awast progress meeting rennes 28–30 nov 2001 wp 5 biological treatment lqars cemagref tratolixo

AWAST PROGRESS MEETINGAWAST PROGRESS MEETINGRENNES 2RENNES 288––3030 NOV 2001 NOV 2001

WP 5WP 5BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTBIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

LQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXOLQARS CEMAGREF TRATOLIXO

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXO

1. EVALUATION OF BT (BIOLOGICAL 1. EVALUATION OF BT (BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT) PLANTSTREATMENT) PLANTS

Two levels:Two levels: A. GlobalA. Global

B. Composting processB. Composting process

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

CASE STUDYCASE STUDY: : Tratolixo MSW (MT) mechanical Tratolixo MSW (MT) mechanical

treatment and (C) composting planttreatment and (C) composting plant


TRATOLIXO PLANT:TRATOLIXO PLANT:

MSWMSW MTMT CC PTPT

MSW 2 TROMMEL SIEVES 120 mm

2 TROMMEL SIEVES 80 mm

1

4 (>120 mm)

3 (<120 mm)

ELECTROMAGNETIC SEPARATION (2 OVERBANDS)

8 (80 mm to 120 mm)

7 (Ferrous Metals)

10 (<80 mm)

6

LANDFILL

5 (Cardboard)

MANNUAL SORT

RECYCLING

9 (> 80 mm)

2 (Monsters) LANDFILL

FRACTION FOR COMPOSTING


COMPOSTING PARK 10 + 1 weeks

out TROMMEL SIEVE in (20 x 40 mm) (8 x 20 mm)

DENSIMETRIC TABLE 1

FINE COMPOST

14 (> 20 x 40 mm) (Light refuse)

16 (Heavy refuse)

12 (20x40 to 8x20 mm)

15

11 (Composted material)

LANDFILL

DENSIMETRIC TABLES 2 & 3

13 (<8x20 mm)

LANDFILL

Air

Water

Off gas

Leachate BIOFILTERS

WWTP

Sewer

Atmosphere

17 (Coarse compost)

FRACTION FOR COMPOSTING LQARS

CEMAGREFTRATOLIXO




1

4 (>120 mm)

3 (<120 mm)




DENSIMETRIC TABLE 1

FINE COMPOST

8 (80 mm to 120 mm)

7 (Ferrous Metals)


16 (Heavy refuse)

12 (20x40 to 8x20 mm)

15

10 (<80 mm)


6

LANDFILL

LANDFILL


13 (<8x20 mm)

LANDFILL

5 (Cardboard)

MANNUAL SORT

RECYCLING

Air

Water

Off gas

Leachate

BIOFILTERS

WWTP

Sewer

Atmosphere

9 (> 80 mm)

17 (Coarse compost)



A. GLOBAL LEVELA. GLOBAL LEVEL

Procedure developed by Bernard MorvanProcedure developed by Bernard Morvan

(Cemagref)(Cemagref)

7 STEPS7 STEPS

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXO1. Quantification of flows1. Quantification of flows

•• Number of flowsNumber of flows

•• Time scaleTime scale i) Year, monthsi) Year, months

ii) Dayii) Day

iii) Minutes, secondsiii) Minutes, seconds

Tratolixo: 9 out of 17 fluxes were quantifiedTratolixo: 9 out of 17 fluxes were quantified




1

4 (>120 mm)

3 (<120 mm)




DENSIMETRIC TABLE 1

FINE COMPOST

8 (80 mm to 120 mm)

7 (Ferrous Metals)


16 (Heavy refuse)

12 (20x40 to 8x20 mm)

15

10 (<80 mm)


6

LANDFILL

LANDFILL


13 (<8x20 mm)

LANDFILL

5 (Cardboard)

MANNUAL SORT

RECYCLING

Air

Water

Off gas

Leachate

BIOFILTERS

WWTP

Sewer

Atmosphere

9 (> 80 mm)

17 (Coarse compost)



2. Sampling of flows2. Sampling of flows

•• Number of flowsNumber of flows

•• Time scale: 1 dayTime scale: 1 day

Tratolixo: 11 out of 17 fluxes were Tratolixo: 11 out of 17 fluxes were sampledsampled




1

4 (>120 mm)

3 (<120 mm)




DENSIMETRIC TABLE 1

FINE COMPOST

8 (80 mm to 120 mm)

7 (Ferrous Metals)


16 (Heavy refuse)

12 (20x40 to 8x20 mm)

15

10 (<80 mm)


6

LANDFILL

LANDFILL


13 (<8x20 mm)

LANDFILL

5 (Cardboard)

MANNUAL SORT

RECYCLING

Air

Water

Off gas

Leachate

BIOFILTERS

WWTP

Sewer

Atmosphere

9 (> 80 mm)

17 (Coarse compost)


LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXO3. 3. Drying and cDrying and characterisation of the haracterisation of the

drydry samples samples

Modecom categories:Modecom categories:

1. Biodegradable matter 9. Non classified combustibles1. Biodegradable matter 9. Non classified combustibles

2. Paper2. Paper 10. Glass 10. Glass

3. Cardboard3. Cardboard 11. Iron metals 11. Iron metals

4. Complex materials4. Complex materials 12. Other metals 12. Other metals

5. Textiles5. Textiles 13. Non classified incombustibles 13. Non classified incombustibles

6. Sanitary textiles6. Sanitary textiles 14. Special waste 14. Special waste

7. Films7. Films 15. Fraction < 8 mm 15. Fraction < 8 mm

8. Other plastics8. Other plastics


a) Dryinga) Drying

b) Sieving at 100, 20 and 8 mmb) Sieving at 100, 20 and 8 mm

- a > 100 mm- a > 100 mm

- 20 mm < b < 100 mm- 20 mm < b < 100 mm

- 8 mm < c < 20 mm- 8 mm < c < 20 mm

- - d < 8 mmd < 8 mm

c) Sorting on Modecom categories for the fractions:c) Sorting on Modecom categories for the fractions:

a, b and ca, b and c

d) Quantification of inert materials on the fraction d) Quantification of inert materials on the fraction

dd


4. 4. Element quantificationElement quantification

((Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, etc) Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, etc)

•• Data for the balances of the elementsData for the balances of the elements

•• Each Modecom categoryEach Modecom category

a) Grindinga) Grinding

b) Analysisb) Analysis


5. Determination of the 5. Determination of the loss on ignitionloss on ignition for for Modecom categories Modecom categories and inert materials and inert materials for fractionfor fractionss < 8 mm < 8 mm

• • Data for the balances of organic matterData for the balances of organic matter

• • EEach Modecom categoryach Modecom category

a) Grindinga) Grindingb) Analysisb) Analysis


6. Data reconciliation6. Data reconciliation

Data:Data:a) Flow ratesa) Flow ratesb) Composition of flows according to the b) Composition of flows according to the

Modecom categories and inerts for fractionModecom categories and inerts for fractionss < 8 mm< 8 mm

c) Concentration of the analysed elements (Pb, c) Concentration of the analysed elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, etc) for each Modecom Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, etc) for each Modecom categorycategory

d) Loss on ignition d) Loss on ignition for Modecom categories for Modecom categories along along the composting processthe composting process

Software BILCO (BRGM developed)Software BILCO (BRGM developed)


7. Data treatment7. Data treatment

Calculation of the following Calculation of the following balancesbalances::

a) Each of the Modecom categoriesa) Each of the Modecom categories

b) Fresh matterb) Fresh matter

c) Non synthetic organic matterc) Non synthetic organic matter

d) Dry matterd) Dry matter

e) Heavy metalse) Heavy metals

WET MATTER BALANCE - COEFFICIENTS

MSW MWS C PT Compost

Rejected materials Rejected materials

Water

CO2 + Water

Fraction for composting

Leachate + water Water Water

0,994

0,018 0,046 0,20 0,0040

0,0064

0,051 0,17 0,41

0,57 0,11

Composted material


WET MATTER BALANCE - SUMMARY(values relative to total input of MSW)

FRACTION FLUX (%)

Refuse 67

0,90 Recovery of material

22 Total leachate + water loss

4,6 Loss in respiration

Recovery

Composting

Compost

33

5,2 Compost

TOTAL 100


ORGANIC NON SYNTHETIC MATTER BALANCE - COEFFICIENTS

MSW MWS C PT Compost

Rejected materials Rejected materials CO2 + Water

Fraction for composting

1,0

0,19

0,096 0,18 0,37

0,63 0,089

Composted material


NON SYNTHETIC ORGANIC MATTER BALANCE - SUMMARY


FRACTION FLUX (%)

Refuse 71

0,74 Recovery of material

19 Loss in respiration

Recovery

Composting

Compost

29

9,6 Compost

TOTAL 100


Process or equipment efficiencyProcess or equipment efficiency::

a) Loss of non synthetic organic matter, in the sorting a) Loss of non synthetic organic matter, in the sorting processesprocesses

- global loss- global loss

- equipment loss (example, 1st sieve)- equipment loss (example, 1st sieve)

b) Extraction of man made inert materialsb) Extraction of man made inert materials- global loss- global loss- equipment loss (example, densimetric table)- equipment loss (example, densimetric table)

c) Extraction of materials for recoveryc) Extraction of materials for recovery- iron metals- iron metals- cardboard- cardboard


Examples:Examples:

71% NSOM was lost as refuse in the separation 71% NSOM was lost as refuse in the separation processesprocesses

50,2% NSOM that entered the composting park 50,2% NSOM that entered the composting park was lostwas lost as COas CO22 and H and H22O, due to respiration O, due to respiration

49% NSOM of the composted material was lost in 49% NSOM of the composted material was lost in the post-treatmentthe post-treatment

The overbands had an iron metals’ extraction The overbands had an iron metals’ extraction efficiency of 47%efficiency of 47%


Work done for the Work done for the global level evaluationglobal level evaluation::

1. Tratolixo plant (Portugal)1. Tratolixo plant (Portugal)

MSWMSW MT MT C (Koch) C (Koch) PT PT COMPOSTCOMPOST

2. Kirchheim plant (Germany)2. Kirchheim plant (Germany)

BIOWASTEBIOWASTE MT MT C (Koch) C (Koch) PT PT COMPOSTCOMPOST

3. Bamberg plant (Germany)3. Bamberg plant (Germany)

BIOWASTE BIOWASTE C (Biodegma) C (Biodegma) PT PT COMPOST COMPOST


BB. . BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSPROCESS LEVEL LEVEL

Composting Composting Microbiological Process Microbiological Process

-- Substrate availability Substrate availability-- Temperature Temperature

- O- O22 and CO and CO22 concentrations concentrations

- Water content- Water content- Nutrient balance- Nutrient balance- pH- pH- Particle size- Particle size


Process monitoring:Process monitoring:

i) Along the processi) Along the process

- - Substrate availability (vSubstrate availability (volatile solidsolatile solids))

- [- [ SOUR (specific oxygen uptake rate)SOUR (specific oxygen uptake rate) ]]

- Granulometry- Granulometry

ii) Final productii) Final product

- Self-heating test- Self-heating test


Parameters to be measured:Parameters to be measured:

1.1. Temperature Temperature

2.2. O O22 and CO and CO22 concentrations concentrations

3.3. Water content Water content

4. Particle size (g4. Particle size (granulometryranulometry))

5.5. Substrate availability (vSubstrate availability (volatile solidsolatile solids))

6.6. Self-heating test (final product) Self-heating test (final product)


1. Temperature1. Temperature

Process speed Process speed 45 – 60ºC 45 – 60ºC Sanitation Sanitation > 55ºC > 55ºC Process speed + sanitation Process speed + sanitation 55 – 60ºC 55 – 60ºC

Measurement:Measurement:- 10 zones along the process- 10 zones along the process- 3 points per zone- 3 points per zone- 2 depths per point- 2 depths per point

TOTAL: 10x3x2 = 60 measurementsTOTAL: 10x3x2 = 60 measurementsRepeat the procedure X? daysRepeat the procedure X? days


TratolixoTratolixo

Temperature (ºC) - Composting park 1Temperature (ºC) - Composting park 1


TratolixoTratolixoTemperature (ºC) - Composting park 2Temperature (ºC) - Composting park 2


2.2. O O22 and CO and CO22 concentrations concentrations

Aerobic Aerobic versusversus anaerobic conditions anaerobic conditions

Odours, polluting gasesOdours, polluting gases

[ [ OO22 ]: Ideally > 15%; not < 10%]: Ideally > 15%; not < 10%

Measurement:Measurement:

- ? zones along the process- ? zones along the process

- ? points per zone- ? points per zone

- ? depths per point- ? depths per point

Repeat the procedure X? daysRepeat the procedure X? days


3, 4 & 5. Water content, granulometry, 3, 4 & 5. Water content, granulometry,

and volatile solids contentand volatile solids content

Water content:Water content:

Most of the decomposition occurs in thin Most of the decomposition occurs in thin liquid films on the surfaces of particlesliquid films on the surfaces of particles

Theoretically, ideal moisture content Theoretically, ideal moisture content 100% 100%

Moisture levels and aerationMoisture levels and aeration

Biowaste, organic fraction MSW: Biowaste, organic fraction MSW:

50% < [H50% < [H22O] < 60%O] < 60%

Compost post-treatment: [HCompost post-treatment: [H22O] < 25 - 35%O] < 25 - 35%


Granulometry (particle size):Granulometry (particle size):

Mechanical and biological actionMechanical and biological action

Size reduction along the composting process Size reduction along the composting process

Use as a process monitoring parameterUse as a process monitoring parameter


Volatile solids (VS) content:Volatile solids (VS) content:

Experimentally LOI (loss on ignition):Experimentally LOI (loss on ignition):weight loss after burning at 550ºC weight loss after burning at 550ºC tt

Quick and simple estimate of the amount of Quick and simple estimate of the amount of organic matter in a sampleorganic matter in a sample

Organic matter degradation Organic matter degradation VS reduction VS reduction

Use as a process monitoring parameterUse as a process monitoring parameter


Procedure for determination of water Procedure for determination of water

content, granulometry, content, granulometry,

and volatile solids contentand volatile solids content

i) Collection of samplesi) Collection of samples

ii) Sieving at 20 mmii) Sieving at 20 mm

iii) Homogenisation of the fraction < 20 mm, iii) Homogenisation of the fraction < 20 mm, and and sub-samplingsub-sampling

iv) Drying at 105ºCiv) Drying at 105ºC

v) Loss on ignition at 550ºCv) Loss on ignition at 550ºC

granulometrygranulometry

moisture contentmoisture content volatile solids contentvolatile solids content


Tratolixo – Moisture contentTratolixo – Moisture content

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Zone

Wate

r co

nte

nt

(%)

Real Ideal


22. . MODELLINGMODELLING

One existing model for the composting One existing model for the composting

plant of Mont-de-Marsanplant of Mont-de-Marsan

Developed by BRGM and CemagrefDeveloped by BRGM and Cemagref

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXOModel for the Mont-de-Marsan Model for the Mont-de-Marsan

plant:plant:

1. MILLING – decrease in granulometry 1. MILLING – decrease in granulometry

2. BIOLOGICAL SPLITTING – loss on 2. BIOLOGICAL SPLITTING – loss on organic matterorganic matter

3. PHYSICAL SPLITTING – sieves, 3. PHYSICAL SPLITTING – sieves, overband, densimetric separationoverband, densimetric separation


WP5:WP5:

• • Use the existing model as the basisUse the existing model as the basis

• • Add one new factor - TEMPERATUREAdd one new factor - TEMPERATURE


TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE

HEAT PRODUCTION(microbial respiration)

HEAT LOSS(conduction, convection

and radiation)

HEATER COOLER

Conduction Convection Radiation


MODEL COMPONENTSMODEL COMPONENTS

MILL Granulometry

PHYSICALSPLITTERS

Size, densimetric and magnetic separation processes


MODEL COMPONENTS MODEL COMPONENTS (cont)(cont)

HEATER

COOLER

BIOLOGICALSPLITTER

Organic matter content

Temperature

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXOMODELMODEL

MILL

BIOLOGICALSPLITTER

HEATER

COOLER

PHYSICALSPLITTERS


Data from the global Data from the global level evaluationlevel evaluation

PHYSICALSPLITTERS


Data from composting Data from composting process evaluation process evaluation

MILL

BIOLOGICALSPLITTER

HEATER

COOLER

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXOREACTION RATE (SPLITTER):REACTION RATE (SPLITTER):

Rate of degradation of volatile solidsRate of degradation of volatile solids

(Eq. 1)

r – reaction rate – reaction rate

[VS]t – concentration of volatile solids at time t – concentration of volatile solids at time t

k – reation rate constant – reation rate constant

tVSk

dtVSd

r ].[][

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXOReaction rate constant k:Reaction rate constant k:

(Eq. 1)

k depends on temperature (HEATER + COOLER) k depends on temperature (HEATER + COOLER) according the according the Arrhenius equationArrhenius equation::

(Eq. 2)

(Eq. 3)

2.

)(ln

TR

EadTkd

tVSk

dtVSd

r ].[][

)1

.(. TR

Ea

eAk

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXOArrhenius equationArrhenius equation::

(Eq. 3)

k – reaction rate constantA – constant (van’t Hoff – Arrhenius coefficient)Ea – activation energy (temperature independent)R – ideal gas constantT – absolute temperature

)1

.(. TR

Ea

eAk


Arrhenius equationArrhenius equation::

(Eq. 4)

Y = a + b.X

Y = ln(k) = ln(r / [VS]t)

X = 1 / T

a = C

b = - Ea / R

TRE

Cka 1

.)ln(

VS

Temperature


Temperature (real data)Temperature (real data)

Volatile solids content (invented data)Volatile solids content (invented data)

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zone

VS

(%)

30

40

50

60

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

% VS Temp ºC


Temperature (real data)Temperature (real data)Volatile solids content (invented data)Volatile solids content (invented data)

r squared = 0,73r squared = 0,73

-6,0-5,5-5,0-4,5-4,0

0,003 0,00305 0,0031 0,00315 0,0032 0,00325

1/Temperature (1/ºK)

ln (

k)

ln(k) ln(k) adjusted


Reaction rateReaction rate

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (day)

Rea

ctio

n r

ate

(%V

S/d

ay)

Experimental Adjusted


TemperatureTemperature

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Zone

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Experimental Aimed


Reaction rateReaction rateRate 1 – based on experimental temperature valuesRate 1 – based on experimental temperature values

Rate 2 – based on aimed temperature valuesRate 2 – based on aimed temperature values

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

0 20 40 60

Time (day)

Rea

ctio

n ra

te

(%V

S/d

ay)

Rate 1 Rate 2


Temperature (real data)Temperature (real data)

Volatile solids content (invented data)Volatile solids content (invented data)

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zone

VS

(%)

30

40

50

60

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

% VS Temp ºC

LQARSCEMAGREFTRATOLIXOIn practice, will the calibration of In practice, will the calibration of

the model be successful?the model be successful?

Real dataReal data

Reaction rate (splitter) depends on:Reaction rate (splitter) depends on:

- - Substrate availability ([VS])Substrate availability ([VS])

- - TemperatureTemperature

- O- O22 and CO and CO22 concentrations concentrations

- Water content- Water content

- Nutrient balance- Nutrient balance

- pH- pH

- Particle size- Particle size

awast progress meeting rennes 28–30 nov 2001 wp 5 biological treatment lqars cemagref tratolixo

Documents

modecom categoryd loss

balances of organic

dry samplesmodecom categories

c sorting

biodegradable matter

data reconciliationdata

data treatmentcalculation

element quantification