AVOIDANCE OF WASTE AND RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

Dr K M SONI, Chief Engineer, WZ-I CPWD, Mumbai

C & D WASTE Construction and Demolition (C & D) waste is

the waste generated from construction or demolition activities of civil engineering structures. Such waste is generated from;

Roads, Footpaths, Buildings, Bridges, Flyovers, Dams, and Other similar civil engineering structures.

C & D WASTE MATERIALSIt consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable materials such as;

Bricks, stones, aggregates, Concrete, Aluminium, steel, Tiles, ceramic materials Wood, Plastic, Electric wiring, Glass, and Many more similar materials. These waste

materials are mostly heavy having high density compared to municipal waste.

C & D Debris Breakdown (US)

MSW in India

Composition of MSW in India

Preferred management of C & D waste

C & D waste in some other countries

Scotland, Denmark, Netherlands, US, Japan, Singapore, Hongkong and many other countries are recycling C & D Waste.

‘Deconstruction’ is preferred in place of ‘demolition’. Deconstruction means planned breaking of a building with reuse being the main motive.

Factors affecting use of recycled materials

Promoting separation of C&D waste at source

Promoting recycling Ban on land filling of C&D waste Developing market for recycled products

like for production of materials like recycled bricks and paving blocks

Guidelines for using C&D waste Developing designs which facilitate

“deconstruction” instead of outright “demolition”

Green building concept Reuse and

recycle

Prevention is most favoured option so prevent wastage

We, in the country, do not prevent waste

Food

COOKED FOOD

RAW FOOD

Water

Many other materials 10 litres or 2.6 gallons of water cumulatively

to produce one sheet of A4 (8.5″ x 11″) paper.   Meat production requires a much higher

amount of water than vegetables. IME state that to produce 1kg of meat requires between 5,000 and 20,000 litres of water whereas to produce 1kg of wheat requires between 500 and 4,000 litres of water.

Chocolate tops the list with 17,196 litres of water need to produce 1kg of the product.

1kg of potatoes for example uses 287 litres of water.

Demolition

Wastage of C & D waste

1. New construction • Wastage during construction• Wastage due to poor

construction 2. Reconstruction3. Repair and Renovation4. Demolition

SOURCES OF C & D Waste

C & D due to poor construction in New construction Non engineered sub

standard construction Sub standard and poor

quality construction even by the engineers

Unsafe construction Change of policies

Is it due to completion of life of structures?

Whether these structures willhave prescribed useful life?

Whether these structureswill have prescribeduseful life?

Whether these structureswill have prescribeduseful life?

Waste is created from non engineered poor quality construction

Slums

Poor quality

Poorquality

Unsafe construction

Change of policiesLeads to demolition of existing structures

PREVENTION OF C & D WASTE

C & D waste is generated or created ?

If so, can we prevent it? Probably Yes, if we adopt

quality in construction and maintenance. And LET US NOT CREATE C& D WASTE AS REUSE, RECYCLE, AND DUMPING IS VERY COSTLY

C & D due to Repair and Renovation

Repair Replacement due to completion of

life cycle of materials Change of lifestyle Mindset To utilize funds

Repair

Poor quality of construction and maintenance

Renovation withoutcompletion of life of building componentsDue to change of lifestyle

Renovation is done On change of tenancy

To utilize funds

MINIMISE C & D WASTE FOLLOW STANDARDISATION FOR SOME

OF THE FEATURES LIKE BOUNDARY WALL, FOOTPATHS, ELEVATION OF STRUCTURES IN PARTICULAR LOCALITY

FOLLOW DURABILITY AS CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MATERIALS RATHER MINIMUM CRITERIA

CLASSIFY STREETS, ROADS WHICH CAN BE MADE RIGID AND FLEXIBLE

USE CONCEPT OF TRENCHES OF UTILITY SERVICES

Maintenance Maintenance is not considered

engineering in India and is a major source of poor quality and creation of C & D waste

Maintenance is not carried out in integrated manner

Let us switch over to maintenance free (minimum maintenance) structures

Renovation In government organisations, particularly higher

type of quarters are renovated frequently generating considerable C & D waste

Rich people renovate their houses frequently generating considerable C & D waste

Housing societies, Authorities, boards should provide options of various finishes to the allottees.

Excess money plays a considerable role in renovation of flats and generation of C & D waste

Approvals may be made mandatory for renovation and Charge for C & D waste generation

Created C & D waste is cause of great concern and need to be stopped by adopting quality in construction and maintenance

We need to create quality in planning and change concept by offering various finishes to users for minimising creation of C & D waste

Change in planning say additional FAR/FSI to be adopted on completion of economic life of structures

Reuse and Recycle Use Green Building Concept Recycle methods for roads,

footpaths and other structures

Why C & D Waste Management ?

To save natural resources

To save energy To save water To save land To save

environment

Basis of C & D Waste Management Plan Prevention or avoidance by

adopting “quality” & permanent finishes

Reduction or minimisation by adopting integrated trenches for utility services and avoiding renovation without completion of economic life

Reuse by adopting deconstruction techniques

Recycling or materials recovery

Energy recovery No disposal

The construction and demolition waste recycling plant in Burari, where tiles are made from crushed debris.

Rules, guidelines and standards Maharashtra has notified the “Maharashtra Non-

Biodegradable Solid Waste (Proper Scientific Collection, Sorting and Disposal in Areas of the Municipal Corporation) Rules, 2006”wherein reuse of this waste is included in the action plan. The Action Plan prescribes separate collection and disposal of debris and bulk waste.

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai notified the “Construction, Demolition and De-silting waste (Management and Disposal) Rules”. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi has carried out a feasibility study on use of C&D waste in road and embankment construction.

Management Plan of C&D Waste- I (collection)

Segregation at source Provide separate dust bins at source Provide dumping yards for C & D

waste Ban on dumping of C&D waste in

landfill sites Co-ordinate with nearby

corporations for ban on dumping C&D waste

Collection of C & D waste like MSW

Management Plan of C&D Waste – II (Avoidance generation)

Construction of trenches for utility services either by corporation or on PPP/BOT mode Trenches will be constructed and

maintained by a single agency All new services would be necessarily

laid by the agency through trenches Agency will sublet the space for laying

the utility services Rates of laying the services will be

decided by the corporations

Management Plan of C&D Waste – III (Reuse and Recycling) Construction of Foot paths and

Roads Concept of rigid pavements for

streets, Roads and flexible surface roads.

For footpaths , precast technology should be adopted

Even for roads and streets, precast technology should be adopted for speedy construction and less generation of waste in future.

In construction of roads, recycling should be given priority

Management Plan of C&D Waste – IV (Quality) There should be standard norms for

construction of permanent structures (even gates) in green areas/parks.

There should be norms of prescribed life for replacement/renovation of roads/paths/footpaths.

There should be standard norms/specifications for footpaths/separators etc.

Comprehensive repair and maintenance of footpaths for longer duration such as 3-5 years should be given priority

Management Plan of C&D Waste – V (Appropriate utilisation of funds to avoid generation of C & D Waste) MPLAD/MLA funds should be allowed to be

utilised for major works in Delhi/N Delhi such as for creating parking spaces, construction of toilets near public places like bus stands, markets, repair/renovation of community centres, schools, etc. (need based)

For new materials and technologies, schedule of rates be developed and updated frequently

Mindset of minimum specifications should be stopped for durability concept so that engineers are not harassed by the audit/vigilance authorities

Management Plan of C&D Waste –VI (Promotion) Promotion of use of materials

manufactured from C & D waste by government agencies

Promotion of technology by extending concessions say on taxes, etc.

Ensure availability of recycled materials at competitive rates