AWM and livelihoods in the crop-livestock systems of the Volta Basin

S. Douxchamps, E.K. Panyan, A. Kaboré, B. Sawadogo, F.K. Avornyo, K. Ouattara, N. Karbo, A. Ayantunde

introduction material & methods results conclusions

introduction

Background

▪ livelihood: means of securing the basic necessities for life (food, water, shelter, clothing).

▪ AWM increases livelihoods by↑ agricultural productivity, ↑nutrition and health, ↑ employment and income↓ risks and vulnerability…

▪ evidences are scarce

▪ quantification of impact of AWM on livelihoods is a challenge

introduction

Background

▪ livelihood: means of securing the basic necessities for life (food, water, shelter, clothing).

▪ AWM increases livelihoods by↑ agricultural productivity, ↑nutrition and health, ↑ employment and income↓ risks and vulnerability…

▪ evidences are scarce

▪ quantification of impact of AWM on livelihoods is a challenge

Hypotheses

Objective

▪ to characterize crop-livestock households in four contrasting sites in the dry areas of the Volta Basin in terms of access to water and to services and information, AWM practice and livelihoods

▪ to explore and quantify the linkages between these characteristics

AWM practice ↑ Livelihoods ↑ Access to waterAccess to services and information

Sampling

▪ 4 sites ~ N-S gradient and access to market

▪ 4 villages/site ~ population density access to water infrastructuresinvolvement in projectsconflict free community

▪ 25 households/village ~ crop-livestock farmingrandom

→ final sample size: 326 households

Survey

▪ household composition ▪ household assets (land, livestock, farm and domestic assets) and housing condition▪ income▪ food consumption▪ AWM practices ▪ water sources ▪ access to services and information on AWM

material & methods

(Source: GLOWA) Njuki et al., 2011

material & methods

Indicators

Dimension IndicatorsRange or percentage

of total

Income Income (USD) 0 - 9306Sources of income 0 - 8

Assets Assets (USD) 0 - 5280Housing index 1 - 6Land assets (ha) 0 - 31Livestock assets (TLU) 0 - 69

Food security Food consumption score 10 - 93

Practice Intensity -3 - 21

Training 17Services 31Weather 21Sources of information 0 - 5

Access for livestock 0 - 5Sources crop-livestock 0 - 10

Labour Labour 0 - 105

Access to information and services

Access to water

∑ Quality factorii = 1

5

∑ (Frequencyi [days/week] * Factori)i = 1

12

Njuki et al., 2011; Sullivan et al., 2008

∑ Intensityii = 1

14

∑ Frequencyii = 1

33

Scaling: xi-xmin xmax-xmin

results

Livelihoods

Country Sitemean SD mean SD mean SD

Burkina Faso Ouahigouya 5.3 4.2 3.4 3.2 52 13Koubri 5.4 4.6 6.3 8.6 39 10

Ghana Lawra 2.8 1.7 3.4 3.1 51 16Tolon-Kumbugu 5.0 4.4 5.5 6.7 47 19

TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit

Food consumptionLivestock assets (TLU)Land assets (ha)

Country Sitemedian range mean SD median range mean SD

Burkina Faso Ouahigouya 99 0 - 3168 1.3 0.7 393 0 - 3012 2.1 0.5Koubri 238 0 - 9306 2.6 1.2 882 0 - 4138 2.2 0.6

Ghana Lawra 19 0 - 1617 1.8 1.2 145 0 - 5280 2.8 0.9Tolon-Kumbugu 367 0 - 5952 2.6 1.2 269 0 - 3603 2.6 0.9

Assets value (USD)Income (USD) Sources of income Housing index

0102030405060708090

100

% o

f hou

seho

lds

AWM practice

0102030405060708090

100

AWM impact

Ouahigouya

Koubri

Lawra

Tolon-Kumbugu

results

AWM practice and impact

(Source: CILSS) (Source: CILSS)

a b c b a ab

a a a a a a

b a a b a a

results

Linkages

a b c a ab b

a a b a a a

b b a a ab b

results

Linkages

conclusions

Key messages

▪ Most of the farmers perceived a strong positive impact of AWM strategies on their livelihoods

▪ Diversity of sources of water and diversity of sources of information played a major role in increasing the intensity of AWM practice

▪ Income would increase for 75% of smallholder crop-livestock farmers of the basin, if access to services and information would be improved

▪ Enabling vs. limiting factor: labour capacities available for water-related activities

▪ Access to water increased food security

▪ Important proportion of the variation in the data set was not explained: include additional environmental factors as well as field measurements

(Source: Deserto Verde Burkinabé)

conclusions

Thank you!

results

Access to water and to services and information

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Trained in AWM

Service available

Information on weather

% o

f hou

seho

lds

Ouahigouya

Koubri

Lawra

Tolon-Kumbugu0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Information Water

Ouahigouya

Koubri

Lawra

Tolon

Diversity of sources

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Distance to water source

Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Distance to water source

Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu

1 2 3 4

Proportion of the variation explained 0.164 0.136 0.101 0.093Cumulative proportion 0.164 0.300 0.401 0.494

Dimension Indicators

Income Income (USD) 0.446Sources of income 0.382

Assets Assets (USD) 0.448Housing index 0.251Land assets (ha) 0.404Livestock assets (TLU) -0.454

Training -0.365 -0.449Services -0.415 -0.359Weather -0.369 -0.324Sources of information 0.641

Access for livestock -0.309Sources crop-livestock -0.381 0.436

Practice Intensity -0.326 0.396 0.334

Labour Labour -0.419 0.304

Principal components

Access to information and services

Access to water

results

PCA loadings

results

Sources of information

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu

% o

f hou

seho

lds

Crop management

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu

% o

f hou

seho

lds

Livestock management

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Ouahigouya Koubri Lawra Tolon-Kumbugu

% o

f hou

seho

lds

Rainwater management

Government NGO Farmer/farmer group

Paravets Private entrepreneur Research organisation

Radio TV

results

Effect of the site

Livelihood Practice Access LabourOuahigouya a a bc aKoubri b a a aLawra ab a bc bTolon-Kumbugu a a c b

P 0.005 ** 0.022 * 0.000 *** 0.000 ***

Different letters within the same columns indicate s ignifi cantly different means (P<0.05, Tukey HSD test).

results

Sources of water for livestock consumption

0102030405060708090

100

Cold dry Hot dry Rainy

% o

f hou

seho

ld b

enefi

ting

from

the

wat

er so

urce

Seasons

Ouahigouya

Rainwater

Open well

Hand pumped well

River/stream

Standing pool

Pipe

Dam

Small reservoir

Borehole0

102030405060708090

100

Cold dry Hot dry Rainy

Seasons

Koubri

Rainwater

Open well

Hand pumped well

River/stream

Standing pool

Pipe

Dam

Small reservoir

Borehole

0102030405060708090

100

Cold dry Hot dry Rainy

% o

f hou

seho

ld b

enefi

ting

from

the

wat

er so

urce

Seasons

Lawra

Rainwater

Open well

Hand pumped well

River/stream

Standing pool

Pipe

Dam

Small reservoir

Borehole0

102030405060708090

100

Cold dry Hot dry Rainy

Seasons

Tolon-Kumbugu

Rainwater

Open well

Hand pumped well

River/stream

Standing pool

Pipe

Dam

Small reservoir

Borehole

results

Labour calendar

0102030405060708090

100

% of

hous

ehold

s

Ouah rainy

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Ouah 2

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Ouah 3

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely

0102030405060708090

100

% of

hous

ehold

s

Ouah rainy

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Ouah 2

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Koubri 3

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely

0102030405060708090

100

% of

hous

ehold

s

Ouah rainy

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Ouah 2

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Lawra 3

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely

0102030405060708090

100

% of

hous

ehold

s

Ouah rainy

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely0102030405060708090

100Ouah 2

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely01020304050607080

Tolon 3

Daily

Every 3 weeks

Weekly

Every 2 weeks

Monthly

Rarely

Oua

higo

uya

Koub

riLa

wra

Tolo

n-Ku

mbu

gu

Rainy season Cold dry season Hot dry season

Fetc

hing

wat

er f

rom

the

wel

l

Fetc

hing

wat

er f

rom

the

river

Colle

cting

and

stor

ing

rain

wat

er

Clea

ning

wat

er c

onta

iner

s

Wat

erin

gliv

esto

ck

Wat

erin

gga

rden

Irrig

ating

crop

s

Appl

ying

wat

er h

arve

sting

tech

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Fetc

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wel

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Fetc

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rom

the

river

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cting

and

stor

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wat

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ning

wat

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iner

s

Wat

erin

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esto

ck

Wat

erin

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rden

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ating

crop

s

Appl

ying

wat

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tech

niqu

es

Fetc

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wat

er f

rom

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wel

l

Fetc

hing

wat

er f

rom

the

river

Colle

cting

and

stor

ing

rain

wat

er

Clea

ning

wat

er c

onta

iner

s

Wat

erin

gliv

esto

ck

Wat

erin

gga

rden

Irrig

ating

crop

s

Appl

ying

wat

er h

arve

sting

tech

niqu

es

01020304050607080

Tolon 3

Daily Every 3 days Weekly Every 2 weeks Monthly Rarely