avoiding cracks in brickwork - starchapterquality brickwork design and select materials for optimum...
TRANSCRIPT
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Brickworks &
Glen-Gery Facts
Brickworks was formed in 1934
Headquartered in Sydney, Australia
Australia’s largest brick manufacturer,
with operations in all major states
Acquired Glen-Gery Corporation in
2018
Glen-Gery was founded in 1890
Glen-Gery Corporation is one of the
nation’s largest brick manufacturers
and operates nine brick manufacturing
facilities and one manufactured stone
facility
Glen-Gery products are sold nationally
through a network of over 500
distributors as well as in Canada
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Manufacturing Locations
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Klaycoats & Engobes
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York Handmade Brick
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Creative Mines
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Black, White & Grey Brick
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Pavers
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OUR VALUES:
CARE
COLLABORATE
EXCEED
INNOVATE
INTEGRITY
LEAD
Thank You
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Glen-Gery provides design professionals:
Products
Face Brick
Thin Brick
Structural Brick
Manufactured and
Natural Stone
Pavers
Glazed Brick
Colored and Preblended
Mortar
Support
Product and Technical
Profiles
Case Studies
AIA Presentations
Wall System
Guidance/Suggestions
Detail Review
Specification Review
Guide Specifications
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The Basics of
Brickwork Detailing
Leroy Danforth, Architectural Engineer
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This presentation is protected by US and
International Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
© Glen-Gery Corporation 2016
Copyright Materials
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Course Description
This program will address proper design of a brick veneer / cavity wall system. We will also see how to flash properly, proper workmanship practices, and recommended types of mortar as well as proper spacing and sizing of soft movement/expansion joints.
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Glen-Gery Corporation
G128
The Basics of Brickwork
Detailing GGB004A
Leroy Danforth, Jr. May 20, 2019
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Learning Objectives
Review location, spacing and detailing
recommendations for movement joints
Identify installation best practices that promote
quality brickwork
Design and select materials for optimum
water penetrations resistance.
Discuss efflorescence, cleaning and the use of
clear coatings on masonry walls.
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Resources
Technical Notes
7 Series – Water Penetration Resistance
8 Series – Mortars for Brick Masonry
18 Series – Expansion of Brickwork
28 Series – Brick Veneer Systems
www.gobrick.com
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Course Outline
Suggested Expansion Joint Locations
Estimating Movement and Expansion Joint Spacing
Flashing
Airspace
Anchors
Workmanship
Efflorescence
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Introduction 19
Archer Apartments
New York, NY
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Managing Masonry Movement
1. Accommodate (allow) movement
• Expansion joints
• Control joints
• Bond breaks/Slip planes
2. Resist (restrain) movement
• Joint reinforcement
3. Reduce differential movement
• Use like materials
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Movement Joints
CJ?
EJ?
MJs?
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EXPANSION JOINT
CONTROL JOINT
EXTRUDED PLASTIC
Expansion and Control Joints
Control Joints
are for
shrinking
materials
Expansion
Joints are for
expanding
materials
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Estimating Movement and
Expansion Joint Spacing
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Driving Forces
Type and extent of movement depends on
material
Changes in Temperature ↑ = expansion
↓ = shrinkage
Changes in Moisture
content
↑ = expansion
↓ = shrinkage
Loading Creep
Deflection
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Calculations for Movement*
Estimated Expansion
m = [5x10-4 + 6x10-6 (Tm –Tc)]L
moisture expansion
thermal expansion
m = total expansion, in.
Tm = max. wall temperature
Tc = installation temperature
L = length of wall element, in.
Movement Joint Spacing
s = (w X c) .
[5x10-4 + 6x10-6 (Tm –Tc)]
s = spacing of movement joints
w = width of movement joint
c = compressibility of sealant
*From BIA Technical Note 18A
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3.6
COEFFICIENT 0.000001 in/in/°f
MOVEMENT in/100 ft./100°f
4.3
5.2
6.0
12.8
6.7
7/16" (11 mm)
(13 mm) 1/2"
(16 mm) 5/8"
(19 mm) 3/4"
(20 mm) 13/16"
(39 mm) 1-9/16"
Brick Masonry
Lightweight CMU
Dense CMU
Structural Concrete
Structural Steel
Aluminum
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
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Simple Expansion Joint Spacing
• Joint width of
3/8 to 1/2 inch
• 20-25 ft spacing
for vertical
joints
• 2 ft. to 10 ft.
from corners
Expelled joint material indicates inadequate joint size or spacing
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Expansion Joint Detailing/Construction
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Suggested Expansion Joint Locations
The Brickyard
Playa Vista, CA 33
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EXPANSION JOINTS
(a)
(b)
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Expansion Joints at Openings
Loose Lintel
• End of lintel
• Aligned with jamb
• Between openings
Fixed lintel
• Both ends of lintel
Shelf angle
• Designer’s choice
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Flexible joint filler
Flexible pointing sealant
Different Wall Thickness or Height
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Different Support Conditions 42
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Horizontal EJ @ Shelf Angle
Creep
Rotation
Deflection
Tolerances
Dimensional Variation
Flashing to
exterior of wall
Backer rod
Shelf angle
Compressible
Filler
Sealant
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Horizontal
Expansion Joint
No mortar at toe of shelf angle
Flashing one course up does not work as well
Horizontal Expansion Joint at Shelf Angle
Shelf Angle
Weep
Sealant and Backer Rod
Min. 1/4 in. (6 mm) space below angle
Flashing
Flashing Protection on Bolt Heads
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Lipped Brick
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Fixed Elements 46
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Resisting Water Penetration 50
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Durability of Masonry
Dependent upon
• Quality Product
• Proper Installation
• Good Workmanship
• Proper design / detailing
• Maintenance
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• Water travels down
the back face of the
brickwork
• Collected by Flashing
• Led to the exterior
through weepholes
Drainage Wall Concept
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Drainage Wall Elements
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Air Space
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Air Space
• Prevents moisture
absorbed by veneer
from wetting the rest of
the wall
• Allows water to drain
before wetting the rest
of the wall.
Minimum 1” wide (residential)
2” recommended (commercial)
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Air Space Recommendations
Insulation in cavity
2 inch cavity, but….
1 inch “clearance” minimum between insulation
and brick
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60 Narrow air spaces are more easily blocked with mortar
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Mortar Collection Devices
Prevent blockage of weeps or mortar bridges
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Water-Resistive Barrier
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Water-Resistive Barrier
• Protects sheathing from
liquid water.
• Maybe air permeable or
impermeable (air barrier)
Materials:
Polymeric membranes (e.g.
Tyvek)
Self-adhered membranes
(e.g. Blueskin)
Spray/Fluid membranes (e.g.
Laticrete)
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Water-Resistive Barrier
Sheet
• Must be lapped shingle
style
Spray/Fluid applied
• Need transition materials
to cover gaps in
substrate
Board materials
• Must have joints
between boards
taped/sealed
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Flashing
Collects water and directs it out of wall through weeps 66
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Flashing – Critical Points
Top of Wall (Cavity)
Window Sills
Bottom of Cavity
Over Openings
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Flashing Materials
Detailed recommendations in BIA TN 7A 68
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Sheet and Pre-Formed Metal Flashing
• Copper
• Stainless Steel
• Galvanized
Steel
• Excellent Durability
• Copper & Stainless Steel last the life
of the wall
• Self adhered now available
• May be damaged during shipping
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Composite/Laminated Flashings
Advantages:
• Life of the wall
• Less expensive than sheet
metal flashing
• Easily formed by hand for
irregular surfaces.
• Available with pre-formed
corners & end dams
• Asphalt free materials
recommended
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Flashing / Air Barrier / Insulation
Compatibility
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Polyethylene
PVC
EPDM
Self-adhesive
• Minimum 40 mil thickness recommended
Plastic/Rubber Flashings
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Extend UV Sensitive Flashing with a Drip Edge
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74
Slope Sills (and caps) Min. 15 degrees, (approx. ¼” per inch)
BACKER ROD & SEALANT
SLOPED SILL
FLASHING
1 1/2 IN. (38 mm) MIN. OVERHANG
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Weepholes
• Place immediately above
through wall flashing
• Include vents at top of
wall/floor for glazed brick
Open/Vents 24-32” o.c.
Wicks/Tubes 16” o.c.
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Weeps as Vents
Airflow through
vents promote
drying and reduce
the potential for
water related
problems
76
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Corrugated Anchors
Only compatible with
• Wood studs
• 1” cavity
Insufficient stiffness
for other applications
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Adjustable Anchors
Adjustable anchors required for steel studs
Wire & Screw Anchor Eye & Pintle Anchor
Base & Vee Anchor Base & Vee Anchor
with Prongs
Dovetail Anchor
Strap
Anchor
Channel-Slot
Anchor
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Joint Reinforcement
Suitable for
masonry
backings
Truss/triangular
wire should not
extend into brick
wythe
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Joint Reinforcement
Bed joints in
veneer and
backing wythes
should align
when joint
reinforcement
is used
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Joint Reinforcement
Alignment of bed joints between wythes is
necessary when masonry is connected by:
a) Adjustable joint reinforcement
b) Truss type joint reinforcement
c) Ladder type joint reinforcement
d) All of the above
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Workmanship
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Full Head Joints 86
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Properly Struck Joints
Moisture resistant joints
• Concave
• Vee
• Grapevine
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Consider impact of
raked joints, especially
where exposure is
more severe
88
Roseland Condos
North Bergen, NJ
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Weathered joints can
create the desired
shadow lines, while
providing better water
penetration resistance
than raked joints.
89
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91
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Full Head Joints
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WIRE
WOOD STRIP
BEVELED BED JOINTS
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Protect from Cold Weather
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Cover Unfinished Work
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Types of Mortar – ASTM C270 96
Proportion Requirements
Type Cement Lime Sand
M 1 ¼ 3 ¾
S 1 ½ 4 ½
N 1 1 6
O 1 2 9
Use the weakest compressive strength required
Lime adds workability – so does air (What's Cheaper?)
Type N PCL by proportion meets Type S properties
MASON WORK
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Flashing - Properly lapped & sealed
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Soluble
compounds
Water or
other
solvent
Path to
exterior
surface
A Recipe for Efflorescence
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Houston, We Have a Problem
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Efflorescence Prevention
Strategies Minimize sources of
soluble compounds
Prevent water
penetration and quickly
direct water out of
masonry
Disrupt potential
pathways between
soluble compounds and
brick
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Water Repellent Coatings
Not typically recommended for new brickwork
When appropriate, compatible types include
breathable, penetrating products like silanes and
siloxanes (breathable)
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www.glengery.com
Questions?
This concludes The
American Institute of
Architects Continuing
Education Systems
Program
Dr. Nettie Stevens Science Center,
Westfield State University
Westfield, MA