avoiding plagiarism slides created by christy moore, d’arcy randall, and nadine romig, and hillary...

Avoiding Plagiarism

Slides created by Christy Moore, D’Arcy Randall, and Nadine Romig, and Hillary Hart

Unintentional plagiarism can be avoided.

Develop a system for managing research

Take careful notes on research

Adopt a notation system for recording and keeping track of research notes Notecards

Double-Entry

Research Journal

If you’re using old-fashioned 3 X 5 notecards begin with a reference card.

Write out the full citationFlorman, S. (1976) The Existential Pleasures of Engineering. New York: St. Martins Press.

Assign the source a bibliographic code name(maybe Florman or Existential)

On the back write a summary of the source

Record reference data and a code on one side of the reference card.

Code: Florman

Florman, S. (1976)The Existential Pleasures of Engineering. New York: St. Martins Press.

Write the summary on the other side of the reference card.“Explores how engineers think and feel about their profession. Dispell[s] the myth that engineering is cold and passionless . . . .Opposing the ‘antitechnology’ stance, Florman . . . emerges with a practical, creative, and fun philosophy of engineering.” (DQ from the book jacket)

Write the code from the reference card on all the cards on that source. Each source card must contain certain information

Bibliographic Code: Florman Topic: Engineers and morality Page Number: Pg. 18

Summary / Paraphrase / Direct Quotation Your Interaction / Comment

Record the bibliographic code prominently on each source card. FlormanEngineers and morality Pg. 18

DQ: “Long ago engineers discovered that fine sentiments and professional prestige were ineffective in curbing the excesses of technological development.”

Comment: This quote will be useful in my discussion of why conscience is not enough.

A double-entry journal allows you to see more of your notes at once.

In one column record information from the source

Summary (p.) Your summary of the overall document.

Quote (p.) “Direct quote in quotation marks.”

Paraphrase (p.) Your paraphrase of a particular paragraph or section.

Paraphrase (p.) Be careful. If you use some exact wording in the paraphrase be sure to put those words or phrases in quotes.

In the second column record your comments which should correspond to source material on left side.

Comment on how and why the source is useful in general

Make notes about why you think the quote is interesting.

Or where you want to use this paraphrase in the paper. Or info on author.

Or general comments such as -- I could use this in the conclusion. OR Agrees with all other studies. OR Useful for future perspective. OR Seems to contradict earlier finding.

Record bibliographic information at the top of the page.

Record your response to the source.

S Hardin argues that there are some problems, like overpopulation, that can’t be solved by technology. He concludes that the only solution to the population problem requires individuals to relinquish some personal freedom.

P (p. 1245) Adam Smith believed that by serving him/herself, the individual serves the greater good, too.

DQ (p. 1245) Smith “contributed to a dominant tendency of thought that has ever since interfered with positive action on a rational basis, namely, the tendency to assume that decisions reached individually will, in fact, be the best decisions for an entire society.”

Hardin suggests that if technology can’t solve the problems we face, the solutions are going to involve some sacrifice of freedom.

Laissez faire economics. Is this the same as trickle down economics?

Ultimately, Hardin disagrees. He concludes that individuals do not make decisions that serve society. On the contrary they tend to destroy the “commons.” His argument is that when there is no technical solution to problems, laissez faire economics don’t work. Social structures and perhaps life itself is not sustainable if everyone behaves selfishly.

Hardin, Garrett. (1968) The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162, 1243 - 1248.

A research journal is another way to record your sources. Topic:

Citation:

What Strikes Me Most:

Source Notes: < S / P / Q >

Topic: Impact of technology on society

Citation: Winner, L. (1986) The whale and the reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago, IL, London: University of Chicago Press.

What Strikes Me Most: Chapter 2 “Do Artifacts Have Politics?”Source Notes:

S: Winner claims that the overpasses on the Long Island expressway were purposely designed lower than usual so that public transportation, such as buses, would be prevented from driving on the expressway. As a result the access of minorities to public beaches on Long Island was minimized.

Unintentional plagiarism can be avoided.

Take careful notes on research

Develop a system for managing research notes

There are three ways to use source material in your paper.

Summary

Paraphrase

Direct Quote

When you take notes on source material be careful to distinguish between the three.

Summarizing makes a manageable paragraph out of a bigger work Summarize every source you use in your own words. summarize its contents summarize its relevance (or not) to your

project summarize its relative importance to your

project – will you depend on it heavily?

When you summarize, internalize the original and put it in your own words. Record bibliographic information.

Skim for main topic. Record.

Read carefully, Marking as you go.

Review marked information.

Set source aside. Process 5-10 minutes.

Quickly summarize: Problem, Thesis, Main Points, Conclusion.

Compare to original.

Add your own critique: how useful for you?

A paraphrase is like a summary, but it involves a short passage. Borrow an author’s ideas to support your

discussion.

Restate the original passage in your own words.

Don’t simply change a couple words or rearrange the order of words or sentences.

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material.

4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.

6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Quoted fromPurdue Online Writing Lab http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_paraphr.html

A strong paraphrase does not duplicate the style and wording of the original.


“The tragedy of the commons develops in this way. Picture a pasture open to all. It is to be expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. Such an arrangement may work reasonably satisfactorily for centuries because tribal wars, poaching, and disease keep the numbers of both man and beast well below the carrying capacity of the land. Finally, however, comes the day of reckoning, that is, the day when the long-desired goal of social stability becomes a reality. At this point, the inherent logic of the commons remorselessly generates tragedy.”




Student ParaphraseHere’s how the tragedy of the commons proceeds. If there is a pasture open to all, each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. That may work for as long as there are tribal wars, poaching, and disease that keeps the number of cattle below the carrying capacity of the land. Once you achieve social stability, though, a tragedy is bound to happen (Hardin, 1968).


Student ParaphraseHere’s how the tragedy of the commons proceeds. If there is a pasture open to all, each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. That may work for as long as there are tribal wars, poaching, and disease that keeps the number of cattle below the carrying capacity of the land. Once you achieve social stability, though, a tragedy is bound to happen (Hardin, 1968).

A good paraphrase mirrors the source

Winner, L. (1986) The whale and the reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago, IL, London: University of Chicago Press.

.

Re: 200 low overpasses on the Long Island. “Robert Moses, the master builder of roads, parks, bridges, and other public works of the 1920s to the 1970s in New York, built his overpasses according to specifications that would discourage the presence of buses on his parkways. Automobile-owning whites . . . would be free to use the parkways for recreation and commuting. Poor people and blacks, who normally used public transit, were kept off the roads because the 12 - foot tall buses could not handle the overpasses. One consequence was to limit access of racial minorities and low-income groups to Jones Beach, Moses’ widely acclaimed public beach.” (Winner, 1986 p. 23)

Student ParaphraseAccording to Langdon Winner, a theorist on the social impact of technology, Robert Moses, who was an influential planner in New York, designed the overpasses on Long Island so that public buses could not use the roads. As a result poor people and minorities did not have easy access to the Long Island beaches which were supposed to be open to the public (Winner, 1986).

A direct quote can serve certain purposes.

Articulates an idea or opinion distinctively.

Lends authority to assertions.

Explains a process/idea particularly clearly.

In your notes distinguish quotes from paraphrases, summaries, & comments. By beginning & ending with clear quotation marks

By noting whether the passage you record is a paraphrase (P), a summary (S), or a direct quote (DQ)

By making a clear distinction between your notes or comments and direct quotes

Distinguish between direct quotes (DQ), summaries (S), paraphrases (P), & comments. FlormanEngineers and morality Pg. 38

P: Florman thinks that engineers suffer from being too moral rather than not moral enough. What they need is more “savvy.”

DQ: “If engineers could add a measure of sophistication to their other attributes and then move away from their drafting tables to infiltrate society as leaders of corporations, universities, government agencies, and community groups, society’s chances of coping with its problems would be markedly improved.”

Comment: Supports conclusions on impact of ethics education in engineering.

Collect quotes as you research, but be ready to transform them into paraphrases.

Anytime you use a direct quote have a good reason Wording is distinctive The name or position of the writer lends authority to discussion Explanation is particularly clear

Use quotation marks scrupulously to designate exact wording

All direct quotes should be introduced You can comment on the quote itself Or introduce the author/source

Avoid “free-floating” quotes in reports

Frame direct quotes by introducing the author and/or commenting on the quote.Samuel Florman, who is a defender of engineers

and the engineering profession, asserts that when society realizes that “technology is the key to survival for civilization . . . [e]ngineers will become leaders; leaders will become engineers, and the world will have a better chance of avoiding disaster” (1976). Florman argues the importance of engineers entering positions of leadership not only in industry and business, but in politics as well.

What doesn’t need to be cited?

Common Knowledge Among Engineers Among General Population

Common Facts Easily Found in Reference Books

Works Cited

Florman, S. (1976) The Existential Pleasures of Engineering. New York: St. Martins Press.


McPhate, M. (November 2004) Bhopal disaster continues to be a plague. The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2002 from http://washingtontimes.com/world/20041119-102440-8732r.htm.

Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words. (2004) Purdue Online Writing Lab. Retrieved February 21, 2006 from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_paraphr.html.

Winner, L. (1986) The whale and the reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago, IL, London: University of Chicago Press.

Questions

?

A research journal is another way to record your sources. Topic: Impact of technology on society

Citation: Winner, L. (1986) The whale and the reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago, IL, London: University of Chicago Press.

What Strikes Me Most: Chapter 2 “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Source Notes:

S: Winner claims that the overpasses on the Long Island expressway were purposely designed lower than usual so that public transportation, such as buses, would be prevented from driving on the expressway. As a result the access of minorities to public beaches on Long Island was minimized.



ORIGINAL"This summer, New Delhi endorsed a lawsuit under way in New York brought by Bhopal victims against Union Carbide that seeks to compel the company to clean the site and pay damages to victims. The U.S. court had required India's permission to proceed with the case. Himanshu Rajan Sharma, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said he believes Union Carbide has judged the lives of poor people in distant countries to be expendable."

Student Paraphrase“The Indian government endorsed a New York lawsuit pursuing griev-ances brought by Bhopal victims against Union Carbide that will force the company to pay damages and clean up the site of the accident. The attorney for the plaintiffs said that the company is guilty of judging the lives of poor people living in foreign countries as expendable.”(McPhate 2004)



Student Paraphrase“The Indian government endorsed a New York lawsuit pursuing griev-ances brought by Bhopal victims against Union Carbide that will force the company to pay damages and clean up the site of the accident. The attorney for the plaintiffs said that the company is guilty of judging the lives of poor people living in foreign countries as expendable.”

ORIGINAL"This summer, New Delhi endorsed a lawsuit under way in New York brought by Bhopal victims against Union Carbide that seeks to compel the company to clean up the site of the accident and pay damages to victims. The U.S. court had required India's permission to proceed with the case. Himanshu Rajan Sharma, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said he believes Union Carbide has judged the lives of poor people in distant countries to be expendable."

avoiding plagiarism slides created by christy moore, d’arcy randall, and nadine romig, and hillary...

Documents

source card

reference card

source material

direct quote

column record information

careful notes

sourcerecord reference

martins press