (Potassium nitrate,salt petre) etc. was increased duringthis period. A number of new mo de sof preparations like Ser ab at. Gulkandand Malham from Unani system ofmedicine and Acids from AI!opathy

Bull. Ind. tnst. Hist. Med. Vol. XX

were also taken in Ayurveda, asincluded in Siddhabhesajarnanirnalaof this period. Attempts were alsomade to assimilate new thoughtsinto Ayurveda such as, Daktarirnata-nusara mutraparik~a (urine examina-tion according to modern medicine)and other modern elements havebeen given in Nighal)turatnakara(1867) and Brhanniqbantur atnakara(1891).

In this changing situation Kavi-raja Ganqadhar Roy (1798-1865) ofBengal gave a new direction to Ayur-veda. Murshidabad became a greatcentre of Ayurvedic education. Hetrained a number of de sciples. whopropagated Ayurveda in the wholecountry with their sound knowledge,dedication and sincerity. Thereafterthe teachinq system of Ayurveda waschanged during 1900 to 1925The previous syllabus based on sam-hita s was changed to subjectwise,systematic examinations were con-ducted i.nd integration of Ayurvedawith modem medicine also tookplace.

A number of books on Avur ve dawere written during 18th & 19thcenturies. Some of these works are:

A. The books belonging to 18thcentury:

1. '.\tankatirnirabha.:,kra of Balarameof Var anasi. A great work com-posed in the beginning of the18th century Tea is added here0::. ,I new drug

Avurvede-s-I Sth & 19th Centuries-Momin Ali

2. 'Vaidva Vinoda' of Sankara Bhat-ta of Jaipur (1705).

3. 'Sivatattvaratnakara' of KeladiBasavaraja (1709). It is an ency-clopaedic work dealing with me-teorology, astronomical ideas,longevity and perpetual bodilyvigour, town planning, horticul-ture and allied aspects. Ayurveda,mercury and mercurial prepara-tions, serpents and poisons. andveterinary science etc.

4. 'Divvarasendr asara' of Dhanapati(18th cent.).

5. 'Vaidvamrta' of Narayana (18thcent.).

6. 'Pravoqarnrta' of Vaidya Cinta-rnani. A most extensive workon therapy composed in the 18thcentury.

7. 'Riijiivallabha niqhant u' of Raja-va lIabha (l Brh cant.):

8. Avurve daprakasa of MahadevaUpadhyaya (1713).

9. Vaidvakasarasamqraha of Sr ik a-ntha Sarnbhu (1734).

10, Yoqatar anqini ot Trimalla (1751).A well known collection ofrecipes.

11. Rajavallabhiya Oravyaguna ofNiirayal)B Dasa (1760).

, 12. Hikrnatprakasa of Mahadeva(1773). A work in Sanskrit onUnani medicine.

153

13. Cikitsasagara of Batesvara(1785) and

14. Paradakalpadruma of Ananta(1792) etc.

B. The books belonging to 19thcentury:

1. Ajirnamenjari or Amratamafijari ofof Kasinatha or Kasiraja orKasirama (1811).

2. Gu~haprakasika or Upakarasata ofOinakara .Jvoti-r (1818).

3. Dhaturatnarnala of Deva Dutta(1828).

4. Cob aciniprakjisa. compiled underthe auspices of the famous Ran-jit Singh (1851). A monographicwork on Copacini (Sarasaparilla)as a remedy against syphilis andother diseases.

5. NighaDturatnakara of Visnu Vasu-deva Godbole (1867).

6. :\yurvediyadravyabhidhana of K.B. Lal Sengupta (1876). A workcontaining special collections ingreater number for materia med-ica.

7. _\yurveda Vijiiana (2 parts), ofKaviraja Vinodlal Sengupta(1887).

8. Bower manuscript (Navarutaka).found in 1890 by Col. H. Bowerat Kachar in East Turkey.

9. BrhannighaI)turatnakara of Dat-tararna Caube (1891).

154

10. Nighl)tu521rilgraha of Raghunat-haji Indraji (1893).

11. Bhaisajvaratnaval! of GovindaDasa (Calcutta. 1893). A collec-tion of recipes. giving descrip-tion of new diseases also. suchas Vrkkaroqa (Kidney diseases)and Mastiskaroqa (Brain disea-ses).

12. Vaidvakasabdasindhu of UrnesaCandra Gupta (1894). A medicalSanskrit dictionary containing acollection of medical technicalterms with explanations andnumerous citations from the me-dical glossaries.

13. Siddhabhesaj amanirnala of Kr~l)a-rarna Bhat t a (1896). A workcontaining many types of Unanipreparations like Sarbat, Gulkandand Malham etc. and acids ofmodern medicine. New diseaseslike typhoid and pneumonia arenamed here as Mauktika Jwaraand Gaurjari respectively. It alsoincludes a number of specialrecipes like Amira Rasa. Sitala-parpati, Malia taila, Bhanqa vat-aka, Khaskhasavaleha, Samira-pannaga taila etc. and

14. Saligrama NighaI)tu. the last lex-icon of Lala Saliqrarna Vaisva(1896) etc.

Apart from the above books,translations of Caraka Samhita, Sus-ruta Sarnhita. A,:>~angahrdaya, Madh-avanidana and SaraJigadhara Sam-

Bull. Ind. tn st , Hist, Med. Vol. XX

hita were published. A number ofbooks on Ayurveda were written inEnglish language also. Such as"Materia Medica of the Hindus" byUrnesa Candra Dutta (1877), a trans-lation of Sanskrit materia medica in-to English. "A short History of Aryanmedical science" by Sir BhaqwatSinh Jee (1896) and English transla-tion of Caraka Samhita by Avinasa-candra Kaviratna etc. Sanskrit com-mentaries on ancient treatises werealso written such as 'Jalpakalpataru'commentary on Caraka Sarnhita byKaviraja Ganqadhar Roy (1798-1865)and 'Carakopaskara' cornmentarv onCaraka Samhita by YogindranathaSen (1871-1918) etc.

The Bengal Asiatic Society foun-ded by Sir William Jones (1746-1794)in 1784 at Calcutta also played aleading and pioneering role in Indiatowards developing and promotingscientific research and education inthe field of oriental studies. Some ofthe British civilians educated inEngland became interested in Sanskritliterature including medical classicsof India. Many British officials andphysicians like Jones. Miller. Wilson,Royle and Wise etc. studied the anci-ent Indian medicine and publishedtheir works which are:

"The design of a treatise on the plantsof India" by Jones (1789);

"Disquisitions in the history of medi-cine" devoting a section to the condi-tions of healing in Hindustan by

Ayurveda-18th & t sth Centuries-i-Momin Ali 155

MilJer(1811); "On the medical andsurgical sciences of the Hindus" byWilson (1823); "The antiquity andindependent origin of Hindu medicine"Royle (1837); "A commentary on theHindu system of medicine" by Wise(1845); "Thirty five years in the East"an autobiography by Honigberger(1852); "Medicine of the orientalIndians" by Renouard (1836), trans-lated by C. G. Coornegys (1856);"Ancient and medieval India" byMrs. Manning (1869); "In Mrs.Manning's Ancient and MedievalIndia" by Goldsutcker (1869) etc.

Many European and Indian bota-nists and scholars also worked all

Indian medicinal plants during thisperiod. Prominent among them areJones (1794) who wrote "Botanicalob ..ervations on select Indian plants"e s one of the earliest contributionson this subject. This was fol-lowed by Fleming's "Catalogueof Indian medicinal plants" (1810);Ainslie's "Materia medica of theHindustan" (1813); Roxburgh's"Flora Indica" (1820-32); O'shaugh-nessy's "The 8engal dispensatory andpharmacopoeia" (1841) and "The8engal pharrnacopoe ia" (1844) dea-ling exclusively with the properitiesand uses of the indigenous drugs;Irvin's materia medica of Patna(1848); Waring's "Pharmacopoeia ofIndia" (1868) establishing the valuesof indigenous medicinal products;Mohideen Sheriffs "Supplement tothe pharmacopoeia of India" (1869)

adding very materially to the useful-ness of the work; Hooker's "Flora ofBritish India" (1875-94); Dutt's "Themateria medica of the Hindu's" (1877)a translation of Sanskrit materiamedica into English; Fluckiqer andHenburv's "Pharmacographia" (1879);Sukharama Arjuns "Materia medica ofwestern India" (1883); Dvrnock, War-den and Hooper's "PharmacographiaIndica" (1890-93); a most usefulwork on the chemical compositionand pharmacological actions of theIndian medicinal plants; Watt's"Dictionary of the economic productsof India" (1885-94). a monumentaland very useful work in this field;Day's "Indigenous drugs of India"(1896) etc. These works helpedclassifying the indigenous drugs onthe scientific lines and in solving theproblem of identification of the con-troversial drugs of Ayurveda. Theclassification of the indigenous drugsmade the work of the scie ntists veryeasy in the field of drug research.

History of AyurvedaHistory of medicine is not a new

subject in Ayurveda. The ancientAyurvedic texts give glimpses ofhistory of Ayurveda. But, this subjectremained for a long time as themost neglected branch of learning.Most of the Ayurvedic physiciansbecame simple dispensers of drugsand gradually they lost interest in thehistorical aspect of Avurve da. It wasonly after the founding of the AsiaticSociety of Bengal in 1784 that.

156

interest for the Indian medicine wasroused among English readers. Anumber of scholars and physiciansstudied the ancient Indian medicineand published their valuable works.The article of Wilson "On the medicaland surgical sciences of the Hindus"(Oriental magazine. 1823) was oneof the beginning attempts to attractthe historians towards Ayurveda. Thework in this direction was continuedby British. German, French and Indianhistorians. They include Royle (1837).Wise (1845), Stanzler (1846), Webb(1853), Webar (1852), Brain (1858),listard (1863), Daremberg (1867).Manning (1869), Goldstucker (1869),Hessler (1887). Schoroedar (1887)and Brendes (1891) e tc Indianphysicians also became interested inhistory of medicine. Eduljee was thefirst Indian to write a book on historyof medicine. Dr. Kunte and Dr Bhag-wat Sinh Jee wrote on history ofancient me dicine of India. Thusduring nineteenth century a newbrunch of history of Ayurveda wasdeveloped and now it is laught asone of the subjects in the graduateand post graduate classes of Ayurveda.

PharmacyGenerally Ayurvedic physicians

were preparing their own medicinesfor their patients. But around nine-teenth century many small and bigAyurvedic pharmacies on the lines ofthe pharmacies of modern medicinewere started at Jamnagar. Calcutta.Bombay and Dhaka etc. Vaidya

Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist Med. Vol. XX

landu Bhat ta of Jamnagar was thefirst Ayurvedic physician who workedin this direction and establishedlandu Hasasala at Jamnagar in 1860.It was engaged in preparing theAyurvedic medicines on the largescale and used to sell these medi-cines to the hospitals of NavanagarState and to other Ayurvedic physi-cians. This experiment was a successand later on more such Ayurvedicpharmacies viz. Sakti Ausadhalava,Dhaka Ayurvediya Pharmacy, SadhnaAuse dhalava. Dhutapapesvata ofPanvel (Bombay), landu Pharmacyand Unjha Pharmacy of Gujarat.Sukh asanca iak a Company of Haridas aVaidya of Mathura and Dabur( Dr. S. K. Burman) Pharmacy ofCalcutta came into existence oncommercial basis. Acharya PraphulChandra Ray established' The BengalChemical and Pharmaceutical Works"in 19CO AD. where active principlesof many indigenous drugs were extra-cted and Ayurvedic formulations wereprepared and presented on modernlines, especially for the practitionersat modern medicine. which becamepopular among them.

In the beginning the Ayurvedicmethods were used to prepare themedicine but. later on western tech-nology was adopted. In this way therevolution set In the nineteenthcentury gav() birth to the new classof commercial pharmacies, whichchanged the entire out look and setup of Ayurvedic system.

Av urvede= t Sth & 19th Centuries-Momin Ali

It is now clear that the westernscience and nineteenth century haveinfluenced the Ayurveda in everyrespect. Today the ways and meansused either in respect of practice ofAyurveda or tecaching in the collegeor research in the laboratory have

157

entirely changed in comparison tothe ancient or medieval Ayurveda.This revolution, by the influence ofwestern science and technologystarted in the nineteenth centuryis now taking a new shape in thetwentieth century.

IMPORTANT PERSONS OF THE 18th-19th CENTURYBENGAL:

1. Rama Sen (18th century).2. Kaviraja Gan qadnar a Roy (1798-1865).3. Dwarkanatha Sen (1843-1906).4. Haranacandra Cakravarti ( -1935).5. Yoqindranatha San (1871-1918).6. Kaviraja Syamadasa Vacaspati (1876-1941).7. Kaviraja Ganqaprasada Sen.8. Kaviraja Vijayaratna Sen (1858-1911).9. Yaminibhusan a Ray (1879·1925).

UTTAR PRADESH:10. Kaviraja Dh arrnadasa]i (1862-1935).

DELHI:11. Kaviraj a Harir anjana Majurndara (1835· ).

RAJASTHAN:12. Shri Kr'il)arama Shat ~a (1848·1877)

GUJARAT:13. .Je evarama Kalidasa Sastri.14. Zandu vit thaiji Bhat ra (1831- ).15. H. H. Bhagvat Sinh Jee (1865- ).16.\carya Yadva]i Tr ik arnji (1881·1956).

POONA:17. Sankerdaji Sastri Pade (1867- l.

KERALA:18. P. S. Warrier (1869- ).19. H. H. Kerala Verma (1864-1944).

MADRAS:20. Achanta Lakshmipathi (1880-1964).•...

158 Bull. Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. XX

INCLUSION OF NEW DRUGS1. Caya (Tea) : It is added as a new drug in ,\'taJi.l<atimirabiiskara of 18th

century.

In 19th century several other drugs of the modern period were included inthe Indian materia medica, which are as follows:

2. Ganja (Resinous leaves of Cannabis) : Bhaisajvaratnavali has incorporatedit by the name of Samvida, as one of the medicines for relieving pain.

3. ls nfqola (Plantago ovata) : Included in Ayurveda Vijfia na as Sitabija, inSiddhabhesajarnanimala as lswarabola and in ~aligrama Nigha1.ltu asIsadgola.

4. Kaladana (Ipomoea h=drscea ) : Included in Ayurveda Vijliiina as Svarnabijaand in Siddhabhesajamanimala as Kaiaj'ljanika.

5. Uil mirch (Chillis) : Included as Katuvira in Ayurveda Vijilana as pittekariniin Siddhabhesajarnanirnata and as Rakta maries in ~aligrama Niqhsntu.

6. Mehndi (Henna) : Included in Siddhabhesajarnanimal.i as Gucchauqha-puspa and in Saligrama Nighal.ltu as Nakharanjaka.

7. Revandacini (Rhubard) : Included in Ayurveda Vijnana and Saligrama Nig-hant u as Pitamiili and in Siddhabhesajarnanimala as Hevatik a.

8, Tarnakhu (Tobacco): Included in Nighal)turatnakara and Brhanniqhantu-r atnak ara.

In addition to the above mentioned drugs many flowers, vsgetables andfruits were also includ id in Avurveda during the above per iod. which are asunder:

Flowers:1. Ge nda (Merigold) : Included as Sshasra in Siddhabhesajarnauirnala and as

.Jhan.luk a in ,;aligrama Niqhantu.

2. Gulab (Rose) : Inc 'u ded as ~]tapatri in Ayurveda Vijllan3, Siddhabhesa-js rnauirnala and ~a!iglama NighallLu.

Fruits:3. Amruda (Guava) : Included as Peruk a in Siiligriim~ Niqhnnt u.4. An annas a (Pine-apple) : Included in ~iiligrama Niqhant u.5. Kaju (Cashew) : Included in Siddhabhe-ajarnanimala 05 Kiijutaka.

Av urveae -18th & 19th Centuries-Momin Ali i5S

6. Papita (Papaya) : Included in Saligrama NighalJ\u as Eraudacirbhata.7. ~arifa (Custard apple) : Included in Ayurveda Vijilana, Siddhabhesajarnani-

mala and ~aligrama Niqhantu as Gandaqatr a.

Vegetables:8. Alii (Potato) : Included in ~aligrama NighaDtu as Alliika.9. Arvi (Colocasia) : Included in Ayurveda Viji'lana. Siddhabhesajarnanirnala

and ~aligrama Niqhantu as Aluki.10. Bhlndi (Lady's finger) : Included as Bhinda in Saligrama Niqhantu.11. Patragobhi (Cabbage) : Included in S;i.ligrama Niqhantu.12. Puspaqobhi (Cauliflower) : -do-

1. Atrideva Vidyalankara (1960)

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162 Butt, Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. XX

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